Bahujan Samaj Party

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) is a national level political party in India that was formed to represent Bahujans (literally means "people in majority"), referring to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Castes (OBC), along with religious minorities.[9] According to Kanshi Ram, when he founded the party in 1984, the Bahujans comprised 85 percent of India's population, but were divided into 6,000 different castes.[10][11] The party claims to be inspired by the philosophy of Gautama Buddha, B. R. Ambedkar, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Narayana Guru, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj.[12] Kanshi Ram named his protégée, Mayawati, as his successor in 2001. The BSP has its main base in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh where it was the second-largest party in the 2019 Indian general election with 19.3% of votes[13] and in the 2017 Uttar Pradesh elections with over 22% of votes.[14] Its election symbol is an elephant.

Bahujan Samaj Party
Abbreviation	BSP
President	Mayawati[1]
Secretary	Satish Chandra Mishra R S Kushwaha Munquad Ali[2] Ram Achal Rajbhar Mewalal Gautam[3] R Sridhar[4]
Lok Sabha leader	Kunwar Danish Ali[5]
Rajya Sabha leader	Satish Chandra Mishra
Founder	Kanshi Ram
Founded	14 April 1984 (1984-04-14)
Preceded by	DSSSS
Headquarters	12, Gurudwara Rakabganj Road, New Delhi, India-110001
Newspaper	Bahujan Samaj Bulletin
Ideology	Social equality[6] Social justice[7] Self respect[8]
Colours	Blue
ECI Status	National Party
Seats in Lok Sabha	10 / 543
Seats in Rajya Sabha	2 / 245
Seats in Vidhan Sabha & Vidhan Parishad	Indian states 18 / 403 (Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly) 8 / 100 (Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad) 6 / 200 (Rajasthan Legislative Assembly) 2 / 230 (Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly) 2 / 90 (Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly)
Number of states and union territories in government	0 / 31
Election symbol
Website
bspindia.org
Politics of India Political parties Elections

Etymology

"Bahujan" is a Pali term frequently found in Buddhist texts, and literally refers to "the many", or "the majority". It appears in the dictum "Bahujana Hitaya Bahujana Sukhaya", or "The benefit and prosperity of the many", articulated by Gautama Buddha.[15][16][17] In his writing, B. R. Ambedkar used the term to refer to the majority of people in Hindu society that experienced discrimination and oppression on the basis of caste. Jotirao Phule used the term in a similar context, and compared the lower castes of India to slaves in the United States. Dalit and lower-caste writers have suggested this proportion was 85 percent of the population.[17][18] Lower-caste people are sometimes collectively referred to as "bahujan samaj", or the majority community.[19][20] The term has also been translated as "subaltern".[20] The precise set of caste groups described as "Bahujan" has varied with context; in the state of Maharashtra, for example, the term has often excluded Dalits. However, it always refers to non-Dvija, or twice-born, castes, and thus does not include Brahmins, Kshatriyas, or Vaishyas.[21][22][23]

Organisation and structure

Main article: Bahujan Volunteer Force

The BSP has no separate youth wing; however, youth representation is over 50%.[24] BSP has no social media accounts or website.[25] Sudhindra Bhadoria, a senior party leader, is the only official spokesperson of the BSP.[26] Its organisation involves Bhaichara Committees (brotherhood committees) for gaining support from Forward castes, Other Backward Classes, Dalits and Muslim communities.[27][28][29]

Ideology and political positions

Ideology

Its self-proclaimed ideology is "Social Transformation and Economic Emancipation" of the "Bahujan Samaj". The "Bahujan Samaj", to them, consists of the lower-caste groups in India like the Scheduled Castes (SC), the Scheduled Tribes (ST) and the Other Backward Classes (OBC). It also includes religious minorities like Sikhs, Muslims, Christians, Parsis, and Buddhists. They see these groups as victims of the "Manuwadi" system for millennia, a system which benefited upper-caste Hindus only. B. R. Ambedkar, a champion of lower-caste rights, is an important ideological inspiration. The party claims not to be prejudiced against upper-caste Hindus. In 2008, while addressing the audience, Mayawati said: "Our policies and ideology are not against any particular caste or religion. If we were anti-upper caste, we would not have given tickets to candidates from upper castes to contest elections".[30] Satish Chandra Mishra, a BSP senior leader, is upper caste. The party also believe in egalitarianism and hold a strong emphasis on social justice.[31]

