Cinema of Ireland

The Irish film industry has grown somewhat in recent years thanks partly to the promotion of the sector by Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland and the introduction of heavy tax breaks. According to the Irish Audiovisual Content Production Sector Review carried out by the Irish Film Board and PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2008 this sector, has gone from 1,000 people employed six or seven years ago, to well over 6,000 people in that sector now and is valued at over €557.3 million and represents 0.3% of GDP.[6] Most films are produced in English as Ireland is largely Anglophone, though some productions are made in Irish either wholly or partially.

This article is about film in the Republic of Ireland. For film in Northern Ireland, see Cinema of Northern Ireland.
Cinema of Ireland
No. of screens444 (2011)[1]
 • Per capita11.0 per 100,000 (2011)[1]
Main distributorsWarner Bros. 18.4%
Paramount 16.2%
Universal 12.1%[2]
Produced feature films (2011)[3]
Fictional20
Animated2
Documentary10
Number of admissions (2011)[4]
Total16,350,000
 • Per capita3.6 (2010)[5]
National films640,000 (3.9%)
Gross box office (2011)[4]
Total€112 million
National films€4.4 million (3.9%)

According to an article in Variety magazine spotlighting Irish cinema, a decade ago the Republic of Ireland had only two filmmakers anyone had heard of: Neil Jordan and Jim Sheridan. As of 2010, the Republic of Ireland can boast more than a dozen directors and writers with significant and growing international reputations. Ireland is now achieving critical mass of filmmaking talent to match the kind of influence, disproportionate to its small size, that it has always enjoyed in the fields of literature and theatre. Following in the footsteps of Sheridan and Jordan comes a generation that includes such directors as Lenny Abrahamson, Conor McPherson, John Crowley, Martin McDonagh, John Michael McDonagh, John Carney, Kirsten Sheridan, Lance Daly, Paddy Breathnach and Damien O'Donnell and writers such as Mark O'Rowe, Enda Walsh and Mark O'Halloran.[7]

Former Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism Martin Cullen (2008–2010) said that “the film industry is the cornerstone of a smart and creative digital economy”.[8] But as well as the concrete economic benefits that the Irish film industry brings in by way of cash investment from overseas and the associated VAT, PAYE and PRSI receipts, it has been noted that there are the soft benefits in terms of the development and projection of the Irish culture and the promotion of tourism.[9]

While big-budget international productions keep crews working and are enormously valuable to the country, it is the indigenous industry that is at the heart of creating opportunity and giving skills and experience to Irish producers, directors, writers and crew, telling the stories that emerge from Irish-based talent.[10] Some of the most successful Irish films include The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006), Intermission (2003), Man About Dog (2004), Michael Collins (1996), Angela's Ashes (1999), The Commitments (1991), Once (2007) and Notorious (2017). Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie (2014) holds the record for the biggest gross on the opening day of an Irish film in Ireland.[11] Notorious (2017) on the other hand holds the record for highest grossing Irish documentary of all time.

In the past many films were censored or banned, owing largely to the influence of the Catholic Church with films including The Great Dictator (1940), A Clockwork Orange (1971) and Life of Brian (1979) being banned at various times,[12] although virtually no cuts or bans have been issued in recent years, one as of August 2006. The Irish Film Censor's Office policy is that of personal choice for the viewer, considering his job to examine and classify films rather than censor them.[13][14]

Ireland as a location

The first fictional film shot in Ireland was Kalem Company's The Lad from Old Ireland (1910), which was also the first American film shot on location outside the United States. It was directed by Sidney Olcott, who returned the next year to shoot over a dozen films primarily in the small village of Beaufort, County Kerry. Olcott intended to start a permanent studio in Beaufort, but the outbreak of World War I prevented him from doing so.[15]

The Irish government was one of the first in Europe to see the potential benefit to the exchequer of having a competitive tax incentive for investment in film and television, making use of a revised and improved version of its Section 481 tax incentive in 2015 which gives production companies a tax credit rate of 32% when making certain films.[16] Other countries have recognized the success of Ireland’s incentive scheme and matched it or introduced a more competitive tax incentive. After a long lobbying process, significant improvements were introduced to the Section 481 relief for investment in film projects in 2009 to boost employment in the industry and help re-establish Ireland as an attractive global location for film and television production.[8]

Kevin Moriarty, managing director of Ardmore Studios believes Ireland is an attractive film location as there is now recognition for the quality of the output of the Irish film industry and a perception that Ireland is a viable film destination.[8]

Prominent films that have been filmed in Ireland include The Quiet Man (1952), The Lion in Winter (1968), The First Great Train Robbery (1979), Excalibur (1981), Braveheart (1995), Reign of Fire (2002), King Arthur (2004), The Guard (2011), Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), and Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017).

