ATR 72

The ATR 72 is a twin-engine turboprop, short-haul regional airliner developed and produced in France and Italy by aircraft manufacturer ATR (Aerei da Trasporto Regionale or Avions de transport régional), a joint venture formed by French aerospace company Aérospatiale (now Airbus) and Italian aviation conglomerate Aeritalia (now Leonardo S.p.A.). The number "72" in its name is derived from the aircraft's standard seating configuration in a passenger-carrying configuration, which could seat 72–78 passengers in a single-class arrangement.

ATR 72
Firefly ATR 72
Role Regional airliner
National origin France/Italy
Manufacturer ATR
First flight 27 October 1988
Introduction 27 October 1989 (Finnair)
Status In production, In service
Primary users Wings Air
Azul Linhas Aereas
Air New Zealand
Swiftair
Produced 1988–present
Number built 1,000 as of 17 July 2018[1]
Unit cost
72-600: US$26 million (2017)[2]
Developed from ATR 42

During the 1980s, French aerospace company Aérospatiale and Italian aviation conglomerate Aeritalia merged their work on a new generation of regional aircraft. For this purpose, a new jointly owned company was established, ATR, for the purpose of developing, manufacturing, and marketing their first airliner, which was later designated as the ATR 42. On 16 August 1984, the first model of the series, designated as the ATR 42-300, performed the type's maiden flight. During the mid-1980s, the ATR 72 was developed as a stretched variant of the ATR 42. On 27 October 1989, Finnish airline Finnair became the first airline to operate the type in revenue service. The ATR 72 has also been used as a corporate transport, cargo aircraft, and maritime patrol aircraft.

To date, all of the ATR series have been completed at the company's final assembly line in Toulouse, France; ATR benefits from sharing resources and technology with Airbus SE, which has continued to hold a 50% interest in the company. Successive models of the ATR 72 have been developed. Typical updates have included new avionics, such as a glass cockpit, and the adoption of newer engine versions to deliver enhanced performance, such as increased efficiency and reliability and reductions in operating costs. The aircraft share a high degree of commonality with the smaller ATR 42, which is also still in production.

Development

Origins
An ATR 72 of Finnair, its launch operator

During the mid-1980s, ATR sought to introduce a larger airliner with capacity.[3] This new regional airliner, designated as the ATR 72, was directly developed from the earlier ATR 42 and continued to share many commonalities with it; the principal difference between the two airliners was an increase in the maximum seating capacity from 48 to 78 passengers. This was principally achieved by stretching the fuselage by 4.5 m (15 ft), along with an increase of the wingspan, the use of more powerful engines, and increased fuel capacity by about 10%.

On 15 January 1986, the launch of the stretched ATR 72 programme was announced.[3] On 27 October 1988, the first prototype performed its maiden flight; one year later, on September 25, 1989, the ATR 72 received airworthiness certification from the French Directorate General for Civil Aviation. During the following month, on 27 October 1989, Finnish airline Finnair became the first airline to introduce the aircraft into service.[3] Since the ATR 72 is assembled on the same production line as the smaller ATR 42, along with sharing the majority of subsystems, components, and manufacturing techniques, the two types support each other to remain in production. This factor may have been crucial as, by 2015, the ATR 42 was the only 50-seat regional aircraft that was still being manufactured.[4][5][5]

During 2000, the combined global ATR fleet reached its 10,000,000th flight, during which a distance around 4 billion km (2.5 billion statute miles) had been flown and around 450 million passengers had flown on board ATR-built aircraft.[6] The 2007 production set a new record for the programme's sales; a total of 113 new ATR aircraft had been ordered during a single year.[3] By the end of 2014, ATR had received 1,000 orders for the type and delivered a total of 754, leaving a backlog of 246 aircraft.[7]