Strategy

The Bahujan Samaj Party was founded on the birth anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar, 14 April 1984, by Kanshi Ram,[32] who named former schoolteacher, Mayawati, as his successor of BSP in 2001.[33]

Lesser-known figures from the Indian Rebellion of 1857 have been used as Dalit icons by the BSP, such as Avantibai, Uda Devi, Mahaviri Devi,[34] Jhalkaribai,[35] Matadin Bhangi, Ballu Mehtar, Vira Pasi, Banke Chamar[36] and Chetram Jatav,[37] the social scientist Badri Narayan Tiwari has noted that

Dalit intellectuals supported by BSP, which is trying to mobilize grassroot Dalits using local heroes, histories, myths and legends found a wealth of resources in the oral history of the regions of [Uttar Pradesh] centering around the 1857 rebellion. The political strategy of the party is to tell and retell the stories of these heroes, build memorials and organize celebrations around their stories repeatedly to build a collective memory in the psyche of the people. The stories are narrated in such a manner that the Dalits imagine the story of the making of a nation in which they played a significant role.[38]

List of Chief Ministers

Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh

No	Name	Constituency	Term of office		Tenure length	Assembly
1	Mayawati		3 June 1995	18 October 1995	137 days	twelfth Assembly (1993–95) (1993 election)
	Mayawati	Harora	21 March 1997	21 September 1997	184 days	Thirteenth Assembly (1996–2002) (1996 election)
	Mayawati	Harora	3 May 2002	29 August 2003	1 year, 118 days	Fourteenth Assembly (2002–07) (2002 election)
	Mayawati	MLC	13 May 2007	15 March 2012	4 years, 307 days	Fifteenth Assembly (2007–12) (2007 election)

History

The party's power grew quickly with seats in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. In 1993, following the assembly elections, Mayawati formed a coalition with Samajwadi Party president Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief Minister. On 2 June 1995, she withdrew support from his government, which led to a major incident where Yadav was accused of sending his goons to keep her party legislators hostage at a Lucknow guest house and shout casteist abuses at her.[39] Since this event, they have regarded each other publicly as chief rivals.[40]

Mayawati then obtained support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to become Chief Minister on 3 June 1995. In October 1995, the BJP withdrew their support and fresh elections were called after a period of President's Rule. In 2003, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not "hungry for power"[41] and asked the BJP-run Government of India to remove Union Tourism and Culture Minister, Jagmohan.[42] In 2007, she began leading a BSP-formed government with an absolute majority for a full five-year term.[43]

Bahujan Samaj Party claims to represent the low and lowly. A man carrying the BSP flag.

Silver jubilee

Bahujan Samaj Party on 14 April 2009 celebrated its silver jubilee.[44] Manywar Shri Kanshi Ramji Shahri Garib Awas Yojna, housing scheme for poor was launched by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA).[45] Role of Mayawati was discussed in BSP's success.[46] Mass rally was organised in Lucknow with 10000 police personnel on duty.[47] It was 305th and largest rally of BSP since 1984.[48] As per Observer Research Foundation, within 25 years BSP became third largest political party of India.[49]

Success in 2007

The results of the May 2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election saw the BSP emerge as a sole majority party, the first to do so since 1991. Mayawati began her fourth term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and took her oath of office along with 50 ministers of cabinet and state rank on 13 May 2007, at Rajbhawan in the state capital of Lucknow.[50] Most importantly, the majority achieved in large part was due to the party's ability to take away majority of upper castes votes from their traditional party, the BJP.[31]

Flags of "Bahujan Samaj Party" at Shivaji Park, Mumbai.

