2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election

The 14th Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2017 was held on 9 December 2017 and 14 December 2017. The counting of votes took place on 18 December. All 182 members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly were elected with the leader of the largest party or coalition expected to become the next Chief Minister.[1] The incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party obtained a simple majority with an increase in the vote share. Despite suffering a decrease in number of seats, the incumbent government retained their simple majority in the house. The next election will be in 2022.

Gujarat in India
2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election

9 and 14 December 2017

All 182 seats in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
92 seats needed for a majority
Turnout69.01% (2.31%)
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Vijay Rupani Bharatsinh Solanki
Party BJP INC
Leader since 2016 2015
Leader's seat Rajkot West Did not contest
Last election 115 61
Seats won 99 77
Seat change 16 15
Popular vote 14,724,427 12,438,937
Percentage 49.05% 41.44%
Swing 1.15% 2.57%

Election result map

Chief Minister before election

Vijay Rupani
BJP

Chief Minister

Vijay Rupani
BJP

Background

Gujarat, as a state of India follows Parliamentary system of government similar to other states. The Government is responsible to the Legislative Assembly and stays in power only if it has the support of majority members. Elections take place on a first past the post basis, the candidate with the most votes wins the seat regardless of absolute majority. Every citizen of the state, who is 18 and above is eligible to vote. The Governors of States of India then invites the leader of the largest party or coalition to form the government. The Constitution of India states that the term of Legislative Assemblies is five years. As is common in most other first past the post electoral systems, the state's politics are dominated by two parties – the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

The term of current Gujarat Legislative Assembly ends on 22 January 2018. The previous assembly election, held in 2012 resulted in BJP gaining a majority of seats and Narendra Modi becoming the Chief Minister. After the 2014 General Elections, Modi became the Prime Minister of the country and Anandiben Patel was appointed the Chief Minister of Gujarat. After the agitations of Patidars, Dalit protests and claims of poor governance, she was replaced by Vijay Rupani as the Chief Minister by the party.

Electoral process changes

VVPAT-fitted EVMs were used in entire Gujarat state at 50,128 polling stations in the 2017 elections, which was the first time that the entire state saw the implementation of VVPAT.[2] VVPAT slips were counted in a polling station each of Gujarat's 182 constituencies.[3][4] There were 43.3 million registered voters in Gujarat as on September 25, 2017.[5]

Group of votersVoters population
Male2,25,57,032
Female2,07,57,032
Third gender169
Total voters4,33,14,233

Demographics

Other Backward Castes, excluding Muslim OBCs, comprised 40% of the total population of Gujarat.[6][7][8] 147 communities were considered to be OBCs at the time of the election.[9] Scheduled tribes (primarily Adivasis) comprised 15.5% of the population, while scheduled castes (Dalits) totalled 7%.[10][11] Muslims of various castes constituted 9.7% of the population.[12] Forward castes and others made up the remainder.

Castes of Gujarat[13][14][15][16]
CastePopulation (%)Notes
OBC 40% Kolis+Thakores -20~22%
artisan castes - 6.1%
Bharwad (Gadaria) - 2%
other middle castes -3.3%.
Adivasis (STs) 15.5%
Dalits (SCs) 7%
Forward caste 27% Patidar- 15%
Hindu Bania, Jain Bania, Rajput, Lohana, Brahmin and Rajputs -10-12%
Muslims 9.7%[17] includes Muslim OBCs
Others 0.4% includes Christians, Parsis, Jains

Opinion polls

Election schedule
Polling firm/Commissioner Date published
BJP INC Others
ABP News (Lokniti CSDS)[18] August 31, 2017 59%
144–152
29%
26-32
12%
0
India-Today (Axis)[19] October 24, 2017 48%
120-135
38%
55-70
14%
0-3
Times Now (VMR)[20] October 25, 2017 52%
118-134
37%
49-61
11%
0-2
ABP News (Lokniti CSDS)[21] November 9, 2017 47%
113-121
41%
58-64
12%
1-7
ABP News (Lokniti CSDS)[22] December 4, 2017 43%
91-99
43%
78-86
14%
3-7
Times Now (VMR)[23] December 6, 2017 45%
106-116
40%
63-73
15%
2-4
Republic TV[24] December 6, 2017
110-125