Within the ATR company, various organisational changes were implemented. On 10 July 1998, ATR launched its new Asset Management Department.[6] In June 2001, EADS and Alenia Aeronautica, ATR's parent companies, decided to reinforce their partnership, regrouping all industrial activities related to regional airliners into the ATR consortium.[3] On 3 October 2003, ATR became one of the first aircraft manufacturers to be certified under ISO 9001-2000 and EN/AS/JISQ 9100, the worldwide quality standard for the aeronautics industry. During July 2004, ATR and Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer announced a co-operation agreement on the AEROChain Portal for the purpose of delivering improved customer service.[3] During April 2009, ATR announced the launch of its 'Door-2-Door' service as a new option in its comprehensive customer services range.[3]

Further development

Since 2008, ATR has been a participant in the European Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative. On 8 July 2015, an ATR 72-600 'green' technology demonstrator performed its first flight; the demonstrator was used for testing new composite materials for insulation, air conditioning systems, electrical distribution systems, and energy dispersal modifications to evaluate their effect on the aircraft's overall efficiency as a contribution to the Clean Sky initiative.[8] ATR's senior vice-president for engineering Alessandro Amendola indicated that the elimination of all uses of bleed air was a key aim in the designing of an all-electric architecture as well as improving engine efficiency; the minimising of peak electrical loads was also a stated priority. During March 2016, a second round of flight trials dedicated the testing of all-electric systems architecture using the demonstrator was completed; analysis is set to continue.[9]

An ATR prior to painting at Toulouse

The current production version is the ATR 72-600 series. On 2 October 2007, ATR CEO Stéphane Mayer announced the launch of the -600 series aircraft; the ATR 42-600 and ATR 72-600 featured various improvements to increase efficiency, dispatch reliability, lower fuel burn and operating costs. While broadly similar to the earlier -500 model; differences include the adoption of improved PW127M engines, a new glass cockpit, and a variety of other minor improvements.[10][11]

As a consequence of strong demand for the -600 series, ATR decided to invest in the establishment of a second, more modern final assembly line and acquisition of more hangar space at its Toulouse site, along with a new large completion and delivery area; overall, the manufacturing operation expanded to four times the footprint that it had in 2005.[4] Speaking in October 2015, ATR CEO Patrick de Castelbajac stated that the firm was set to produce in excess of 90 aircraft that year, and that the new manufacturing facilities could support a production rate of up to 120 per year. At the time, the company had a backlog of orders for 300 aircraft, sufficient for three years of production.[4] During 2017, a new in-house financing and leasing division was established by ATR in order to offer customers a greater degree of support and expand the company's range of services.[5]

Considerable emphasis has been placed upon the continuous development of ATR's aircraft models.[5] Speaking at the Farnborough Airshow in July 2016, the CEO of ATR Patrick de Castelbajac stated that the company was currently examining the possibility of replacing the current Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127 engine with either a new offer from P&WC, or a GE38 derivative from GE Aviation.[12] Although expressing satisfaction with the PW127 engine and its supplier, Castelbajac noted the design's age and the need to remain competitive with the latest regional jets. To be a worthwhile exercise, any re-engine exercise would require a 15 per cent improvement in fuel-burn and 20-25 per cent reduction of direct maintenance costs. Additionally, Castelbajac sees the potential re-engine as a "bridge" to the eventual development of a larger 100-seat aircraft.[12]

During the mid-2010s, reports emerged that the development of a further stretched 90-seat ATR model was under consideration as well; allegedly, shareholder Airbus was relatively unenthusiastic on proceeding with such a development, while Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier favoured a focus on resolving manufacturing issues.[4][13] However, in January 2018, ATR's parent company Leonardo announced that the 100-seat program has been formally brought to a close.[14]

Design
A Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100 series engine

The ATR 72 is a turboprop-powered regional airliner, capable of accommodating a maximum of 78 passengers. It is powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100 turboprop engines, which drive an arrangement of four or six-bladed propellers supplied by Hamilton Standard. Earlier models of the ATR 72 are equipped with the older PW124B engine, rated at 2,400 shp, whilst later-built aircraft are powered by the newer PW127 engine, rated at a maximum of 2,750 shp to achieve improved "hot and high" takeoff performance. It can land and takeoff in high airports with short runways like the Andorra Airport. It employs carbonfibres for 30% of the wing by weight, for a 20% weight reduction.[15]

In a standard configuration, the aircraft does not have an auxiliary power unit; when present it is installed within the C4 cargo section. Most operators of the ATR 72 equip their aircraft with a propeller brake (referred to as "Hotel Mode") that stops the propeller on the No. 2 (right) engine, allowing the turbine to continue running and provide both airflow and electrical power to the aircraft while on the ground.