The party could manage only 80 seats in 2012 as against 206 in 2007 assembly elections. BSP government was the first in the history of Uttar Pradesh to complete its full five-year term.[51] On 26 May 2018, Ram Achal Rajbhar was replaced by R S Kushwaha as the president of UP unit.[52]

2014 Lok Sabha Elections

The 2014 national Lok Sabha elections saw the BSP become the third-largest national party of India in terms of vote percentage, having 4.2% of the vote across the country but gaining no seats.[53]

2019 Lok Sabha Elections Mahagathbandhan

Prior to the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, BSP formed a Mahagathbandhan. The Mahagathbandhan (or Grand Alliance), or simply the Gathbandhan (Alliance),[54][55] is an anti-Congress,[56] anti-BJP[57] Indian political alliance formed in the run-up to the 2019 general election under the leadership of two former Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati of the Bahujan Samaj Party, along with Ajit Singh’s Rashtriya Lok Dal and several other political parties, contesting in different states of India.[58][59][60][61][62][63]

The Mahagathbandhan won 15 seats out of 80 in Uttar Pradesh in 2019 Indian General Election.[64]

Election results

Lok Sabha (Lower House)

Lok Sabha Term	Indian General Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested	State (seats)
9th Lok Sabha	1989	245	4	2.07	4.53	Punjab (1) Uttar Pradesh (3)[65]
10th Lok Sabha	1991	231	3	1.61	3.64	Madhya_Pradesh(1) Punjab (1) Uttar Pradesh (1)[66]
11th Lok Sabha	1996	210	11	4.02	11.21	Madhya Pradesh(2) Punjab (3) Uttar Pradesh (6)
12th Lok Sabha	1998	251	5	4.67	9.84	Haryana (1) Uttar Pradesh (4)
13th Lok Sabha	1999	225	14	4.16	9.97	Uttar Pradesh (14)
14th Lok Sabha	2004	435	19	5.33	6.66	Uttar Pradesh (19)
15th Lok Sabha	2009	500	21	6.17	6.56	Madhya Pradesh(1) Uttar Pradesh (20)
16th Lok Sabha	2014	503	0	4.19		NA
17th Lok Sabha	2019	383	10	3.67		Uttar Pradesh (10)

Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Lower House)

Vidhan Sabha Term	UP elections	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
12th Vidhan Sabha	1993	164	67	11.12	28.52
13th Vidhan Sabha	1996	296	67	19.64	27.73
14th Vidhan Sabha	2002	401	98	23.06	23.19
15th Vidhan Sabha	2007	403	206	30.43	30.43
16th Vidhan Sabha	2012	403	80	25.95	25.95
17th Vidhan Sabha	2017	403	19	22.24	22.24

Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
9th Vidhan Sabha	1990	183	2	3.54	5.89
10th Vidhan Sabha	1993	286	2	7.05	7.86
11th Vidhan Sabha	1998	170	11	6.15	11.39
12th Vidhan Sabha	2003	157	2	7.26	10.62
13th Vidhan Sabha	2008	230	7	8.97	9.29
14th Vidhan Sabha	2013	227	4	6.29	6.42
15th Vidhan Sabha	2018	230	2	5.00

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Rajasthan Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
9th Vidhan Sabha	1990	57	0	0.79	2.54
10th Vidhan Sabha	1993	50	0	0.56	2.01
11th Vidhan Sabha	1998	108	2	2.17	3.81
12th Vidhan Sabha	2003	124	2	3.97	6.40
13th Vidhan Sabha	2008	199	6	7.60	7.66
14th Vidhan Sabha	2013	199	3	3.37	3.48
15th Vidhan Sabha	2018	199	6	4.00

Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Chhattisgarh Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
2nd Vidhan Sabha	2003	54	2	4.45	6.94
3rd Vidhan Sabha	2008	90	2	6.11	6.11
4th Vidhan Sabha	2013	90	1	4.27	4.27
5th Vidhan Sabha	2018	33	2	3.9	3.9

Bihar Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Bihar Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
10th Vidhan Sabha	1990	164	0	0.73	1.41
11th Vidhan Sabha	1995	161	2	1.34	2.66
12th Vidhan Sabha	2000	249	5	1.89	2.47
13th Vidhan Sabha	Feb. 2005	238	2	4.41	4.50
14th Vidhan Sabha	Oct. 2005	212	4	4.17	4.75
15th Vidhan Sabha	2010	243	0	3.21	3.27
16th Vidhan Sabha	2015	228	0	2.1	2.2[67]

