August 1921

1921

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The following events occurred in August 1921:

August 1, 1921 (Monday)

• The first congress of the South African Communist Party concludes, in Cape Town.[1]
• Born: Jack Kramer, US tennis player and commentator, in Las Vegas[2] (died 2009)

August 2, 1921 (Tuesday)

• The Spanish outposts of Nadar and Selouane in Morocco fall to rebel forces in the aftermath of the Battle of Annual.[3]
• Died: Enrico Caruso, 48, Italian operatic tenor (peritonitis)[4]

August 3, 1921 (Wednesday)

• A Pact of Pacification between Italian leader Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Revolutionary Party (PFR), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the General Confederation of Labor (CGL). It is widely rejected.[5]
• Russian poet Nikolay Gumilyov is arrested in the Soviet Union by the Cheka on charges of being a monarchist, suspected of involvement in the Tagantsev Conspiracy; see August 26.
• The "Waratahs", an Australian representative rugby union side, play the first match of their New Zealand tour at Whangarei, defeating North Auckland.[6]

August 4, 1921 (Thursday)

• The Italian coaster Salti I strikes a mine in the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Foggia and sinks, with the loss of one crew member. Survivors are rescued by the Greek ship Mikali.[7]
• The US submarine USS S-12 (SS-117) is launched at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in New Hampshire, by the wife of Gordon Woodbury, who was US Assistant Secretary of the Navy.[8]

August 5, 1921 (Friday)

• The first broadcast of a baseball game is aired by US radio station KDKA, as the Pittsburgh Pirates defeat the Philadelphia Phillies 8–5 at Forbes Field.[9]

August 6, 1921 (Saturday)

• In the wake of the Upper Silesia plebiscite of March 1921, an expert report by the Committee of the Allied Supreme Council recommends a redefinition of the border between Poland and Germany, on the basis of which the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district is awarded to Poland.[10]

August 7, 1921 (Sunday)

• The Campeonato del Centenario football championship opens in Mexico.
• Born: Manitas de Plata, Spanish-French guitar virtuoso, in Sète, France, under the name Ricardo Baliardo (died 2014)[11]
• Died: Alexander Blok, 40, Russian poet, dramatist and critic[12]

August 8, 1921 (Monday)

• Born: Esther Williams, US champion swimmer and actress, in Inglewood, California[13] (died 2013)

August 9, 1921 (Tuesday)

• The import duty on tobacco brought into the Settlements of Singapore, Penang and Malacca is raised by up to 50%.[14]

August 10, 1921 (Wednesday)

August 11, 1921 (Thursday)

• While on holiday at Lubec, Maine, future US president Franklin D. Roosevelt suffers the first signs of paralysis, which are diagnosed by a local doctor as resulting from a bad cold.[15]
• Giovanni De Briganti wins the 1921 Schneider Trophy race at Venice, Italy, in a Macchi M.7 with an average speed of 189.7 km/h (117.9 mph).[16]
• Born: Alex Haley, US writer, in Ithaca, New York (died 1992)[17]

August 12, 1921 (Friday)

• The French cargo ship St Clair catches fire at Mex, Egypt; it is beached and later declared a total loss.[18]

August 13, 1921 (Saturday)

• Herbert Greenfield replaces Charles Stewart as Premier of Alberta, Canada.[19]
• Stormont Castle is designated as the future home of Northern Ireland's Parliament.[20]

August 14, 1921 (Sunday)

• Antonio Maura becomes President of the Council of Ministers of Spain in a coalition government, after the fall of the government of Manuel Allendesalazar.[21]
• The 1921 Massawa earthquake in Eritrea results in an unknown number of deaths.[22]

August 15, 1921 (Monday)

• Russian famine of 1921–22: At a conference in Geneva, organised by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies, the International Committee for Russian Relief (ICRR) was set up under the leadership of Fridtjof Nansen.[23]
• A workers' congress begins at Izamal in Mexico, in the course of which Felipe Carrillo Puerto is elected President of the Socialist Party of the Southeast. Carrillo's opening speech is made in the Yucatec Maya language.[24]

August 16, 1921 (Tuesday)

• Prince Alexander, "the Unifier", becomes King of Yugoslavia following the death of his father, King Peter.[25]
• Died: King Peter I of Serbia, 77[26]

August 17, 1921 (Wednesday)

The French brig François Pierre founders in the Ligurian Sea 40 nautical miles (74 km) off Genoa, Italy. The crew survive.[27]

August 18, 1921 (Thursday)

August 19, 1921 (Friday)