In the majority of configurations, passengers board the ATR 72 using the rear door, a relatively unusual configuration for a passenger aircraft, while the front door is typically used for the loading and unloading of cargo; early customer Finnair intentionally ordered its ATR 72s with a front passenger door so that it could utilize the jet bridges at Helsinki Airport, while operator Air New Zealand's standard rear door aircraft can use jet bridges at airports with this equipment. While passengers are boarding or disembarking the aircraft, a tail stand is set into place as standard procedure to guard against the aircraft nose lifting off the ground.

Operational history

2011 was a record-breaking year for sales at ATR.[16] According to ATR's CEO Filippo Bagnato, sales had continued to grow during the Great Recession despite the downturn experienced by most aviation companies as "fuel consumption that can be half that of the alternatives and [with] lower maintenance costs". Bagnato noted the strength of Africa as a market for the type, as well at the firm's aircraft being capable of serving destinations that would otherwise be inaccessible with other aircraft due to the austere conditions of many airstrips and runways in the region, as well as the ability to operate autonomously without any reliance upon ground support equipment.[16]

For 2013, ATR claimed a 48 percent global market share for regional aircraft deliveries between 50 and 90 seats (comprising both turboprops and jets), making it the dominant manufacturer in this market segment.[13] That same year, during which firm orders for 10 ATR 42-600s and 79 ATR 72-600s were recorded, leasing companies were responsible for 70 per cent of these; according to ATR's CEO Filippo Bagnato: "Years ago, we were not even considered by the lessors; now they see ATRs as a good investment".[13] Several major leasing companies operate their own ATR fleets, such as Dubai Aerospace Enterprise (DAE), who placed an order for 20 ATR 72s along with options for another 20 in February 2014,[17] and Nordic Aviation Capital (NAC), who ordered a fleet of 30 ATR 72s during June 2013, along with options for up to 55 further airliners.[18] Placing their first order during 2011, by December 2012, Singaporean leasor Avation had a combined total of 20 ATR 72s on order;[19] by February 2016, the number on order for Avation had risen to 35 aircraft.[20]

During May 1997, ATR achieved their first breakthrough sale in China, placed by operator China Xinjiang Airlines and the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC).[6] By 2013, while the Asia Pacific region had comprised the majority of ATR's sales when geographically ranked; however, orders from Chinese airlines remained elusive; Bagnato ascribed this anomaly to local market conditions dictating the typical use of larger aircraft, as well as a Chinese government policy of imposing high tariffs on the import of foreign-built fixed-wing aircraft.[13] During late 2014, ATR set up a new office in Beijing and hired several former Airbus sales personnel with the aim of launching the type in the Chinese market. ATR believed that many of the already-flown routes did not suit larger 150-seat aircraft; however, of the roughly 2,600 commercial aircraft flying in China at that time, only 68 had a capacity of less than 90 seats and of these, fewer than 20 were powered by turboprop engines.[21]

In response to airlines often wanting to replace their early production ATR models with the latest generation ATR series, as well as to answer demand from cargo operators for the type, ATR has operated two separate dedicated freighter conversion programmes, known as the Bulk Freighter (tube version) and the ULD Freighter.[22] Both conversions involve complete stripping of furnishings along with the addition of floor strengthening, new window plugs and 9g restraining nets, six additional longitudinal tracks for added flexibility, and an E-Class cabin; the ULD model can accommodate standard ULD-packaged cargo, such as LD3 containers or 88 by 108 inches (2,200 mm × 2,700 mm) pallets, which were loaded via a large cargo door located on the port forward side. Undertaken by a range of companies, such as Alenia subsidiary Aeronavali, Texas-based M7 Aerospace; French firms Indraéro Siren and Aeroconseil, Canadian Infinion Certification Engineering, and Spanish company Arrodisa, by October 2012, in excess of one-fifth of all first-generation ATR 42 and ATR 72 aircraft had already been converted to freighters.[22]