Delhi Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Delhi Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
1st Vidhan Sabha	1992	55	1	3.90	2.42
2nd Vidhan Sabha	1998	58	0	3.15	3.63
3rd Vidhan Sabha	2003	40	0	5.76	8.96
4th Vidhan Sabha	2008	70	2	14.05	14.05
5th Vidhan Sabha	2013	69	0	5.33	5.44
6th Vidhan Sabha	2015	70	0	1.31	1.31

Haryana Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Haryana Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
10th Vidhan Sabha	2000	83	1	5.74	6.22
11th Vidhan Sabha	2005	84	1	3.22	3.44
12th Vidhan Sabha	2009	86	1	6.73	7.05
13th Vidhan Sabha	2014	87	1[68]	4.37[69]	4.52
14th Vidhan Sabha	2019	87	0	4.14	4.31

Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Himachal Pradesh Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
7th Vidhan Sabha	1990	35	0	0.94	1.76
8th Vidhan Sabha	1993	49	0	2.25	3.0
9th Vidhan Sabha	1998	28	0	1.41	3.28
10th Vidhan Sabha	2003	23	0	0.7	2.02
11th Vidhan Sabha	2007	67	1	7.40	7.37
12th Vidhan Sabha	2012	67	0	1.7	2.02
13th Vidhan Sabha	2017	42	0	0.49	0.79

Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
9th Vidhan Sabha	1996	29	4	6.43	15.07[70]
10th Vidhan Sabha	2002	33	1	4.50	7.86[71]
11th Vidhan Sabha	2008	83	0	3.73	3.73[72]
12th Vidhan Sabha	2014	50	0	1.41	2.07[73]

Jharkhand Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Jharkhand Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
3rd Vidhan Sabha	2009	78	0	2.44	2.55[74]
4th Vidhan Sabha	2014	61[75]	1[76]	1.8	2.4

Karnataka Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Karnataka Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	Total of votes	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
15th Vidhan Sabha	2018	18	1	108592	0.30%	3.72%

Kerala Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Kerala Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
13th Vidhan Sabha	2011	122	0	0.60	0.70
14th Vidhan Sabha	2016	74	0	0.24	0.45

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Maharashtra Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
8th Vidhan Sabha	1990	122	0	0.42	0.98
9th Vidhan Sabha	1995	145	0	1.49	2.82
10th Vidhan Sabha	1999	83	0	0.39	1.24
11th Vidhan Sabha	2004	272	0	4.0	4.18
12th Vidhan Sabha	2009	287	0	2.35	2.42
13th Vidhan Sabha	2014	280[77]	0	2.25[78]	2.33
14th Vidhan Sabha	2019	262	0	0.92	1.00

Punjab Legislative Assembly

Vidhan Sabha Term	Punjab Assembly Election	Seats contested	Seats won	% of votes	% of votes in seats contested
10th Vidhan Sabha	1992	105	9	16.32	17.59
11th Vidhan Sabha	1997	67	1	7.48	13.28
12th Vidhan Sabha	2002	100	0	5.69	6.61
13th Vidhan Sabha	2007	115	0	4.13	4.17
14th Vidhan Sabha	2012	117	0	4.29	4.30
15th Vidhan Sabha	2017	111	0	1.52	1.59

Telangana Legislative Assembly

Electoral performance in the Telangana Legislative Assembly

Election	Leader	Votes		Seats		Position	Resulting government
		#	%	#	±
2014	Mayawati	4,58,762	1.00	2 / 117	–	7th	TRS majority
2018	Mayawati	4,28,430	2.10	0 / 117	2	none	TRS majority

Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly

Electoral performance in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly

Election	Leader	Votes		Seats		Position	Resulting government
		#	%	#	±
2002	[[Mayavati))	3,12,842	10.93	7 / 70	–	3rd	INC majority
2007	Mayawati	4,43,703	11.76	8 / 70	1	3rd	BJP coalition
2012	Mayawati	5,18,227	12.19	3 / 70	5	3rd	INC coalition
2017	Mayawati	3,47,533	6.98	0 / 70	3	none	BJP majority

See also

• BAMCEF[79]
• Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti[80]
• Republican Party of India[81]
• Kanshi Ram
• Mayawati
• Jai Bhim[82]