• The United Kingdom government publishes the Railways Act 1921, providing for the amalgamation of British railway companies into four large groups, "The Big Four", with effect from January 1, 1923.[28]
• Over 1,300 people have to be rescued from the Isle of Man passenger ferry King Orryafter it runs aground at New Brighton, Cheshire. King Orry is refloated later that day.[29]
• Born: Gene Roddenberry, US screenwriter and producer, creator of Star Trek, in El Paso, Texas[30] (died 1991)

August 20, 1921 (Saturday)

• Molla Mallory defeats her fellow American Mary Browne 4–6, 6–4, 6–2 to win the 1921 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles tennis tournament for the sixth time.[31]

August 21, 1921 (Sunday)

• Berlin police arrest Carl Großmann, serial killer who became known for selling the bodies of his victims as black market meat.[32]

August 22, 1921 (Monday)

• The French passenger ship Cordillère is driven ashore on the Tungsha Spit, at the mouth of the Yangtze River in China, along with the British cargo ship Glaucus and the Norwegian cargo ship Henrik, in a typhoon.[33] Cordillère's passengers and some of the crew are taken off on 24 August and all three ships are refloated on 5 September.[34]

August 23, 1921 (Tuesday)

August 23: Coronation of King Faisal of Iraq

• Prince Faisal is crowned King of Iraq, in Baghdad.

August 24, 1921 (Wednesday)

• The R38, the world's largest airship, suffers a structural failure and crashes into the Humber Estuary in north-east England, UK; 44 of its crew of 49 are killed.[35]
• 1921 Persian coup d'état: As Cossack forces approach, the rebel forces vacate Rasht.[36]

August 25, 1921 (Thursday)

• A U.S.–German Peace Treaty is signed in Berlin, bringing the First World War to an end.
• Future US president Franklin D. Roosevelt, now completely paralysed, is diagnosed with poliomyelitis by Dr Robert Lovett, a Boston specialist.[37]

August 26, 1921 (Friday)

• The US cargo ship City of Brunswick, on passage from Mobile, Alabama, to Antwerp with a cargo of grain and lumber, runs aground at Sambro Island, Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is abandoned and subsequently wrecked.[38]
• Died:
  • Matthias Erzberger, 45, German politician, assassinated at Bad Griesbach in the Black Forest by right-wing terrorists Heinrich Tillessen and Heinrich Schulz, who had been recruited by Manfred von Killinger, a leading member of the Germanenorden.[39]
  • Nikolay Gumilyov, 35, Russian Acmeist poet and political dissident, executed with 61 others convicted of involvement in the fabricated Tagantsev conspiracy.[40][41][42]
  • Sándor Wekerle, 72, Hungarian politician, three times Prime Minister[43]

August 27, 1921 (Saturday)

• Born: Georg Alexander, Duke of Mecklenburg, German nobleman, future head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, in Nice, France (died 1996)[44]

August 28, 1921 (Sunday)

• Born: Lidia Gueiler Tejada, first female president of Bolivia, in Cochabamba (died 2011)[45]

August 29, 1921 (Monday)

• Loew's State Theatre opens in New York City, United States. The brainchild of motion picture pioneer Marcus Loew, owner of MGM. Guests at the gala opening night included Ethel and Lionel Barrymore, Theda Bara, Billie Burke, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford.[46][47]

August 30, 1921 (Tuesday)

• Legislative elections are held in the Australian state of Victoria. Harry Lawson's minority Nationalist government remains the largest party.[48]

August 31, 1921 (Wednesday)

• The Australian Air Force officially takes the prefix "Royal", becoming the second Royal air arm to be formed in the British Commonwealth, following Britain's Royal Air Force.[49]

