Cyclone Sina

Severe Tropical Cyclone Sina was the only named tropical cyclone to develop within the South Pacific basin during the 1990–91 season. The system was first noted as a shallow depression within the South Pacific Convergence Zone to the west of Wallis Island. Over the next three days the system moved towards the west-northwest, before it was named Sina during November 24, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone. Over the next couple of days the system intensified further and developed an eye feature as it erratically moved towards Fiji. Sina subsequently peaked in intensity during November 26, before the system passed through the Fijian Islands over the next two days as it started to gradually weaken. Sina subsequently passed just to the north of Tongatapu in Tonga during November 29, before it passed about 160 km (100 mi) to the south of Niue and near the Southern Cook Islands during the next day. The system subsequently rapidly weakened and became an extratropical cyclone during December 1, before they were absorbed by an advancing trough of low pressure near 50°S on December 4.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Sina
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Cyclone Sina near its peak intensity
FormedNovember 20, 1990 (1990-11-20)
DissipatedDecember 4, 1990 (1990-12-04)
(Extratropical after December 1, 1990)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 140 km/h (85 mph)
1-minute sustained: 230 km/h (145 mph)
Lowest pressure960 hPa (mbar); 28.35 inHg
FatalitiesNone reported
Damage$18.5 million (1990 USD)
Areas affectedFiji, Tonga, Niue, Southern Cook Islands
Part of the 1990–91 South Pacific cyclone season

The cyclone caused no deaths and over $18.5 million in damages, as it affected Fiji, Tonga, Niue and the Southern Cook Islands. Ahead of the system affecting Fiji, hundreds of people were evacuated from Fiji's outer island resorts to hotels on the mainland. High winds and heavy rain forced the closure of several local airports and the main Nadi International Airport. As Sina moved through the archipelago, the system destroyed or damaged houses and other building structures, while bringing down electric and telephone lines and uprooting trees. The system also washed away a railway bridge on Vanua Levu that was used to take sugar cane to Labasa's mills, leaving growers no choice but to go through the village of Korowiri. However, the workers refused to go into their fields unless they had police protection to go through the village, after Methodists from the local church attacked a group of growers for working on Sundays in defiance of Fiji's Sunday Observance Decree. Within Tonga only minor damage to weak structures, trees, banana plantations, electric and telephone lines was recorded. Within both Niue and the Southern Cook Islands only minor damage to crops and structures was reported.

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

On November 20, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started to monitor a shallow tropical depression that had developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone to the west of Wallis Island.[1][2] Over the next two days the system moved towards the west-northwest and the Fijian dependency of Rotuma, before the depression's chances of developing further became good during November 23, as upper outflow over the system became established.[1][2] The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) subsequently initiated advisories and classified the depression as Tropical Cyclone 03P at 1200 UTC the next day, after atmospheric convection surrounding the system organized further.[1][3] Later that day, the FMS named the system Sina after the depression had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, while it was located about 425 km (265 mi) to the northwest of Rotuma.[1][4] During November 25, the cyclone continued to intensify and developed an eye as it moved erratically towards the west-southwest and performed a small clockwise loop. Early on November 26, the FMS reported that Sina had become a category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[1][4] At around this time the JTWC reported that Sina had become equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS).[4]

During that day, Sina's eye became very distinct on satellite imagery.[1] As the system intensified and came under the influence of a changeable upper level steering flow which resulted in Sina moving erratically towards the southeast and Fiji.[1] Later that day the FMS reported that the system had peaked as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 140 km/h (85 mph).[4][5] The JTWC subsequently reported early the next day that Sina had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 230 km/h (145 mph), which made it equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the SSHWS.[4] During that day, Sina remained at its peak intensity as it moved towards the east-southeast and started to be observed on the Nadi radar.[1][4] Later that day, as the system started to gradually weaken, it passed about 40 km (25 mi) to the south of Viti Levu before it passed over the island groups of Vatulele and Moala and the Southern Lau Islands during November 28.[1] During that day the system moved across the 180th meridian, which prompted the JTWC to issue their final warning on Sina and pass the responsibility for warning the United States Government to the Naval Western Oceanography Center.[3][4]