References

1. livemint. "Mayawati says she will remain BSP president for next 20 years". livemint.com. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
2. LucknowAugust 7, India Today Web Desk. "BSP appoints Munquad Ali as UP party chief, Danish Ali removed as leader in LS". India Today. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
3. "EX-BJP leader Dayashankar released from Mau jail". The Economic Times. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
4. "Maya's personal aide is named party's new general secretary". Indian Express. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
5. "BSP reappoints Danish Ali as its LS leader". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 6 November 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 December 2019.CS1 maint: others (link)
6. "BSP stands for social equality". Deccan Herald. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
7. "Cong damaged cause of social justice: Mayawati". Hindustan Times. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
8. "Ms. Mayawati said she would devote her life for the self-respect movement". The Hindu.
9. "BAHUJAN SAMAJ PARTY - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
10. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. Hurst. ISBN 9781850653981.
11. "The Contradictory Bahujan of the BSP – Countercurrents". Countercurrents. 28 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
12. "The ground flanked by giant-sized cut-outs of BSP's icons -- Babasaheb Ambedkar, Shahuji Maharaj, Jyotiba Phule, Narain Guru, Periyar, and Mayawati herself".
13. "Indian politics has undergone a tremendous change. Uttar Pradesh results the proof". The Economic Times. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
14. IANS (12 March 2017). "Assembly Elections Results 2017: Political parties with lesser seats get more vote share". The Financial Express (in Latin). Retrieved 21 May 2017.
15. Gurusamy, S. (2013). Dalit Empowerment in India. MJP Publisher. p. 98. GGKEY:SW8XELLJGLC.
16. Madan, Gurmukh Ram (1999). Buddhism: Its Various Manifestations. Mittal Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-7099-728-3.
17. Roy, Indrajit (2015). "Transformative politics: The imaginary of the Mulnibasi in West Bengal". In Chandra, Uday; Heierstad, Geir; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo (eds.). The Politics of Caste in West Bengal. Routledge. pp. 169–192. ISBN 978-1-317-41477-3.
18. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. Columbia University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-231-12786-8.
19. Pai, Sudha (2009). "New Social Engineering Agenda of the Bahujan Samaj Party: Implications for State and National Politics". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 29 (3): 339. doi:10.1080/00856400903374277.
20. Guha, Sohini (2013). "From Ethnic to Multiethnic: The Transformation of the Bahujan Samaj Party in North India". Ethnopolitics. 12 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1080/17449057.2011.601850.
21. Vora, Rajendra; Palshikar, Suhas (2003). Indian Democracy: Meanings and Practices. SAGE Publications. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-93-5150-019-3.
22. "Dvija". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
23. Kumar, Pradeep (9 April 1999). "Dalits and the BSP in Uttar Pradesh: Issues and Challenges". Economic and Political Weekly. 34 (14): 822–826. JSTOR 4407820.
24. "Maya: BSP has no other outfit, social media accounts - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
25. "BSP has no youth wing or official website, says Mayawati". The Indian Express. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
26. Standard, Business (24 July 2018). "Bahujan Samaj Party has no official Facebook or Twitter accounts: Mayawati". Business Standard India. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
27. "New BSP state chief to get cracking on Mayawati's Mission Sarva Samaj". Hindustan Times. 8 August 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
28. Sharma, Aman (25 June 2019). "Will Mayawati's bet on 2007 strategy pay dividends in 2022?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
29. "BSP to hold cadre camps, meets to counter BJP's Dalit outreach plan". Hindustan Times. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
30. "BSP is not anti-upper caste: Mayawati". Hindustan Times. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
31. "Upper castes played crucial role in bsp victory in up assembly elections".
32. Singh, Pitam (2003). Women legislators in Indian politics. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 101. ISBN 8180690199.
33. Pradhan, Sharat (15 December 2001). "Kanshi Ram declares Mayawati as his successor". Rediff News.
34. "BSP used Dalit viranganas to build Maya's image - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
35. TwoCircles.net. "Book review: Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits | TwoCircles.net". twocircles.net. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
36. "Dalits took part in 1857 revolt: Study". rediff.com. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
37. "The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion". telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