References

1. Apollon Borisovich Davidson; Irina Filatova; Sheridan Johns; Valentin Gorodnov (2003). South Africa and the Communist International: Socialist pilgrims to Bolshevik footsoldiers, 1919-1930. Psychology Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7146-5280-1.
2. T. Rees Shapiro (September 14, 2009). "Jack Kramer, 88, Dies; Wimbledon Champion Helped Found Tennis Pro Organization". The Washington Post.
3. Shannon E. Fleming (1991). Primo de Rivera and Abd-el-Krim: The Struggle in Spanish Morocco, 1923-1927. Garland Pub. p. 47.
4. Caruso, Dorothy, Enrico Caruso: His Life and Death, with a discography by Jack Caidin (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1945. Page 275
5. Roger Griffin; Matthew Feldman (2004). Fascism: The 'fascist epoch'. Taylor & Francis. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-29019-7.
6. The Sydney Morning Herald Thursday 11 August 1921 p 7
7. "Casualty reports". The Times (42793). London. 8 August 1921. col G, p. 15.
8. "S-12". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
9. Christopher H. Sterling (2 December 2003). Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set. Routledge. p. 2192. ISBN 978-1-135-45649-8.
10. Christian Raitz von Frentz (1999). A Lesson Forgotten: Minority Protection Under the League of Nations : the Case of the German Minority in Poland, 1920-1934. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-8258-4472-1.
11. "Manitas de Plata - obituary". The Telegraph. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
12. Brown (28 July 1978). Mandelstam. CUP Archive. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-521-29347-1.
13. "Actress Esther Williams Hospitalized". ABClocal.go.com. Associated Press. October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 30, 2010. While some references cited 1922 as her year of birth, Williams told The Associated Press in 2004 that she was born August 8, 1921.
14. Straits Settlements (1922). Blue Book for the Year ... U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 24.
15. Tobin, James (2013). The Man He Became: How FDR Defied Polio to Win the Presidency. Simon & Schuster. pp. 50-51. ISBN 0743265165.
16. Eves, Edward. The Schneider Trophy Story. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2001. ISBN 1-84037-257-5. Page=241.
17. Perks, Robert; Thomson, Alistair, eds. (2003) [1998]. The Oral History Reader. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-415-13351-7.
18. "Casualty reports". The Times (42799). London. 12 August 1921. col F, p. 15.
19. Jones, David C. (2004). "Herbert W. Greenfield". In Bradford J. Rennie (ed.). Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. p. 60. ISBN 0-88977-151-0.
20. The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal. J. Falconer. 1921. p. 213.
21. Shannon E. Fleming (1991). Primo de Rivera and Abd-el-Krim: The Struggle in Spanish Morocco, 1923-1927. Garland Pub. p. 70.
22. Ambraseys, N.; Melville, C.P.; Adams, R.D. (1994). The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39120-7.
23. Soviet Russia. Russian Soviet Government Bureau. 1922. p. 22.
24. James C Carey (12 June 2019). The Mexican Revolution In Yucatan, 1915-1924. Taylor & Francis. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-1-00-030331-5.
25. Farley, Brigit, "King Aleksandar and the Royal Dictatorship in Yugoslavia," in Bernd J. Fischer (ed), Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of Southeastern Europe (West Lafayette, IN, 2007) (Central European Studies), 51-86.
26. Wayne S. Vucinich (1969). Contemporary Yugoslavia. University of California Press. p. 13.
27. "Casualty reports". The Times (42802). London. 18 August 1921. col D, p. 14.
28. Railways Act 1921, HMSO, 19 August 1921
29. "Wreck escapes by ladder". The Times (42804). London. 20 August 1921. col F, p. 8.
30. Deborah Andrews (1992). Annual Obituary, 1991. St. James Press. p. 648. ISBN 978-1-55862-175-6.
31. Collins, Bud (2016). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (3rd ed.). New York: New Chapter Press. p. 497. ISBN 978-1-937559-38-0.
32. Richard F. Wetzell (1 May 2014). Crime and Criminal Justice in Modern Germany. Berghahn Books. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-78238-247-8.
33. "Casualty reports". The Times (42807). London. 24 August 1921. col G, p. 4.
34. "Reinsurance rates". The Times (42818). London. 6 September 1921. col B, p. 15.
35. Peter W. Brooks (17 July 1992). Zeppelin: rigid airships 1893-1940. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-56098-228-9.
36. Katouzian, Homa (2006). "The 1921 Coup". State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis. London: Tauris. pp. 242–267. ISBN 1845112725.
37. Tobin, James (2013). The Man He Became: How FDR Defied Polio to Win the Presidency. Simon & Schuster. pp. 69-70. ISBN 0743265165.
38. "Stanley Hill Tells of Experience on Board Ill-Fated City of Brunswick". The Tampa Tribune. 8 September 1921. p. 14. Retrieved 4 May 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
39. "Matthias Erzberger 1875-1921" (in German). LeMO (Living virtual Museum Online) - DHM. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
41. На Ржевском полигоне почтили память жертв «красного террора»
42. Alexander N. Yakovlev, Century of Violence in Soviet Russia, Yale University Press (2002), pages 107-108, ISBN 0-300-08760-8.
43. Spencer Tucker (2006). World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 1916. ISBN 978-1-85109-879-8.
44. Huberty, Michel; Alain Giraud; F. et B. Magdelaine. L'Allemagne Dynastique, Tome VI : Bade-Mecklembourg. p. 235.
45. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (1 March 2012). Britannica Book of the Year 2012. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-61535-618-8.
46. Balio, Tino (March 14, 2018). MGM. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3174-2967-8. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
47. Arnold Shaw (1989). The Jazz Age: Popular Music in the 1920's. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-506082-9.
48. Colin A Hughes, A Handbook of Australian Government and Politics 1890-1964, Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1968 (ISBN 0708102700).
49. "RAAF Museum Point Cook". Royal Australian Air Force. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.