Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules

The Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules is a four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft. The C-130J is a comprehensive update of the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, with new engines, flight deck, and other systems. As of February 2018, 400 C-130J aircraft have been delivered to 17 nations.[1]

C-130J Super Hercules
A U.S. Air Force C-130J
Role Military transport, aerial refuelling
National origin United States
Manufacturer Lockheed Martin
First flight 5 April 1996
Introduction 1999
Status In service
Primary users United States Air Force
United States Marine Corps
Royal Air Force
Indian Air Force
See Operators section for others
Produced 1996–present
Number built 400 as of February 2018[1]
Unit cost
US$67.3 million (flyaway cost, USAF, FY2014)[2]
US$100–167 million (avg. cost, international sales)[3][4]
Developed from Lockheed C-130 Hercules

The Hercules family has the longest continuous production run of any military aircraft in history. During more than 60 years of service, the family has participated in military, civilian, and humanitarian aid operations. The Hercules has survived several proposed replacements, most notably the Advanced Medium STOL Transport.

Design and development

The C-130J is the newest version of the Hercules and the only model still in production. Externally similar to the classic Hercules in general appearance, the J-model features considerably updated technology. These differences include new Rolls-Royce AE 2100 D3 turboprop engines with Dowty R391[5] composite scimitar propellers, digital avionics (including head-up displays (HUDs) for each pilot), and reduced crew requirements. These changes have improved performance over its C-130E/H predecessors, such as 40% greater range, 21% higher maximum speed, and 41% shorter takeoff distance.[6] The J-model is available in a standard-length or stretched -30 variant.

Super Hercules cockpit

As a cargo and airlift aircraft, the C-130J's crew includes two pilots and one loadmaster (no navigator or flight engineer), while specialized USAF variants (e.g., AC-130J, EC-130J, MC-130J, HC-130J, WC-130J) may have larger crews, such as navigators/Combat Systems Officers or other specialized officer and enlisted air crew. The U.S. Marine Corps KC-130J uses a crew chief for expeditionary operations. The C-130J's cargo compartment is approximately 41 feet (12.5 m) long, 9 feet (2.74 m) high, and 10 feet (3.05 m) wide, and loading is from the rear of the fuselage. The aircraft can also be configured with the "enhanced cargo handling system". The system consists of a computerized loadmaster's station from which the user can remotely control the under-floor winch and also configure the flip-floor system to palletized roller or flat-floor cargo handling. Initially developed for the USAF, this system enables rapid role changes to be carried out and so extends the C-130J's time available to complete taskings.[7]

Lockheed Martin received the launch order for the J-model from the RAF, which ordered 25 aircraft, with first deliveries beginning in 1999 as Hercules C4 (C-130J-30) and Hercules C5 (C-130J). The standard C-130J had a flyaway cost of US$62 million in 2008.[8]

In mid-June 2008, the United States Air Force awarded a $470 million contract to Lockheed Martin for six modified KC-130J aircraft for use by the Air Force and Special Operations Command. The contract led to C-130J variants that will replace aging HC-130s and MC-130s.[9] The HC-130J Combat King II personnel recovery aircraft completed developmental testing on 14 March 2011. The final test point was air-to-air refueling, and was the first ever boom refueling of a C-130 where the aircraft's refueling receiver was installed during aircraft production. This test procedure also applied to the MC-130J Combat Shadow II aircraft in production for Air Force Special Operations Command.[10]

Harvest HAWK
A KC-130J showing the AN/AAQ-30 Targeting Sight and AGM-114 Hellfires on the left wing in Afghanistan, 2011

With the addition of the Marine Corps's ISR / Weapon Mission Kit, the KC-130J tanker variant will be able to serve as an overwatch aircraft and can deliver ground support fire in the form of Hellfire or Griffin missiles, precision-guided bombs, and eventually 30mm Mk44 Bushmaster II cannon fire in a later upgrade.[11] This capability, designated as "Harvest HAWK" (Hercules Airborne Weapons Kit), can be used in scenarios where precision is not a requisite, such as area denial.[12] The aircraft retains its original capabilities in refueling and transportation. The kit can be removed within a day if necessary.[13]

Operational history
A Hercules C5 of the Royal Air Force arrives at the 2016 Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT) in England.

The Super Hercules has been used extensively by the USAF and USMC in Iraq and Afghanistan. Canada has also deployed its CC-130J aircraft to Afghanistan.

C-130Js from several countries have been deployed in support of the US Operation Odyssey Dawn and NATO's Operation Unified Protector during the 2011 Libyan civil war.

