Earl of York

In Anglo-Saxon England, the Earl of York or Ealdorman of York was the ruler of the southern half of Northumbria. The title ealdorman is Anglo-Saxon, while earl comes from Old Norse eorl. The ealdormanry (earldom) seems to have been created in 966 following a period when the region was under the control of Oswulf, already high-reeve of Bamburgh in northern Northumbria, from about 954, when Norse rule at York came to an end.[1]

After the Norman conquest (1066), the Earldom of York was re-created on two separate occasions. In 1385, the title Duke of York was granted to Edmund of Langley and it continues in use.

Ealdormen

Later earls
  • William le Gros, having already been charged with the defence of the city of York, was created earl by King Stephen in 1138. He was the king's administrator of all Yorkshire. In 1155 he was forced to relinquish the earldom to King Henry II.[2]
  • Otto of Brunswick was created earl of York by King Richard I in 1190. Otto had difficulty in proving the authenticity of this grant to his vassals in Yorkshire.[3] He probably visited Yorkshire only once in 1191,[4] although he continued to claim the revenues of the earldom after being elected King of Germany in 1198.[5]
gollark: > If you dont want to risk getting infected stay home. If you are okay with the risk then go outThat's not really practical because, as I said, you need food and stuff.
gollark: > youll get into contact with the same number of people at the store regardless of whos out doing something elseBut a different number of them will have COVID-19 and might be able to infect you.
gollark: I guess if you could hibernate somehow...
gollark: Sadly, humans just don't have the surface area.
gollark: And you are less likely to be infected there if you have fewer people going out for nonessential reasons.

References
  1. George Molyneaux (2017). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. Oxford University Press. pp. 177–179. In footnote 289, he provides the following list with dates based on charter witnesses: "Thored (witnesses 979–c.989), Ælfhelm (993–1005), Uhtred (1009–1015), Erik (1018–1023), Siward (1033–1053×1055), Tostig (1059–1065), and Morcar (1065)."
  2. Paul Dalton (2004), "William le Gros, count of Aumale and earl of York (c. 1110–1179), magnate". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  3. Kate Norgate (1887). England Under the Angevin Kings. Macmillan. p. 373 n. 1.
  4. Joseph Patrick Huffman (2000). "Richard the Lionheart and Otto IV: Itinerant Kingship and the City of Cologne". The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066–1307). University of Michigan Press. pp. 157–58.
  5. Frank McLynn (2007). Lionheart and Lackland: King Richard, King John and the Wars of Conquest. Vintage. p. 390.
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