Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS, often pronounced /ˈæmpæs/; also known as simply the Academy or the Motion Picture Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a board of governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

Abbreviation	AMPAS
Formation	May 11, 1927 (1927-05-11)
Type	Film organization
Headquarters	Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Membership	9,921 (2020)[1]
President	David Rubin (since 2019)
Website	www.oscars.org

As of April 2020, the organization was estimated to consist of around 9,921 motion picture professionals. The Academy is an international organization and membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.

The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially and popularly known as "The Oscars".[2]

In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2021.[3][4]

History

Headquarters building

The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions[5] and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.[6]

After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927.[7] That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy.[6] Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".[8][9]

Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11 at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed.[8] That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison.[9] Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.[10]

The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor."[11] However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations."[12] One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented.[13] During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began.[14] This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Awards.

The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard.[11][12] In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.[11]

With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers.[12]

In 1929, Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.[15]

1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff,[12] and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence."[16] They remained at that location until 1935 when further growth caused them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices moved to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library moved to 1455 North Gordon Street.[12]

In 1934, the Academy began publication of the Screen Achievement Records Bulletin, which today is known as the Motion Picture Credits Database. This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library.[17] Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual Academy Players Directory in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006 when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation, and cinematography.[12]

In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.

In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row, all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs,[18] the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy,[19] denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all."[20] When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.[21]

Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room."[22] Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes."[23] After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members.[24] While the Academy has addressed a higher profile for African-Americans, it has yet to raise the profile of its Asian-American artists, in front of and behind the camera.

Casting director David Rubin was elected President of the Academy in August, 2019.[25]

In 2020, Parasite became the first non-English language film to win Best Picture.[26]

Galleries and theaters

Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study building on La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California

Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in the Hollywood district

The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy's Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.

Current

Academy Headquarters

The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2020.

The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, is a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.

Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study

Main article: Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study

The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.

Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study

The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.[27]

The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.[28]

Former

Academy Theater in New York

The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International.[29] In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.[30]

Upcoming

The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures

Main article: Academy Museum of Motion Pictures

The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open on December 14, 2020[31] and will contain over 290,000 square feet (27,000 m²) of state-of-the-art galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces. The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures will be the world's premier museum devoted to exploring and curating the history and future of the moving image.[32]

Membership

Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.[33]

New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.[34]

Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.

According to a February 2012 study conducted by the Los Angeles Times (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the Academy's 54-member Board of Governors, 25 are female.[35]

June 29, 2016, saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color.[36] The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign.[37] Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's indifference about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to expand the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences.[38] The A2020 initiative was announced in January 2016 to double the number of women and people of color in membership by 2020.

Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater and other facilities within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.[39][40]

Expulsions

Four people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.

• Carmine Caridi was expelled on February 3, 2004, for copyright infringement. He was accused of leaking screeners that had been sent to him.[41][42]
• Harvey Weinstein was expelled for "sexually predatory behavior and workplace harassment" after an emergency meeting held on October 13, 2017.[43][44]
• Bill Cosby and Roman Polanski were expelled "in accordance with the organization's Standards of Conduct" on May 1, 2018.[45] Cosby had been convicted of sexual assault one week earlier, while Polanski had been convicted in 1977 of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor.

Academy branches

The 17 branches of the Academy are:

1. Actors
2. Casting Directors (created July 31, 2013)[46]
3. Cinematographers
4. Costume Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)[47]
5. Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)[47]
6. Directors
7. Documentary
8. Executives
9. Film Editors
10. Make-up Artists and Hairstylists
11. Music
12. Producers
13. Public Relations
14. Short Films and Feature Animation
15. Sound
16. Visual Effects
17. Writers

Board of Governors

As of April 2020, the Board of Governors consists of 54 governors: three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches and three governors-at-large. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013.[47] The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.[46] The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control, and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.

Original 36 founders of the Academy

From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:[48]

Actors Richard Barthelmess Jack Holt Conrad Nagel Milton Sills Douglas Fairbanks Harold Lloyd Mary Pickford Directors Cecil B. DeMille Frank Lloyd Henry King Fred Niblo John M. Stahl Raoul Walsh

Lawyers Edwin Loeb George W. Cohen Producers Fred Beetson Charles H. Christie Sid Grauman Milton E. Hoffman Jesse L. Lasky M. C. Levee Louis B. Mayer Joseph M. Schenck Irving Thalberg Harry Warner Jack L. Warner Harry Rapf

Technicians J. Arthur Ball Cedric Gibbons Roy Pomeroy Writers Joseph W. Farnham Benjamin Glazer Jeanie MacPherson Bess Meredyth Carey Wilson Frank E. Woods

Presidents of the Academy

Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.