Iran Air
Iran Air ATR 72

During February 2016, ATR signed a deal with flag carrier Iran Air for a batch of 20 ATR 72-600s, along with options for 20 more aircraft and post-purchase services, such as engine maintenance.[23][24] Made possible by a negotiated relaxation of international sanctions against Iran, during June 2017, a €1 billion Iranian contract was finalised for the 20 airliners;[25][26] the delivery of the first four aircraft occurred within weeks of the deal being completed.[27] US sanctions against Iran were reimposed in August 2018, by which time 13 of the order of 20 aircraft had been delivered. In April 2019 the US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued a two-year licence to ATR to allow it to supply spare parts and other essentials to keep the fleet of 13 ATR 72-600s in operation. However, the remaining 7 ATR 72-600s from the 2016 order remain sanctioned and in storage.[28]

Turkish Navy

While primarily used as a civil aircraft, some ATR 72s have been adapted to perform in various military functions, such as utility aircraft and maritime patrol aircraft (MPA). The Turkish Navy, which initially decided to purchase ten ATR 72-500 MPA, later expanded its order to eight aircraft: Two ATR 72-600 TMUA (utility) versions, and six ATR 72-600 TMPA (ASW/ASuW) versions.[29][30] The armed ATR 72 TMPA variant was developed in cooperation with Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI), and incorporated additional sensors and mission systems to perform its intended combat role.[31] During 2013, the two ATR 72-600 TMUA aircraft were delivered to the Turkish Navy.[32]

Italian Air Force

The Italian Air Force also selected the ATR 72-500 MP, designated as the P-72A, to serve as a multirole maritime patrol, electronic surveillance and C4 platform. The original Italian requirement for a Breguet Atlantic replacement had also called for ASW and anti-surface warfare (ASuW) capabilities, however, during 2014, the contract was renegotiated to a configuration that excluded these capabilities.[31] An anticipated P-72B variant for ASW and ASuW operations may later be pursued; accordingly, provisions were made to allow for the four P-72As on order to be adapted to the P-72B configuration.[33] In December 2016, the first pair of P-72A aircraft were delivered to the Italian Air Force.[31]

A single ATR 72 MP was ordered by Italy's paramilitary Guardia di Finanza (GdF) in July 2019, followed by an order for a further three ATR 72s in October 2019. The aircraft will supplement the GdF's existing force of four ATR-42s in the border surveillance, maritime patrol and search and rescue roles.[34]

FedEx Express

On 8 November 2017, FedEx Express launched the -600 cargo variant with 30 firm orders plus 20 options, in a freighter configuration from the factory.[35]

As of September 2018, 187 early variants had been produced with 172 operated by 55 carriers, 365 -500s were delivered with more than 350 in service at 75 operators, 444 -600s were produced and are operated by 74 carriers with a backlog of 231 orders. By then, with more than 60 -500s and 40 -600s in storage, new aircraft leases fell to $130,000 per month from $170,000. The -600 list price of $26.8M is typically discounted by 25% for a $20.1M value, a 2012 aircraft is valued $13.3M and leased $115,000, falling to $10.2M and $100,000 in 2021, a D check costs $0.5M and the engine overhaul costs $0.3-1.0M.[36]

Variants
Early ATR 72-200/210 series have four-bladed propellers
Later ATR 72-500/600 series have six-bladed propellers
An ATR 72-600 cockpit
ATR 72-600 cabin

ATR 72-100

Two sub-types were marketed as the 100 series (-100).

ATR 72-101
Initial production variant with front and rear passenger doors, powered by two PW124B engines and certified in September 1989.
ATR 72-102
Initial production variant with a front cargo door and a rear passenger door, powered by two PW124B engines and certified in December 1989.