Cinemas in Ireland
The Ambassador Cinema was in use, on and off, as a cinema from about 1910 to 1999, and is now a music venue at the top of O'Connell Street, Dublin.

The first cinema in Ireland, the Volta, was opened at 45 Mary Street, Dublin, in 1909 by the novelist James Joyce.[17]

Ireland has a high rate of cinema admissions (the highest in Europe).

There are several cinema chains operating in Ireland. Among them are ODEON Cinemas (formerly UCI/Storm Cinemas), Omniplex, IMC Cinemas (Both Omniplex and IMC are owned by the Ward Anderson group), Cineworld, Vue and Movies@Cinemas.

Studios

Ardmore Studios was the first Irish studio, opening in 1958 in Bray, County Wicklow.

Animated films

Ireland has been home to several noteworthy producers of animated films in recent years. Sullivan Bluth Studios was opened in 1979 as Don Bluth Productions, with its primary location in Dublin, to produce animated films by director Don Bluth and producer Morris Sullivan. Some films produced at Sullivan Bluth's Irish studio include 1988's The Land Before Time, 1989's All Dogs Go to Heaven (co-produced with UK-based Goldcrest Films) and 1991's Rock-a-Doodle. Many of these films competed favourably with productions by Walt Disney Pictures at the time. However, following a number of box-office flops in the early to mid-1990s, including 1994's Thumbelina and A Troll in Central Park and 1995's The Pebble and the Penguin, the studio soon declared bankruptcy and was closed in 1995.

Today, Ireland has a number of animation studios that produce television and commercial animation, as well as feature films and co-productions. Cartoon Saloon, founded in 1999 by Paul Young and Tomm Moore, is among the most prolific. It has produced the award-winning TV series Skunk Fu! as well as a feature film, 2009's The Secret of Kells, animated primarily with Traditional paper and pencil hand drawn animation and detailing a fictitious account of the creation of the Book of Kells. The film was nominated at the 82nd Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature. Cartoon Saloon has more feature films in production, including Song of the Sea, released in 2014.[18]

Legislation
Irish Air Corps pilots filming Roger Corman’s Richthofen & Brown, 1970. Lynn Garrison second from right, front row

The Film Act of 1970 set the foundation for an expanding Irish-based film industry. It provided, among other things, very advantageous tax advantages for film productions and resident foreign creative individuals. A number of world-renowned writers, including Len Deighton, Frederick Forsyth, and Richard Condon took advantage of the allowances, residing in Ireland for a number of years. The Film Act of 1970 was the result of an initial collaboration between Taoiseach Jack Lynch and Lynn Garrison, an aerial film director who shared a semi-detached with the Prime Minister. The Film Act of 1970 became the basis for other national film acts throughout Europe and America.

Irish Film Board

Bord Scannán na hÉireann/the Irish Film Board (IFB) is the national development agency for the Irish film industry investing in talent, creativity and enterprise. The agency supports and promotes the Irish film industry and the use of Ireland as a location for international production.[19]

The Irish Film Board was set up in 1981 to boost the local industry, and one of its earliest supported projects was The Outcasts in 1982.[20] After the infamous closure of the Irish Film Board in 1987, Irish stories and filmmakers continued to break through with considerable international success My Left Foot (Jim Sheridan), The Crying Game (Neil Jordan), The Commitments (Alan Parker) all made with non-Irish finance. The success of these projects coupled with intensive local lobbying led to the re-establishment of the Irish Film Board in 1993.

Many film critics point to the fact that the Irish Film Board's output has been poor, as most films which are chosen for funding do little or no business outside of the country, and are rarely popular in Ireland. However, IFB funded films like Intermission, I Went Down, Man About Dog, The Wind That Shakes The Barley, and Adam & Paul have proved popular with domestic audiences and have all done respectable business in Irish cinemas.[21] Both the Oscar-winning film Once and the Palme d'Or winner The Wind That Shakes the Barley have experienced international success over the last couple of years. Once, which was made on a shoestring budget, took over $10 million at the US box office and over $20 million in worldwide ticket sales, while The Wind That Shakes the Barley was distributed theatrically in 40 territories worldwide.[22]

Over the last four years Irish films have screened and won awards at the top international film festivals including Cannes, Sundance, Berlin, Toronto, Venice, London, Tribeca, Edinburgh and Pusan.[22]