From the first flight on 5 April 1996 to 30 April 2013, 290 C-130J Super Hercules aircraft operated by 13 nations surpassed 1 million flight hours.[14][15]

In January 2013, it was reported that some of Canada's CC-130J transports had counterfeit Chinese microchips in their cockpit displays. These parts are more likely to fail and result in failures such as blank instrument screens during flight. A 14-month investigation by the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee concluded that counterfeit parts in the Hercules and other American-made military equipment are prone to failure with potentially "catastrophic consequences." The U.S. congressional investigation reported the fake Hercules microchips were originally made by the Korean electronics giant Samsung in the 1990s, and more than a decade later, had been recycled, refurbished and remarked to appear genuine by a company in China.[16] Samsung later stated that "it is not possible to project the reliability" of the altered parts. The U.S. investigation reported that the problems on the Hercules first came to light in 2010 when the instrument panel failed on a USAF aircraft during active duty.[17]

On 20 August 2013, the Indian Air Force performed the highest landing of a C-130J at the Daulat Beg Oldi airstrip in Ladakh at the height of 16,614 ft (5,064 m).[18][19]

Civilian use
Main article: Modular Airborne FireFighting System

The Modular Airborne FireFighting System (MAFFS) is a self-contained unit used for aerial firefighting that can be loaded onto a C-130 Hercules, which then allows the aircraft to be used as an air tanker against wildfires.[20] This allows the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to utilize military aircraft from the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve to serve as an emergency backup resource to the civilian air tanker fleet.[20][21] The latest generation MAFFS II system was used for the first time on a fire in July 2010,[22] using the C-130J Super Hercules.[23] The 146th Airlift Wing was the first to transition to the MAFFS II system in 2008, and it remains the only unit flying the new system on the C-130J aircraft.[23]

Orders and deliveries

The largest operator of the new model is the U.S. Air Force, which has ordered the aircraft in increasing numbers. Current operators of the C-130J are the USAF (including the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard), United States Marine Corps (being their fourth variant after KC-130F, KC-130R and KC-130T,[24]) United States Coast Guard, Royal Air Force, Indian Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force, Royal Australian Air Force, Royal Danish Air Force, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Israeli Air Force, and the Italian Air Force. As of July 2010, a total of 200 units have been produced[25] of the 284 on order at that time.[26]

International orders
RAAF C-130J-30 at Point Cook, 2006

The Royal Australian Air Force was the second international customer for the C-130J-30, with an initial order of twelve aircraft. An additional order for two more aircraft was planned, but replaced by the purchase of a fifth Boeing C-17 Globemaster III.[27]

The Royal Norwegian Air Force ordered four C-130J-30s in 2007 to replace six aging C-130Hs in need of additional repairs.[28][29] Aircraft were delivered from November 2008[30][31] to 2010.[32] One of these was lost in March 2012.

The Canadian Forces signed a US$1.4 billion contract with Lockheed Martin for seventeen new C-130J-30s on 16 January 2008, as part of the procurement process to replace the existing C-130E and H models.[33] The C-130J is officially designated as the CC-130J Hercules in Canadian service.[34] The first C-130J was delivered to CFB Trenton on 4 June 2010.[35] The final C-130J was delivered on 11 May 2012.[36]

The Indian Air Force purchased six C-130J-30s in early 2008 at a cost of up to US$1.059 billion[37] for its special operations forces in a package deal with the US government under its Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program. India has options to buy six more aircraft.[38] The Indian government decided not to sign the Communications Interoperability and Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA), which resulted in the exclusion of high precision GPS and other sensitive equipment. However the IAF added similar equipment produced indigenously to the aircraft after delivery.[39] In October 2011, India announced its intent to exercise the option for the six additional aircraft, following the C-130J's favorable performance in the 2011 Sikkim earthquake relief operations. In July 2012, the U.S. accepted India's request for the six more C-130Js through the FMS program.[40] On 20 December 2013, India's CCS approved the order for 6 more aircraft.[41]

Indian Air Force C-130J

The Iraqi Air Force ordered six C-130J-30s in July 2008.[42][43]

Qatar ordered four C-130Js in October 2008, along with spare parts and training for the Qatar Emiri Air Force. The contract is worth a total of US$393.6 million and deliveries are scheduled to begin in 2011.[44]

The United Arab Emirates Air Force announced an order for twelve C-130J transports at the 2009 IDEX, with an announced value of US$1.3 billion.[45] The United Arab Emirates requested 12 C-130Js through a Direct Commercial Sale in December 2009, with logistics support, training and related systems to be provided through a Foreign Military Sales program.[46] A contract with Lockheed Martin has not been signed.[47]

The Israeli Air Force is seeking to purchase nine C-130J-30s.[48] In April 2010 Israel ordered one C-130J-30 with delivery in 2013, and was in contract talks for two more aircraft in June 2010.[N 1][49] An option for a second C-130J-30 was exercised on 8 April 2011, along with planning and advance long lead procurement of aircraft components to support the third C-130J Israeli aircraft.[50][51] The first Israeli C-130J was delivered on 26 June 2013 and was modified with Israeli-unique systems in the United States[15] prior to its arrival in Israel on 9 April 2014.[52] Israel ordered a fourth C-130J-30 on 25 July 2013.[53] The C-130J's local name is "Shimshon".

