Calcium perchlorate

Calcium perchlorate is classified as a metal perchlorate salt with the molecular formula Ca(ClO4)2. It is an inorganic compound that is a yellow-white crystalline solid in appearance. As a strong oxidizing agent, it reacts with reducing agents when heated to generate heat and products that may be gaseous (which will cause pressurization in closed containers). Calcium perchlorate has been categorized as having explosive reactivity. Ca(ClO4)2 is a common chemical on the soil of planet Mars, counting for almost 1% of the Martian dust, by weight.

Calcium perchlorate
Names
IUPAC name
Calcium perchlorate
Other names
Calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate, Calcium diperchlorate, Perchloric acid calcium salt (2:1), Calcium perchlorate, hydrated
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.411
UNII
Properties
Ca(ClO4)2
Molar mass 238.9792 g/mol
Appearance White to yellow crystalline solid
Density 2.651 g/cm3
Melting point 270 °C (518 °F; 543 K)
188 g/100mL (20 °C)
Solubility EtOH, MeOH
Hazards
Main hazards Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns, etc. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Eye hazard Avoid contact with eyes. In case of contact, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice
Skin hazard Avoid contact with skin. In case of contact, rinse immediately with (manufacturer's instructions)
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Properties

Calcium perchlorate is a strong inorganic oxidizing agent, enhancing the combustion of other substances that can potentially lead to explosion. The perchlorate ion, ClO4−, has a highly symmetrical tetrahedral structure that is strongly stabilized in solution by its low electron-donating proton-accepting power and its relatively low polarizability.

Eutectic System

Calcium perchlorate solution forms a simple eutectic system. The eutectic composition of the calcium perchlorate solution is 4.2 mol / 100 g H2O, very similar to the composition of closely related metal cation perchlorates of strontium and barium.

Occurrences

Electrolyte Conductance

Electrolyte conductance of Ca(ClO4)2 and double charged metal cations in the organic solvent acetonitrile has been tested. The interest in metal cation perchlorate interactions with photosensitive ligands has increased due to the development of highly specific fluorescence indicators.

Production

Perchlorate salts are the product of a base and perchloric acid. Calcium perchlorate can be prepared through the heating of a mixture of calcium carbonate and ammonium perchlorate. Ammonium carbonate forms in the gaseous state, leaving behind a calcium perchlorate solid.

Reactions

Water

Being very hygroscopic, calcium perchlorate is commonly seen in the presence of four water molecules, referred to as calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate.

Ca(ClO4)2 • 4H2O

Cyclic Hydrogenphosphonates

A hybrid organic-inorganic molecule is formed using dioxazaphosphocanes, eight-membered cyclic hydrogenphosphonates and calcium. Calcium from the calcium perchlorate contributes to the structural integrity of the oligomeric molecule; the four calcium ions are bridged between four dioxazaphosphocane moieties.

Human toxicity

Calcium perchlorate is slightly toxic to humans, by ingestion or inhalation of dust particles, or (less so) by skin contact.

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References
  1. "Calcium Perchlorate", Cameo Chemicals, Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA's Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA.gov, retrieved October 25, 2012
  2. "Calcium Perchlorate", ChemicalBook, ChemicalBook, retrieved October 25, 2012
  3. Kalugin, Oleg N.; Agieienko, Vira N.; Otroshko, Natalya A. (January 2012), "Ion association and solvation in solutions of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Ni2+ perchlorates in acetonitrile: Conductometric study", Journal of Molecular Liquids, 165: 78–86, doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2011.10.012
  4. Sutra, Elsa; Lamandé, Lydia; Gornitzka, Heinz; Bellan, Jacques (2002), "A New Oligomeric Complex of Cyclic Hydrogenphosphonates with Calcium Perchlorate", European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2002 (10): 2727–2729, doi:10.1002/1099-0682(200210)2002:10<2727::AID-EJIC2727>3.0.CO;2-D
  5. "Perchlorates", Megalomania's Method of Making Perchlorates, Megalomania's Controversial Chem Lab, retrieved October 31, 2012
  6. "Physical Constraints of Inorganic Compounds", Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC, retrieved October 25, 2012
  7. Pestova, O. N.; Myund, L. A.; Khripun, M. K.; Prigaro, A. V. (2005), "Polythermal Study of the Systems M(ClO4)2–H2O (M2+ = Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+)", Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 78 (3): 409–413, doi:10.1007/s11167-005-0306-z
Compounds containing perchlorate group
HClO4 He
LiClO4 Be(ClO4)2 B(ClO
4)−
4
B(ClO4)3		 ROClO3 N(ClO4)3
NH4ClO4
NOClO4		 O FClO4 Ne
NaClO4 Mg(ClO4)2 Al(ClO4)3 Si P S ClO−
4
ClOClO3
Cl2O7		 Ar
KClO4 Ca(ClO4)2 Sc(ClO4)3 Ti(ClO4)4 VO(ClO4)3
VO2(ClO4)		 Cr(ClO4)3 Mn(ClO4)2 Fe(ClO4)3 Co(ClO4)2,
Co(ClO4)3		 Ni(ClO4)2 Cu(ClO4)2 Zn(ClO4)2 Ga(ClO4)3 Ge As Se Br Kr
RbClO4 Sr(ClO4)2 Y(ClO4)3 Zr(ClO4)4 Nb(ClO4)5 Mo Tc Ru Rh(ClO4)3 Pd(ClO4)2 AgClO4 Cd(ClO4)2 In(ClO4)3 Sn(ClO4)4 Sb TeO(ClO4)2 I Xe
CsClO4 Ba(ClO4)2   Hf(ClO4)4 Ta(ClO4)5 W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg2(ClO4)2,
Hg(ClO4)2		 Tl(ClO4),
Tl(ClO4)3		 Pb(ClO4)2 Bi(ClO4)3 Po At Rn
FrClO4 Ra   Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
↓
La Ce(ClO4)x Pr Nd Pm Sm(ClO4)3 Eu(ClO4)3 Gd(ClO4)3 Tb(ClO4)3 Dy(ClO4)3 Ho(ClO4)3 Er(ClO4)3 Tm(ClO4)3 Yb(ClO4)3 Lu(ClO4)3
Ac Th(ClO4)4 Pa UO2(ClO4)2 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
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