53-68

4

Exit Polls

Polling firm/Commissioner Date published
BJP INC Others
ABP News (Lokniti CSDS)[25] December 14, 2017 49%
117
41%
64
9%
1
TV9 CVoter[25] December 14, 2017 52%
109
39%
74
9.3%
0
Axis-India Today[25] December 14, 2017 47%
99-113
42%
68-82
11%
VMR-Times Now[25] December 14, 2017 48%
108-118
41%
61-71
11%
0-3
Republic-JanKiBaat[25] December 14, 2017
115-130

50-65

0-2
VDP Associates[25] December 14, 2017 48%
142
40%
37
12%
3
CNX Samay[25] December 14, 2017 48%
110-120
39%
65-75
13%
2-4
Today's Chanakya[25] December 14, 2017 49%
135
38%
47
13%
Nirmana TV (Gujarati)[25] December 14, 2017
104

74

4
Republic TV-CVoter[26] December 14, 2017 47.4%
108
43.3%
74
9.3%
0

Results

The votes were counted on 18 December, 2017. Over 1.9% of all voters in the election specified the None of the Above (NOTA) option, which amounted to more than 500,000 votes.[27]

Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Won +/−
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 1,47,24,42749.11.2 9916
Indian National Congress (INC) 1,24,38,93741.42.5 7716
Independents (IND) 12,90,2784.31.5 32
Bharatiya Tribal Party (BTP) 2,22,6940.70.7 22
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 2,07,0070.70.6 0
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) 1,84,8150.60.4 11
All India Hindustan Congress Party (AIHCP) 83,9220.30.3 0
Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (Secular) (RSPS) 45,8330.20.2 0
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) 24,9180.10.1 0
Janata Dal (United) (JDU) 01
None of the Above (NOTA) 5,51,6151.81.8 N/A
Total 3,00,15,920100.00 182±0
Valid votes 3,00,15,920 99.87
Invalid votes 37,706 0.13
Votes cast / turnout 3,00,53,626 69.01
Abstentions 1,34,93,330 30.99
Registered voters 4,35,46,956