The Kuwait Air Force signed a contract for three KC-130J air refueling tankers in May 2010, with deliveries to begin in late 2013.[54] The KC-130Js will refuel its F-18s and augment its fleet of three militarized L-100s.

Oman increased its C-130J order in August 2010 by adding two C-130Js to the single C-130J-30 ordered in 2009. Deliveries are to be completed by early 2014.[55] The Royal Saudi Air Force has purchased two KC-130Js to be delivered in 2016.

The Mexican Government has requested 2 C-130J-30s.[56]

The Mongolian Air Force is planning to buy 3 C-130Js.[57]

On 7 June 2013, U.S. Congress was notified of a possible foreign military sale of two C-130J-30s for the Free Libyan Air Force. The deal would include 10 Rolls-Royce AE 2100D3 engines, support and test equipment, and radios. The deal would be worth $588 million.[58]

In July 2013, the C-130J became part of a competition in the Peruvian Air Force for a medium transport aircraft. The Super Hercules was a candidate along with the EADS CASA C-295, the Alenia C-27J Spartan, the Antonov An-70, and the upgraded Antonov An-32.[59] The Peruvian Air Force selected the C-27J in November 2013.[60]

In 2015, the French Air Force ordered 4 Super Hercules to supplement existing capabilities due to the ongoing problems and delays of the ordered Airbus A400M, through FMS the French will get 2 C-130J in 2017/2018 and 2 KC-130J in 2018/2019 (helicopter refueling capability), especially supporting French overseas operations in Africa.

In January 2017, German defence minister announced the intention to purchase up to 6 C-130J Hercules to acquire tactical airlift capabilities due to the delayed deliveries of the Airbus A400M.[61] Together with the C-130J of the French Air Force this will form a joint air transport squadron.

In September 2018, Indonesia's state-owned news agency Antara reported that minister of defence Ryamizard Ryacudu said Indonesia is looking to acquire 5 C-130J Super Hercules aircraft.[62]

On 11 June 2019, New Zealand's Minister of Defence Ron Mark identified the C-130J-30 as the preferred replacement for the Royal New Zealand Air Force's five remaining C-130Hs that are planned to be in service until 2023.[63][64] In November 2019 the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of the potential sale of 5 C-130Js, 24 engines and related equipment for an estimated cost of US$1.4 billion.[65] The sale was confirmed on June 5th 2020, with the planes expected to be delivered between 2024 and 2025.[66]

Deliveries
Year Number
1998[67] 19
1999[68] 30
2000[69] 20
2001[70] 15
2002[71] 8
2003[71] 15
2004[72] 13
2005[73] 15
2006[74] 12
2007[75] 12
2008[75] 12
2009[76] 16
2010[77] 25
2011 26
2013 1
2014 3
Total 242

Variants
Two USMC KC-130Js of VMGR-352 during a training exercise
A USCG HC-130J Combat King II
C-130J Super Hercules
Tactical airlifter
C-130J-30
Lockheed Martin designation for its 15 ft (4.6 m) extended fuselage variant; designated CC-130J by USAF for a short time after 2002.[78][79]
C-130J-SOF
Variant outfitted with extended ISR equipment for use with special forces. Unveiled in June 2017.[80]
CC-130J Hercules
Royal Canadian Air Force designation for the C-130J-30.[81]
EC-130J Commando Solo III
Variant for the Air Force Special Operations Command, operated by the Pennsylvania Air National Guard.
HC-130J Combat King II
Long range patrol and air-sea rescue variant for the United States Coast Guard. USAF HC-130J version has changes for in-flight refueling.
KC-130J
Aerial refueling tanker and tactical airlifter version for United States Marine Corps.
MC-130J Commando II
Designed for Air Force Special Operations Command. Originally named Combat Shadow II.
WC-130J
Weather reconnaissance ("Hurricane Hunter") version for the Air Force Reserve Command.
Hercules C4
Royal Air Force designation for the C-130J-30
Hercules C5
Royal Air Force designation for the C-130J
LM-100J
A civilian version of the C-130J-30[82]
SC-130J Sea Hercules
Proposed maritime patrol version of the C-130J, designed for coastal surveillance and anti-submarine warfare.[83][84]