The Wind That Shakes The Barley won the prestigious Palme d'Or award for Best Film at the Cannes Film Festival in 2006, while Garage, directed by Lenny Abrahamson, picked up the CICEA Award at the Directors Fortnight at the festival in 2007. After winning the Audience Award at the Sundance Film Festival in 2007, Once went on to win the Best Foreign Film prize at the Independent Spirit Awards in 2008 and an Academy Award for Best Original Song. The Irish short film Six Shooter won the Academy Award for Best Short Film in 2006 while the short film New Boy was nominated for the same award in 2009.[22]

In 2009 a record seven IFB funded films (Ondine, Perrier’s Bounty, Triage, A Shine of Rainbows, Eamon, Cracks, and Colony) had officially been selected for the Toronto International Film Festival.[23]

Tony Keily has criticised the board's insistence on funding "uncommercial commercial cinema".[24] Paul Melia has also criticised the IFB over its slowness in awarding funding.[25]

The Minister for Arts, Sports and Tourism Martin Cullen addressed the issue of commercial success recently saying that “The film board offers the chance to make films for a small audience and not necessarily for big commercial success but which have real quality. That offers opportunity to people who can go on to make their mark. Whether that is the actors, the director or crew, many of the people who work on those films wouldn’t go on to success unless they had been given their first chance here. People can only get experience by giving them the opportunity”.[8]

2005 Top 10 poll

In 2005 a Jameson Whiskey-sponsored poll selected the top 10 Irish films: the results are below.[26]

  1. The Commitments (1991)
  2. My Left Foot (1989)
  3. In the Name of the Father (1993)
  4. The Quiet Man (1952)
  5. The Snapper (1993)
  6. Michael Collins (1996)
  7. The Field (1990)
  8. Intermission (2003)
  9. Veronica Guerin (2003)
  10. Inside I'm Dancing (2004)

Critically acclaimed Irish films released since this poll was taken include The Wind That Shakes the Barley, Once, The Secret of Kells, Song of the Sea, Garage, The Guard, and Brooklyn.

Irish Film & Television Awards

The Irish Film and Television Awards have been awarded since 1999, and in their current form since 2003. The "Best Irish Film" winners have been:

gollark: It froze at 51% this time.
gollark: It takes real dedication to cause Jav'aa errors.
gollark: Cool OS!
gollark: It's stuck at 55%.
gollark: *runs inside PotatOS*

See also

References
  1. "Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  2. "Table 6: Share of Top 3 distributors (Excel)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  3. "Table 1: Feature Film Production - Genre/Method of Shooting". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  4. "Table 11: Exhibition - Admissions & Gross Box Office (GBO)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  5. "Cinema - Admissions per capita". Screen Australia. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  6. "Irish Audiovisual Content Production Sector Review" (PDF). Irish Film Board. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-07.
  7. Dawtry, Adam (2009-05-15). "Variety Spotlight: Irish Film Soars Past Old Limitations". Variety. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  8. O'Flanagan, Kate (2009-04-26). "Projecting a Positive Image" (PDF). Sunday Business Post. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  9. "Lured by the Gift of Storytelling" (PDF). Sunday Business Post. 2009-04-26. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  10. "Distribution is Key to Success" (PDF). Sunday Business Post. 2009-04-26. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  11. "Mrs Brown's Boys D'Movie buoys UK and Ireland box office". BBC News. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  12. "Ten films that Ireland banned under the 1923 Censorship Act," The Irish Post, 2015
  13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2009-10-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. Breda Heffernan (January 7, 2008). "Censor calls 'cut' on moral guardian role". The Irish Independent.
  15. Flynn, Arthur (2005). The Story of Irish Film. Dublin: Currach Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 9781856079143.
  16. "Entertainment value". Irish Times. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  17. Rockett, Kevin; Luke Gibbons; John Hill (1987). Cinema and Ireland. Taylor & Francis. p. 5. ISBN 9780709942160.
  18. ""Song of the Sea" (2014)". IMDb. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  19. "About the Irish Film Board". Irish Film Board. Archived from the original on 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  20. Brown, Derek. "The Outcasts, a film from Irish Folklore and Myth". www.robertwynne-simmons.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  21. "Distribution is Key to Success" (PDF). Sunday Business Post. 2009-04-26. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  22. "Irish Film Industry Review 2005-2009" (PDF). Irish Film Board. 2009-04-26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  23. Battles, Jan (2009-08-16). "Record Number of Irish Films at Festival". London: Sunday Times. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
  24. "What do you mean when you say "initiative"?". Film Ireland. 2008-02-13. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  25. Melia, Paul (2005-07-11). "Aspiring directors 'not making the cut for funding'". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  26. "Top 10 Best Irish Films of All Time" (PDF). Press release: 2005 Jameson Whiskey poll. Irish Distillers. 2005-07-14. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2005-12-19. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  27. "The IFTA 2015 Winners' List". entertainment.ie. May 24, 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
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