38. Tiwari, Badri Narayan (2007). "Identity and Narratives: Dalits and memories of 1857" (PDF). University of Edinburgh: Mutiny at the Margins Conference: 13, 27, 33. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
39. "Report indicting Mulayam Singh Yadav comes handy for BJP". India Today. 15 August 1996. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
40. Ghildiyal, Subodh. "Why Mayawati cannot stand Mulayam".
41. "Uttar Pradesh chief quits". BBC News. 26 August 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
42. "Mayawati offers to resign". The Times of India. 25 August 2003. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
43. "Mayawati rules Uttar Pradesh". India Today. 21 May 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
44. Mathew, Liz (14 April 2009). "BSP celebrates silver jubilee with golden hopes". Live Mint. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
45. Shah, Pankaj. "LDA ready with its gift for BSP silver jubilee". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
46. Singh, Pallavi (18 November 2009). "25 years on, what's next for Mayawati?". Live Mint. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
47. "BSP supporters congregate in Lucknow to celebrate party's 25 years". Sify. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
48. "Lucknow braces for mega BSP rally today". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
49. Misra, Satish. "BSP's 25-year Journey: What Next?". ORF. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
50. "Mayawati takes oath as UP CM". NDTV.
51. http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm
52. https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mayawati-effects-major-reshuffle-in-bsp-rs-kushwaha-appointed-state-president-in-up/1182038/
53. "BSP gets third-largest vote share, but no seat". Business Standard.
54. 'SP-BSP-RLD thagbandhan won't cross double digits', The Hindu (April 14, 2019)
55. p, shilpa (11 April 2019). "We can become kingmakers: BSP chief Mayawati eggs on party workers". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
56. "BSP will play a role in 'balance of power' at Centre: Mayawati". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 10 April 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 13 April 2019.CS1 maint: others (link)
57. "Mayawati should be PM, says Pawan Kalyan after poll pact with BSP. She nods". Hindustan Times. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
58. "Will Be Very Happy, Says Akhilesh Yadav On Mayawati As PM Candidate". NDTV.com. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
59. Pioneer, The. "Akhilesh hints at supporting Maya as PM". The Pioneer. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
60. India, Press Trust of (23 January 2019). "PDA to project Mayawati as next PM, says Khaira". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
61. "Mayawati would make an excellent PM, says Ajit Jogi". Hindustan Times. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
62. "Akhilesh tweets alliance 'logo' made by supporter". The Indian Express. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
63. Apr 12, ET Online |; 2019; Ist, 06 23 Pm, SP-BSP Gathbandhan: How effective is the alliance?, retrieved 13 April 2019CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
64. Anshuman, Kumar (23 May 2019). "Mahagathbandhan in UP losing five seats because of Congress, one because of Shivpal". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
65. "Members : Lok Sabha". IIS Windows Server. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
66. "Members : Lok Sabha". IIS Windows Server (in Javanese). 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
67. "Bihar polls: In NDA vs Grand Alliance fight, BSP fails to make mark".
68. "Tek Chand Sharma won the lone seat for the party from the Prithla seat in Faridabad by a margin of 1,179 votes". Hindustan Times.
69. "ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA GENERAL\BYE ELECTION TO LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES TRENDS & RESULT 2014". Archived from the original on 3 November 2014.
70. "1996 - Election Commission of India" (PDF).
71. "STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2002" (PDF).
72. "BSP have failed to make a mark". Hindustan Times.
73. "STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL LECTION,2014 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF Jammu & Kashmir" (PDF).
74. "2009 - Election Commission of India" (PDF).
75. "41 in Jharkhand". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014.
76. "Bahujan Samaj Party makes debut with 1/81 score". Indian Express.
77. "BSP had contested on 260 seats in Maharashtra". Daily Bhaskar.
78. "ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA GENERAL\BYE ELECTION TO LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES TRENDS & RESULT 2014". Archived from the original on 3 November 2014.
79. "Back to basics, Mayawati to hold cadre camp in Delhi - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
80. "Journey Of A Dalit Party: Why is the BSP Not Able to Extend beyond (...) - Mainstream Weekly". mainstreamweekly.net. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
81. "Kanshi Ram worked for the Republican Party of India for eight years". The Quint. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
82. "Stop Touching My Feet, BSP Chief Mayawati Tells Party Workers". News18. Retrieved 3 January 2019.

External links

• Official website