ATR 72-200

Two sub-types were marketed as the 200 series (-200). The -200 was the original production version, powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW124B engines rated at 2,400 shp (1,800 kW).[37]

ATR 72-201
Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the -101, a PW124B-powered variant certified in September 1989.
ATR 72-202
Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the -102, a PW124B-powered variant certified in December 1989.

ATR 72-210

Two sub-types were marketed as the 210 series (-210): the -211 (and with an enlarged cargo door, called the -212) is a -200 with PW127 engines producing 2,750 shp (2,050 kW) each for improved performance in hot and high-altitude conditions. The sub-types differ in the type of doors and emergency exits

ATR 72-211
PW127-powered variant certified in December 1992.
ATR 72-212
PW127-powered variant certified in December 1992.

ATR 72-212A

Certified in January 1997 and fitted with either PW127F or PW127M engines, the -212A is an upgraded version of the -210 using six-bladed propellers on otherwise identical PW127F engines. Other improvements include higher maximum weights and superior performance, as well as greater automation of power management to ease pilot workload.

ATR 72-500
Initial marketing name for the ATR 72-212A.
ATR 72-600
Marketing name for ATR 72-212A with different equipment fit. The -600 series aircraft was announced in October 2007; the first deliveries were planned for the second half of 2010.[38][39] The prototype ATR 72-600 first flew on 24 July 2009; it had been converted from an ATR 72-500.[40]
The ATR 72-600 features several improvements. It is powered by the new PW127M engines, which enable a 5% increase in takeoff power via a "boost function" used only when called for by takeoff conditions. The flight deck features five wide LCD screens (improving on the EFIS of earlier versions). A multi-purpose computer (MPC) aims at increasing flight safety and operational capabilities, and new Thales-made avionics provide Required Navigation Performance (RNP) capabilities. It also features lighter seats and larger overhead baggage bins. In December 2015, the EASA approved a new high-density seating layout, raising the maximum capacity from 74 to 78 seats.[41]

Other versions
A FedEx Express Bulk Freighter with its cargo door open and parking tail stand in place
Cargo
Bulk Freighter (tube versions) and ULD Freighter (Large Cargo Door). ATR unveiled a large cargo door modification for all ATR 72 at Farnborough 2002, coupled with a dedicated cargo conversion. FedEx, DHL, and UPS all operate the type.[42]
-600F
Freighter variant of the -600, 8 November 2017 launch with 30 firm orders from FedEx plus 20 options.[35] The first should be delivered in 2020.[43]
P-72A ASW
The ATR 72 ASW integrates the ATR 42 MP (Maritime Patrol) mission system with identical on-board equipment, but with additional anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities. A variant of the -500 (itself a version of the maritime patrol model of the ATR 42-500) is also in production.[44] For the ASW and ASuW missions, it is armed with a pod-mounted machine gun, lightweight aerial torpedoes, anti-surface missiles, and depth charges.[45] They are equipped with the Thales AMASCOS (Airborne Maritime Situation and Control System) surveillance system as well as electronic warfare and reconnaissance systems, enabling the type to perform maritime search and rescue duties.[46]
Corporate
A VIP version of the -500 is available with a luxury interior for executive or corporate transport.[47]
ATR 82
During the mid-1980s, the company investigated a 78-seat derivative of the ATR 72. This would have been powered by two Allison AE2100 turboprops (turbofans were also studied for a time) and would have had a cruising speed as high as 330kt. The ATR-82 project (as it was dubbed) was suspended when AI(R) was formed in early 1996.[48]
ATR Quick Change
This proposed version targeted the increasing demand of worldwide cargo and express mail markets, where the aim is to allow operators to supplement their passengers flights with freighter flights. In Quick Change configuration, the smoke detector is equipped alongside other modifications required in order to meet the certification for full freight operations. The aircraft was equipped with a larger cargo door (1.27 m [50 in] wide and 1.52 m [60 in] high) and low door-sill height of an average 1.2 m (4 ft), facilitating containerized freight loading. It takes 30 minutes to convert the aircraft on ATR 42, while for ATR 72, it takes 45 minutes. Each optimized container has 2.8 m3 (99 cu ft) of usable volume and maximum payload is 435 kg (960 lb).[49]