#	Name	Term
1	Douglas Fairbanks	1927–1929
2	William C. DeMille	1929–1931
3	M. C. Levee	1931–1932
4	Conrad Nagel	1932–1933
5	J. Theodore Reed	1933–1934
6	Frank Lloyd	1934–1935
7	Frank Capra	1935–1939
8	Walter Wanger (1st time)	1939–1941
9	Bette Davis	1941 (resigned after two months)
10	Walter Wanger (2nd time)	1941–1945
11	Jean Hersholt	1945–1949
12	Charles Brackett	1949–1955
13	George Seaton	1955–1958
14	George Stevens	1958–1959
15	B. B. Kahane	1959–1960 (died)
16	Valentine Davies	1960–1961 (died)
17	Wendell Corey	1961–1963
18	Arthur Freed	1963–1967
19	Gregory Peck	1967–1970
20	Daniel Taradash	1970–1973
21	Walter Mirisch	1973–1977
22	Howard W. Koch	1977–1979
23	Fay Kanin	1979–1983
24	Gene Allen	1983–1985
25	Robert Wise	1985–1988
26	Richard Kahn	1988–1989
27	Karl Malden	1989–1992
28	Robert Rehme (1st time)	1992–1993
29	Arthur Hiller	1993–1997
30	Robert Rehme (2nd time)	1997–2001
31	Frank Pierson	2001–2005
32	Sid Ganis	2005–2009
33	Tom Sherak	2009–2012
34	Hawk Koch	2012–2013
35	Cheryl Boone Isaacs	2013–2017
36	John Bailey	2017–2019
37	David Rubin	2019–present

Source: "Academy Story". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 9, 2018.

Current administration of the Academy

Academy Officers[49]

• President – David Rubin
• First Vice President – Lois Burwell
• Vice President – Sid Ganis
• Vice President – Larry Karaszewski
• Vice President – Nancy Utley
• Treasurer – Mark Johnson
• Secretary – Bonnie Arnold
• Chief Executive Officer – Dawn Hudson

Governors[49]

• Actors Branch – Laura Dern, Whoopi Goldberg, Alfred Molina
• Casting Directors Branch – David Rubin, Bernard Telsey, Debra Zane
• Cinematographers Branch – Ellen Kuras, Darkyn Okada, Mandy Walker
• Costume Designers Branch – Ruth E. Carter, Jeffrey Kurland, Isis Mussenden
• Directors Branch – Susanne Bier, Ava DuVernay, Steven Spielberg
• Documentary Branch – Kate Amend, Rory Kennedy, Roger Ross Williams
• Executives Branch – Jim Gianopulos, Donna Gigliotti, David Linde
• Film Editors Branch – Dody Dorn, Carol Littleton, Stephen E. Rivkin
• Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch – Howard Berger, Lois Burwell, Linda Flowers
• Marketing and Public Relations Branch – Sid Ganis, Christina Kounelias, Nancy Utley
• Music Branch – Charles Bernstein, Michael Giacchino, Laura Karpman
• Producers Branch – Mark Johnson, Lynette Howell Taylor, Jennifer Todd
• Production Design Branch – Tom Duffield, Jan Pascale, Wynn P. Thomas
• Short Films and Feature Animation Branch – Bonnie Arnold, Jon Bloom, Jennifer Yuh Nelson
• Sound Branch – Kevin Collier, Teri E. Dorman, Scott Millan
• Visual Effects Branch – Craig Barron, Rob Bredow, John Knoll
• Writers Branch – Larry Karaszewski, Billy Ray, Eric Roth
• Governors-at-large[18] (nominated by the President and elected by the board) – DeVon Franklin, Rodrigo García, Janet Yang

See also

• National Film Registry
• American Film Institute
• Motion Picture Association of America
• Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
• American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• British Academy of Film and Television Arts

