Christmas boobook

The Christmas boobook (Ninox natalis), also known more specifically as the Christmas Island hawk-owl,[2] is a species of owl in the family Strigidae.

Christmas boobook
Illustration by Keulemans, 1900
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Ninox
Species:
N. natalis
Binomial name
Ninox natalis
Synonyms
  • Ninox forbesi natalis

Closely related to the hawk owls of genus Ninox, which occur in Southeast Asia and Australia. N. natalis was first classified at species level by J.J.Lister in 1888.[3] It was not until 1998 however that DNA testing confirmed its status as a separate species from other owls.[4]

Distribution

N. natalis is endemic to Christmas Island, a small Australian territory of about 135 square km situated in the Indian Ocean approximately 360 km south of Java.

The flora and fauna of the island face on-going threats from both human activity and introduced species of plants and animals. In addition to these threats, N. natalis is restricted to a small range on this small island and is consequently listed as vulnerable by the IUCN[5]

Phosphate mining has continued for over a century and more recently Australian Immigration Detention Facilities have been established increasing the impact from human habitation. However, the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service manage 64% of the island as a national park.

Description

The Christmas Island hawk-owl is a small, rufous-brown hawk-owl with a barred breast, dark chestnut facial mask, whitish brow, lores and throat, yellow eyes, legs and feet. It is approximately 26–29 cm in length and 130-190 grams in weight with the female slightly larger than the male.

Its double-noted hoot, boo-book, has a clucking quality with the second note usually lower in pitch. The begging call of juveniles is a high-pitched trill.[5]

Vocalisations are similar to those described for the Australian boobook (Ninox boobook) and include individual variation in advertisement calls. This may be useful in estimating owl densities as radio-tracking can be impractical in some terrains.[6]

Habitat

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

N.natalis occupies essentially exclusive territories and is widespread on the island utilizing both primary and disturbed habitats. However, in areas of regrowth significantly fewer birds have been detected.[7] In 1995 there were approximately 560 breeding pairs but by 2004 the population was estimated to be down to 1000 birds.[5] A more recent estimate in 2011 suggests that the population may, however, be significantly lower than that.[8]

Preferred roost sites are sheltered and concealed, positions from which they can easily escape such as in the bottom third of the canopy of trees with deep crowns and mid-level understory but with fewer low understory trees.[9]

Nests have been found in tree hollows predominantly in the canopies of Planchonella nitida, Hernandia ovigera and Syzygium nervosum.[5]

Diet

Primarily insectivorous they consume medium to large insects, particularly beetles (Coleoptera), tree crickets (Gryllacris rufovaria), moths (Lepidoptera) and introduced cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). They also supplement this with vertebrates such as the Christmas Island white-eye (Zosterops natalis), geckos including the introduced house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), and the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus).[9][10]

Threats

Man-made habitat destruction together with the introduction of species such as the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracillipes), cats (Felis catus) and black rats are among the major threats to both the habitat and native wildlife, including the Christmas Island hawk-owl.

The yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes, an invasive introduction, disrupts the habitat in a number of ways, but most notably through their elimination of populations of the island's keystone species the red crab (Gecarcoidea natalis) resulting in significant changes to forest composition. In addition, the ants mutually-beneficial relationship with scale insects has contributed to degradation of the canopy.

It is thought that yellow crazy ants may also prey on nestlings.[5]

While mining has largely ended, various programmes to monitor and control introduced species are on-going.[11][12]

gollark: Also, the fact that it mixes up the alphabet a lot isn't exactly very relevant, since the vulnerable bit is probably how it, well, generates the "scrambling" in the first place.
gollark: * not practical to decrypt unless you have some extra information i.e. the key
gollark: When you talk about the "key" here, do you mean that you just need to know *how it works* to ~~use~~ decrypt it, or need to have some specific extra bit of information?
gollark: What do you mean "alphabet scrambles"?
gollark: Maybe you could ask someone about the concept. Or look it up on the internet to see if there are different ways to think about it which you might prefer.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2013). "Ninox natalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Christidis, L; Boles, W.E (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 166. ISBN 9780643065116.
  3. Lister, J.J (1888). "On the natural history of Christmas Island". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1888: 512–531.
  4. Norman, Janette A; Christidis, L; Westerman, M; Hill, F.A. Richard (1998). "Molecular data confirms the species status of the Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis.". Emu. 98 (3): 197–208. doi:10.1071/MU98028.
  5. "Factsheet: Christmas Boobook Ninox natalis". BirdLife International. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  6. Hill, F.A. Richard; Lill, Alan (1998). "Vocalisations of the Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis: Individual variation in advertisement calls". Emu. 98 (3): 221–226. doi:10.1071/MU98030.
  7. Hill, F.A. Richard; Lill, Alan (1998). "Density and total population estimates for threatened Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis". Emu. 98 (3): 209–220. doi:10.1071/MU98029.
  8. Low, B.W.; Hamilton, N (2013). "The current status of the threatened Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis". Australian Field Ornithology. 30 (1): 47–52. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  9. Hill, F.A. Richard; Lill, Alan (1998). "Diet and roost site characteristics of the Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis". Emu. 98 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1071/MU98031.
  10. Phillips, D.J.; Olsen, P.D; Rentz, D; Lawrence, J (1991). "Observations on the diet of the Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox squamipila natalis". Emu. 91 (4): 250–251. doi:10.1071/MU9910250.
  11. Garnett, S.T.; Szabo, J.K.; Dutson, G. (2011). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643103689.
  12. Hill, R (2004). National Recovery Plan for the Christmas Island Hawk-Owl Ninox natalis. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN 978-0642550101.
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