Results by constituency

No. Constituency Winner Political party Votes Margin 2012 Winner
1 Abdasa Pradhyumansinh Jadeja INC 73,312 9746 INC
2 Mandvi Virendrasinh Jadeja BJP 79,569 9046 BJP
3 Bhuj Dr. Nimaben Acharya BJP 86,532 14,022 BJP
4 Anjar Vasanbhai Ahir BJP 75,331 11,313 BJP
5 Gandhidham Maltiben Maheshwari BJP 79,713 20,270 BJP
6 Rapar Santokben Aarethiya INC 63,814 15,209 BJP
7 Vav Geniben Thakor INC 1,02,328 6655 BJP
8 Tharad Parbatbhai Patel BJP 69,789 11,733 BJP
9 Dhanera Nathabhai Patel INC 82,909 2093 INC
10 Danta Kantiben Kharadi INC 86,129 24,652 INC
11 Vadgam Jignesh Mevani IND 95,497 19,696 INC
12 Palanpur Mahesh Patel INC 91,512 17,593 INC
13 Deesa Shashikant Pandya BJP 85,411 14,531 BJP
14 Deodar Shivabhai Bhuriya INC 80,432 972 BJP
15 Kankrej Kiritsinh Vaghela BJP 95,131 8588 INC
16 Radhanpur alpesh thakor INC 85,777 14,857 BJP
17 Chanasma Dilipkumar Thakor BJP 73,771 8234 BJP
18 Patan Kiritkumar Patel INC 1,03,273 25,279 BJP
19 Sidhpur Chandanji Thakor INC 88,268 17,260 INC
20 Kheralu Bharatsinhji Dabhi BJP 59,847 21,415 BJP
21 Unjha Dr. Asha Patel INC 81,797 19,529
22 Visnagar Rushikesh Patel BJP 77,496 2869 BJP
23 Bechraji Bharatji Thakor INC 80,894 15,811 BJP
24 Kadi Punjabhai Solanki BJP 96,651 7746 INC
25 Mehsana Nitinbhai Patel BJP 90,235 7137 BJP
26 Vijapur Ramanbhai Patel BJP 72,326 1164 INC
27 Himatnagar Rajubhai Chavda BJP 94,340 1712 INC
28 Idar Hitu Kanodia BJP 98,815 14,813 BJP
29 Khedbrahma Ashvinbhai Kotwal INC 85,916 11,131 INC
30 Bhiloda Dr. Anil Joshiyara INC 95,719 12,417 INC
31 Modasa Rajesndrasinh Thakor INC 83,411 1640 INC
32 Bayad Dhavalsinh Zala INC 79,556 7901 INC
33 Prantij Gajendrasinh Parmar BJP 83,482 2551 INC
34 Dahegam Balrajsinh Chauhan BJP 74,445 10,860 INC
35 Gandhinagar South Shambhuji Thakor BJP 1,07,480 11,538 BJP
36 Gandhinagar North Dr. C. J. Chavda INC 80,142 5736 BJP
37 Mansa Surekhkumar Patel INC 77,902 524 INC
38 Kalol Baldevji Thakor INC 82,886 49,277 INC
39 Viramgam Lakhabhai Bharwad INC 76,178 6548 INC
40 Sanand Kanubhai Patel BJP 67,692 7721 INC
41 Ghatlodia Bhupendrabhai Patel BJP 1,75,652 1,17,750 BJP
42 Vejalpur Kishor Chauhan BJP 1,17,748 22,567 BJP
43 Vatva Pradipsinh Jadeja BJP 1,31,133 62,380 BJP
44 Ellis Bridge Rakesh Shah BJP 1,16,811 85,205 BJP
45 Naranpura Kaushik Patel BJP 1,06,458 66,215 BJP
46 Nikol Jagdish Panchal BJP 87,764 24,880 BJP
47 Naroda Balram Thawani BJP 1,08,168 60,142 BJP
48 Thakkarbapa Nagar Vallabhbhai Kakadiya BJP 88,124 34,088 BJP
49 Bapunagar Himmatsinh Patel INC 58,785 3067 BJP
50 Amraiwadi Hasmukhbhai Patel BJP 1,05,694 49,732 BJP
51 Dariapur Gyasuddin Shaikh INC 63,712 6187 INC
52 Jamalpur-Khadia Imran Khedawala INC 75,346 29,339 BJP
53 Maninagar Suresh Patel BJP 1,16,113 75,199 BJP
54 Danilimda Shailesh Parmar INC 90,691 32,510 INC
55 Sabarmati Arvindkumar Patel BJP 1,13,503 68,810 BJP
56 Asarwa Pradipbhai Parmar BJP 87,238 49,264 BJP
57 Daskroi Babu Jamna Patel BJP 1,27,432 45,065 BJP
58 Dholka Bhupendrasinh Chudasama BJP 71,530 327 BJP
59 Dhandhuka Rajesh Gohil INC 67,477 5920 BJP
60 Dasada Naushadji Solanki INC 74,009 3728 BJP
61 Limdi Soma Ganda Kolipatel INC 83,909 14,651 INC
62 Wadhwan Dhanjibhai Patel BJP 89595 19,524 BJP
63 Chotila Rutvik Makwana INC 79,960 23,887 BJP
64 Dhrangadhra Parshottam Sabariya INC 97,135 13,916 BJP
65 Morbi Brijesh Merja INC 89,396 3419 BJP
66 Tankara Lalit Kagathra INC 94,090 29,770 BJP
67 Wankaner Mohammed Javed Pirzada INC 72,588 1361 INC