References

1. "A Bond Issue Pulls Back The Curtain At Hollywood's Film Academy". Deadline Hollywood. April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
2. ^ Pond, Steve (February 19, 2013). "AMPAS Drops '85th Academy Awards' – Now It's Just 'The Oscars'". The Wrap. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
3. "Museum". oscars.org.
4. Cieply, Michael (February 15, 2017). "Delayed Again, The Academy Movie Museum Tip-Toes Into 2019". Deadline.com.
5. It all started when the original Hollywood mogul wanted to build a beach house David Thomson, Vanity Fair, February 21, 2014
6. Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986 pg. 2
7. Levy, Emanuel. And The Winner Is.... New York: Ungar Publishing, 1987 pg. 1
8. Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 8.
9. "History of the Academy: How It Began". Oscars.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011.
10. Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 9.
11. Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 10.
12. "History of the Academy". Oscar.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011.
13. Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 15.
14. Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986 pg. 3
15. Staff. "USC School of Cinematic Arts: History". cinema.usc.edu. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
16. Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 12.
17. "Motion Picture Credits Database". Oscars.org.
18. "board of governors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
19. "Cheryl Boone Isaacs elected first African-American head of Oscars". Goldderby.com. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
20. Academy Awards President Cheryl Boone Isaacs Responds After 'Oscars So White' Snubs On Twitter Tyler McCarthy, international Business Times, January 17, 2015
21. Oscar nominations uproar raises the question: Did racial bias, conscious or not, come into play? The LA Times, January 23, 2016
22. Another Oscar Year, Another All-White Ballot Cara B Buckley, The New York Times, January 15, 2016
23. Boone, Cheryl; Isaacs (January 18, 2016). "STATEMENT FROM ACADEMY PRESIDENT CHERYL BOONE ISAACS". Oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
24. Academy Promises 'Historic' Changes to Diversify Membership Daniel Kreps, RollingStone, Jan 23, 2016
25. Oldham, Stuart (August 6, 2019). "David Rubin Elected President of the Motion Picture Academy". Variety. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
26. "'Parasite' Earns Best-Picture Oscar, First for a Movie Not in English". New York Times. February 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
27. "About the Library". Oscars.org. AMPAS. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
28. "The Beverly Hills Waterworks Building, now known as the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
29. Lester, Ahren. "HARMAN's JBL loudspeakers installed at New York's Academy Theater". Audio Pro International. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
30. Feinberg, Scott (July 10, 2015). "Academy Forced Out of Longtime Theater Venue in New York". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
31. "Visit". academymuseum.org. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
32. The Academy Museum. Oscars.org. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.
33. "Academy Membership". February 27, 2017.
34. "Oscar voters aren't always who you might think". Los Angeles Times. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
35. "Board of Governors". oscars.org. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
36. "Academy's diverse new class includes Idris Elba, America Ferrera". June 29, 2016.
37. "Meet April Reign, the Activist Who Created OscarsSoWhite". February 27, 2016.
38. "Updates on the film academy's 2016 class: An exclusive club gets much bigger after OscarsSoWhite". L.A. Times. June 29, 2016.
39. Hammond, Pete (March 26, 2012). "Oscar Voters Last To See 'Hunger Games'?". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
40. "Academy members get screeners through iTunes".
41. "The Godfather Actor Carmine Caridi Says He Was Thrown Out of the Academy for Sharing VHS Screeners". PEOPLE.com. February 22, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
42. "An Actor's Personal Tale: I Was Thrown Out of the Academy for Sharing VHS Screeners". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
43. Barnes, Brooks (October 14, 2017). "Harvey Weinstein Ousted From Motion Picture Academy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
44. Lartey, Jamiles; London, Edward Helmore David Batty in (October 14, 2017). "Harvey Weinstein expelled from Academy over sexual assault allegations". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
45. "Film Academy Expels Roman Polanski and Bill Cosby". May 3, 2018.
46. "The Academy Creates Branch For Casting Directors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
47. "Oscars shockeroo: Alex Gibney beats incumbent Michael Moore for board seat". Goldderby.com. July 15, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
48. "History of the Academy: Original 36 founders of the Academy Actors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences website. 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
49. "Board of Governors".

External links

• Official website
• Hollywood is a Union Town, The Nation (April 2, 1938) History of the Academy and Screen Actors Guild