Major operators
A Wings Air ATR 72
Azul Brazilian Airlines
Air New Zealand Link ATR 72

Civilian operations

As of July 2019, 775 ATR 72s were in airline service, with a further 171 on order.[50] Primary ATR 72 airline operators (with 15 aircraft or more) were:

Military operators
 Italy
 Pakistan
 Turkey

Accidents and incidents
Bangkok Airways Flight 266 remains

The ATR 72 has been involved in 46 aviation accidents and incidents including 29 hull losses.[63] Those resulted in 398 fatalities.[64]

Accidents with fatalities[65]
Date Flight Fat. Surv. Location Event
31 Oct 1994American Eagle 4184680USA, near Roselawn, IN Crash due to icing
30 Jan 1995TransAsia Airways40Taiwan, near Taipei Crash into a hillside, four crew killed.[66]
21 Dec 2002TransAsia 79120Taiwan, near Makung City Crash due to icing, both crew died.[67]
6 Aug 2005Tuninter 11531623Italy, near Palermo Ditch due to fuel exhaustion caused by inappropriate indicators.[68]
4 Aug 2009Bangkok Airways 266171Thailand, Koh Samui Airport Skid into a disused tower, killing the captain
4 Nov 2010Aero Caribbean 883680Cuba, near Guasimal Icing and bad crew decisions.[69][70]
2 Apr 2012UTair 1203310Russia, Tyumen Airport Crash soon after takeoff.[71] Incorrect deicing procedures.
16 Oct 2013Lao Airlines 301490Laos, near Pakse Airport Crash into the Mekong while on approach.[72]
23 Jul 2014TransAsia Airways 2224810Taiwan near Magong Airport Crash while landing.[73][74]
4 Feb 2015TransAsia Airways 2354315Taiwan, Keelung River near Taipei Engine failure on takeoff, crash after still-functional engine shut down
18 Feb 2018Iran Aseman Airlines 3704660Iran, near Yasuj Airport Crash into Mount Dena.[75]

Specifications (ATR 72-600)
Line drawings of ATR craft

Data from ATR[76]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Capacity: 70 seats at 30 inch pitch standard, 2-2 abreast (68 to 78 seats[77])
  • Length: 27.17 m (89 ft 2 in)
  • Wingspan: 27.05 m (88 ft 9 in)
  • Width: 2.57 m (8 ft 5 in) (cabin, maximum)
  • Height: 7.65 m (25 ft 1 in)
  • Wing area: 61.0 m2 (657 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 12
  • Empty weight: 13,311 kg (29,346 lb) Typical in-service: 13,500 kg (29,762 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 23,000 kg (50,706 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
  • Max payload: 7,500 kg (16,500 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127M , 1,846 kW (2,475 shp) each
  • Propellers: 6-bladed Hamilton Standard 568F, 3.93 m (12 ft 11 in) diameter

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 510 km/h (320 mph, 280 kn) TAS
  • Range: 1,528 km (949 mi, 825 nmi) typical in-service OEW, 70 PAX@95kg
  • Service ceiling: 7,600 m (25,000 ft) [78]
  • Rate of climb: 6.88 m/s (1,355 ft/min)
  • Fuel consumption: 1.49 kg/km (5.3 lb/mi)
  • Takeoff: 1,367 m (4,485 ft) [MTOW]
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gollark: I've managed to kind of emulate twitch launcher with mcdex and MultiMC.
gollark: Thing is that bedrock will probably never support stuff like that mod which allows inverted gravity.EDIT: Without just special-casing in an API for it.
gollark: It's probably more that Java Edition is less poorly optimized.
gollark: Yes, and it will always be less powerful than the Java edition, in which you can just poke at any bit of the game.

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

Citations
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