Operators
Main article: List of Lockheed C-130 Hercules operators
Map with C-130J Super Hercules operators in blue
Royal Norwegian Air Force C-130J arrives at the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo, UK
A C-130J cleaned in the wash system at Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi.
RCAF CC-130J Super Hercules
Bangladesh Air Force C-130J
 Australia
 Brunei
 Bahrain
 Bangladesh
 Canada
 Denmark
 Egypt
 France
 Germany
 India
  • Indian Air Force – Eleven C-130J-30s in service as of December 2018.[97] A total of 12 C-130J-30s had been ordered by December 2013;[98][99] one crashed in 2014.[98]
 Iraq
 Israel
  • Israeli Air Force – six C-130J-30s on order with deliveries planned to begin in spring 2013.[51][102] It planned to acquire a total of nine C-130J-30s in 2008.[103] 7 received as of January 2019.[104]
 Italy
  • Italian Air Force – 20 aircraft (nine C-130Js, 10 C-130J-30s, and one KC-130J) in service as of January 2014[85]
 Kuwait
 Libya
  • Libyan Air Force – 2 C-130J-30 on order[105]
 New Zealand
 Norway
 Oman
 Saudi Arabia
 South Korea
 Tunisia
 Qatar
  • Qatar Emiri Air Force – four C-130J-30s in use as of January 2014[85]
 United Kingdom
  • Royal Air Force – 14 aircraft (1 C-130J, and 13 C-130J-30s) in service as of January 2020
 United States

Accidents
Main article: List of accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed C-130 Hercules

C-130Js have been involved in the following notable accidents.

  • On 12 February 2007, RAF Hercules C.4 C-130J-30 ZH876, c/n 5460, seriously damaged during landing, no casualties.[113][114]
  • On 15 March 2012, Royal Norwegian Air Force C-130J-30, 10–5630, c/n 5630, on a flight from Evenes, Norway to Kiruna, Sweden, impacted the side of Kebnekaise mountain, and disintegrated. All five aboard were killed.[115] The aircraft was to collect soldiers and fly back to the Norwegian base for the NATO exercise "Cold Response".[116]
  • On 28 March 2014, Indian Air Force C-130J-30 KC-3803 crashed near Gwalior, India, killing all 5 personnel aboard.[117][118][119] The aircraft was conducting low level penetration training by flying at around 300 ft when it ran into wake turbulence from another aircraft in the formation, which caused it to crash.[120]
  • On 2 October 2015, a U.S. Air Force C-130J assigned to the 774th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron, part of the 455th Air Expeditionary Wing crashed shortly after takeoff from Jalalabad Airfield, Afghanistan killing all 11 onboard and 3 on the ground.[121]

Specifications (C-130J)
RAF Hercules C4 (C-130J-30), 2004
C-130J co-pilot's head-up display (HUD)

Data from USAF C-130 Hercules fact sheet,[122] International Directory of Military Aircraft,[123] Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft[6]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3 (two pilots, and one loadmaster are minimum crew)
  • Capacity:
  • 92 passengers (128 for C-130J-30) or
  • 64 airborne troops (92 for C-130J-30) or
  • 6 pallets (8 pallets for C-130J-30) or
  • 74 litter patients with 5 medical personnel (97 litters for C-130J-30)
  • 2–3 Humvees, or 1 LAV III (with turret removed) or an M113 armored personnel carrier
  • Cargo bay length: 41 ft (12 m)
  • Cargo bay width: 10 ft (3 m)
  • Cargo bay height: 9 ft (3 m)
  • Payload main: 42,000 lb (19,051 kg)
C-130J-30 44,000 lb (19,958 kg)
  • Length: 97 ft 9 in (29.79 m)
C-130J-30 112 ft 9 in (34.4 m)
  • Wingspan: 132 ft 7 in (40.41 m)
  • Height: 38 ft 10 in (11.84 m)
  • Wing area: 1,745 sq ft (162.1 m2)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 64A318; tip: NACA 64A412[124]
  • Empty weight: 75,562 lb (34,274 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 155,000 lb (70,307 kg)
C-130J-30 164,000 lb (74,389 kg)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Rolls-Royce AE 2100D3 turboprop engines, 4,637 shp (3,458 kW) each
  • Propellers: 6-bladed Dowty R391 composite constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 362 kn (417 mph, 670 km/h)
  • Cruise speed: 348 kn (400 mph, 644 km/h)
  • Range: 1,800 nmi (2,100 mi, 3,300 km) at max normal payload (34,000 lb (15,422 kg))
  • Service ceiling: 28,000 ft (8,500 m) with 42,000 lb (19,051 kg) payload
  • Absolute ceiling: 40,386 ft (12,310 m)[125]
gollark: Hmmmm. I have no idea how to run this.
gollark: Prove it.
gollark: Also, what?
gollark: Which Microsoft?
gollark: One which would TOTALLY NOT install potatOS on all computers.

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. Quote: "Separately, Israel has held preliminary talks with Lockheed Martin about acquiring more C-130J tactical transports. The nation will receive its first example in mid-2013 ..."

Citations
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Bibliography
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