Early on November 29, Sina weakened into a category two tropical cyclone on the Australian scale just before it passed to the north of Tongatapu in Tonga.[1][4] During that day, as the system moved eastwards towards the Southern Cook Islands and gradually weakened further, the NWOC issued their final advisory on Sina while estimating that it was equivalent to a category one hurricane on the SSHWS.[3][4] Early on November 30, the system passed about 160 km (100 mi) to the south of Niue, before it recurved sharply towards the south-southeast later that day as it approached the Southern Cook Islands. The system subsequently started to rapidly weaken under the influence of strong vertical wind shear and cooler sea surface temperatures.[1] The FMS subsequently passed the primary warning responsibility for Sina to the New Zealand Meteorological Service as it crossed 25°S, who quickly reported that the system had lost its tropical characteristics and had become an extratropical depression.[6][1] Over the next couple of days Sina's extratropical remnants maintained a south-eastward track, before it was absorbed by an advancing trough of low pressure near 50°S on December 4.[6]

Preparations, impact and aftermath

Cyclone Sina affected Fiji, Tonga, Niue and the Southern Cook Islands and was responsible for damages totaling over $18.5 million.[1] The system had initially appeared to threaten the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu as it performed a small clockwise loop and moved erratically towards the west-southwest during November 25.[1] After this usage of the name, Sina was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists for the region.[7]

Fiji

Late on November 25, the FMS issued a tropical cyclone alert for Fiji, while the system was located about 665 km (415 mi) to the northwest of the country.[1] During the next day, a gale force wind warning was issued for the western half of Viti Levu, the Yasawa and Mamanuca island groups, which was later upgraded to a storm warning while a gale warning was also issued for the rest of Viti Levu.[1] These storm warnings were briefly dropped early on November 27, when the storm appeared to be moving away from the country, but as Sina came within range of the Nadi radar, it became apparent that southern Fiji would be directly hit by the system.[1] As a result, hurricane warnings were issued for Vatulele, Kadavu and smaller nearby islands, while storm warnings were re-issued for the western half of Viti Levu and the Mamanuca island group.[1] Over the next day as the cyclone approached, hurricane, storm and gale warnings were revised to cover various islands within the Koro and Southern Lau island groups, before all warnings were cancelled on November 28, as Sina moved away from Fiji.[1]

Ahead of Sina affecting the Fijian islands, from November 27 until November 29, with wind gusts of up to 175 km/h (110 mph), hundreds of people were evacuated from Fiji's outer island resorts to hotels on the mainland.[5][8][9][10] As the cyclone affected Fiji high winds and heavy rain forced the closure of several local airports and the Nadi International Airport for around 20 hours.[9][11][12][13] As the cyclone moved towards the east-southeast between November 27–28, it passed near to or over the south-western coast of Viti Levu, Vatulele, Bequa, Northern Kadavu and various islands within the Moala and Southern Lau island groups and caused some coastal erosion.[1][14] As it moved through the archipelago, the system destroyed or damaged houses and other building structures, while bringing down electric and telephone lines and uprooting trees.[1][5] The system also severely affected crops and vegetation including sugar cane and pine forests, however the extent of the damage was limited by the fact that many of the crops had already been harvested.[1][15]

On December 7, the Australian Government via the international development bureau and Air Pacific provided emergency shelter materials, including tarpaulins, plastic sheeting and rope, after an appeal for international assistance was made by the Fijian government.[16][17] After the cyclone damaged resorts were quickly repaired, while the Fijian government launched an international advertisement campaign for the islands with discounted airfares.[15] Overall Sina caused over $F26 million ($US18.5 million) worth of damage to the Fijian islands, with most of the damage accounted for by losses to agriculture, sugar cane, and pine forests.[6][1] After Cyclone Sina had washed away a railway bridge on Vanua Levu that was used to take sugar cane to Labasa's mills, growers had no choice but to go through the village of Korowiri.[18] However, the workers refused to go into their fields unless they had police protection to go through the village, after Methodists from the local church attacked a group of growers for working on Sundays in defiance of Fiji's Sunday Observance Decree.[18] As a result, sugar cane that had been damaged by Sina was left rotting in Fiji's fields until the Fiji Sugar Corporation ordered that a temporary bridge be built to bypass the village.[18]

Tonga

Late on November 27, as Sina affected the Fijian island of Viti Levu, a tropical cyclone alert was issued by the FMS, for the Tongatapu, Haʻapai and Vavaʻu groups of islands.[1][19] During the next day the tropical cyclone alert for Vavaʻu was cancelled, while gale and storm force wind warnings were issued for the island groups of Haʻapai and the Tongatapu.[1] The system subsequently moved in between the Tongatapu and Haʻapai groups of islands where sustained windspeeds of up to 96 km/h (60 mph) and wind gusts of up to 139 km/h (86 mph) were recorded at the Nukuʻalofa weather station.[1] Parts of the Tongan capital city Nuku'alofa were left without power, after electric lines were brought down, while several homes were partially damaged after the roofs lost their iron.[20] Overall only minor damage to weak structures, trees, banana plantations, electric and telephone lines was recorded within the island nation.[1]

Other island nations

During November 29, strong wind warnings were issued for Niue as the island experienced marginal gale force winds from the system, as it passed about 185 km (115 mi) to the south of the island.[1][21] High seas salt spray and waves caused some damage to crops and the island's wharf. They also washed away two temporary roads that were installed after Cyclone Ofa had affected the island earlier in the year.[1][22]

Early on November 30, as the system moved towards the east-southeast, a gale warning was issued for the Cook Islands of Rarotonga and Mangaia, while issuing strong wind warnings and tropical cyclone alerts for the rest of the Southern Islands.[1][21] The warnings were subsequently maintained until later that day, as Sina spared the Cook Islands its major effects and re-curved sharply towards the south-southeast.[1] Only minor damage to shallow rooted crops and weak structures was reported, after high seas and gale force winds buffeted the northern side of Rarotonga.[1][23]

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See also

References
  1. Prasad, Rajendra (July 3, 1992). Tropical Cyclone Sina, November 24 - 30, 1990 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report 90/6). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  2. Ward, Graham F.A (March 1, 1995). "Prediction of tropical cyclone formation in terms of sea-surface temperatures vorticity and vertical windshear" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 44 (1): 63–64. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  3. 6. Tropical Cyclone Warning Verification Statistics: Southern Hemisphere (PDF) (1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1992. pp. 213–220. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  4. "1990 Tropical Cyclone Sina (1990327S07175)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  5. Fiji Meteorological Service (1992). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). "Hurricane Alley: Cyclones of the Southeast Pacific Ocean 1990–1991: Tropical Cyclone Sina November 24 – 30, 1990". Mariners Weather Log. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Center. 36 (4: Fall 1992): 54. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094179. ISSN 0025-3367. OCLC 648466886.
  6. Bannister Anthony J; Smith, K. J (December 4, 1993). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1990–1991" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 42 (4): 111–121. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  7. RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (October 11, 2018). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2018 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. I-4–II-9 (9–21). Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  8. "Tourists flee cyclone Sina". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. Australian Associated Press. November 28, 1990. p. 14. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  9. Sharma, Davendra; Riley, Mark (November 28, 1990). "Hundreds flee path of cyclone; Fiji". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  10. Schofield, Trevor B (2007). Empowerment for Sustainable Tourism Development. Elsevier Science Ltd. p. 154. ISBN 0080439462.
  11. "Fuji escapes major cyclone damage". Pacific Stars and Stripes. Associated Press. November 30, 1990. p. 9. Retrieved September 24, 2013.  – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required)
  12. Newman, Steve (December 1, 1990). "Earthweek: diary of the planet for the week ending November 30, 1990". The Spokesman Review. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  13. "In Brief: Fijian Islands hit by Cyclone". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. November 29, 1990. p. 12. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  14. McGree, Simon; Yeo, Stephen W; Devi, Swastika (October 2010). Flooding in the Fiji Islands Between 1840 and 2009 (PDF) (Report). Risk Frontiers. p. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2014.
  15. Benson, Charlotte (March 1997). The Economic Impact of Natural Disasters in Fiji (PDF) (Working Paper 97). Overseas Development Institute. pp. 30, 40, 55. ISBN 0850032512.
  16. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (1990). "Emergency aid to Fiji cyclone victims". Australian Foreign Affairs and Trade: The Monthly Record. Australian Government. p. 896.
  17. "Cyclone Aid". Courier Mail. Australian Associated Press.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  18. Gaunder, Y (December 23, 1990). "Fiji Methodists sour sugar crop". Sunday Herald.
  19. "In Brief: Fijian Islands hit by Cyclone". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia. November 29, 1990. p. 12. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  20. "Storms as Cyclone Sina passes Tonga". Herald Sun. Australian Associated Press. November 30, 1990. (subscription required)
  21. "Cyclone lashes Tonga". Herald Sun. November 30, 1990.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  22. Levine, Stephen. "Niue in Review: Issues and Events, July 1, 1990 to June 30, 1991". The Contemporary Pacific. 4 (1): 203–205. hdl:10125/8564. ISSN 1043-898X.
  23. Woodward, Philip (December 1990). Trip to Rarotonga, Cook Islands (PDF) (SOPAC Trip Report 93). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
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