68 Rajkot East Arvind Raiyani BJP 93,087 22,782 INC
69 Rajkot West Vijay Rupani BJP 1,31,586 53,755 BJP
70 Rajkot South Govind Patel BJP 98,951 47,121 BJP
71 Rajkot Rural Lakhabhai Sagathiya BJP 92,114 2179 BJP
72 Jasdan Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya INC 84,321 9277 INC
73 Gondal Geetaba Jayrajsinh Jadeja BJP 70,506 15,397 BJP
74 Jetpur Jayesh Radadiya BJP 98,948 25,581 INC
75 Dhoraji Lalit Vasoya INC 85,070 25,085 INC
76 Kalavad Pravin Musadiya INC 78,085 32,951 BJP
77 Jamnagar Rural Vallabhbhai Dharaviya INC 70,750 6397 INC
78 Jamnagar North Dharmendrasinh Jadeja (Hakubha) BJP 84,327 40,963 INC
79 Jamnagar South R. C. Faldu BJP 71,718 16,349 BJP
80 Jamjodhpur Chirag Kalariya INC 64,212 2518 BJP
81 Khambhalia Vikram Madam INC 79,779 11,046 BJP
82 Dwarka Pabubha Manek BJP 73,431 5739 BJP
83 Porbandar Babu Bokhiria BJP 72,430 1855 BJP
84 Kutiyana Kandhal Jadeja NCP 59,406 23,709 NCP
85 Manavadar Jawahar Chavda INC 88,570 29,763 INC
86 Junagadh Bhikhabhai Joshi INC 76,850 6084 BJP
87 Visavadar Harshad Ribadiya INC 92,731 23,101 GPP
88 Keshod Devabhai Malam BJP 71,425 10,806 BJP
89 Mangrol Babubhai Vaja INC 71,654 13,914 BJP
90 Somnath Vimalbhai Chudasama INC 94,914 20,450 INC
91 Talala Bhagabhai Ahir INC 96,729 31,646 INC
92 Kodinar Mohanbhai Vala INC 72,408 14,535 BJP
93 Una Punjabhai Vansh INC 72,775 4928 INC
94 Dhari J. V. Kakadiya INC 66,644 15,336 GPP
95 Amreli Paresh Dhanani INC 87,032 12,029 INC
96 Lathi Virjibhai Thummar INC 64,743 9343 INC
97 Savarkundla Pratap Dudhat INC 66,366 8531 BJP
98 Rajula Amarish Der INC 83,818 12,719 BJP
99 Mahuva Raghavbhai Makwana BJP 44,410 5009 BJP
100 Talaja Kanubhai Baraiya INC 66,862 1779 BJP
101 Gariadhar Keshubhai Nakrani BJP 50,635 1876 BJP
102 Palitana Bhikhabhai Baraiya BJP 69,479 14,189 INC
103 Bhavnagar Rural Parshottam Solanki BJP 89555 30993 BJP
104 Bhavnagar East Vibhavari Dave BJP 87323 22442 BJP
105 Bhavnagar West Jitu Vaghani BJP 83701 27185 BJP
106 Gadhada Pravinbhai Maru INC 69457 9424 BJP
107 Botad Saurabh Patel BJP 79623 906 BJP
108 Khambhat Mayur Raval BJP 71459 2318 BJP
109 Borsad Rajendrasinh Parmar INC 86254 11468 INC
110 Anklav Amit Chavda INC 90,603 33629 INC
111 Umreth Govind Parmar BJP 68,326 1,883 NCP
112 Anand Kantibhai Sodharparmar INC 98168 5286 BJP
113 Petlad Niranjan Patel INC 81127 10644 INC
114 Sojitra Punambhai Parmar INC 72423 2388 INC
115 Matar Kesarisinh Solanki BJP 81509 2406 BJP
116 Nadiad Pankaj Desai BJP 90221 20838 BJP
117 Mehmedabad Arjunsinh Chauhan BJP 88913 20918 INC
118 Mahudha Indrajitsinh Parmar INC 78006 13601 INC
119 Thasra Kanitbhai Parmar INC 87567 7028 INC
120 Kapadvanj Kalabhai Dabhi INC 85195 27226 INC
121 Balasinor Ajitsinh Chauhan INC 84620 10602 INC
122 Lunawada Ratansinh Rathod IND 55098 3200 BJP
123 Santrampur Kuberbhai Dindor BJP 68362 6424 INC
124 Shehra Jethabhai Ahir BJP 100383 41069 BJP
125 Morva Hadaf Bhupendrasinh Khant IND 58513 4366 INC
126 Godhra C.K Raulji BJP 75149 258 INC
127 Kalol Sumanben Chauhan BJP 103028 49277 BJP
128 Halol Jaydrathsinh Parmar BJP 115457 57034 BJP
129 Fatepura Rameshbhai Katara BJP 60250 2711 BJP
130 Jhalod Bhavesh Katara INC 86077 25410 INC
131 Limkheda Shaileshbhai Bhabhor BJP 74078 19314 BJP
132 Dahod Vajesing Panada INC 79850 15503 INC
133 Garbada Chandrikaben Bariya INC 64280 16128 INC
134 Devgadhbaria Bachubhai Khabad BJP 103873 45694 BJP
135 Savli Ketan Inamdar BJP 97646 41633 Independent
136 Vaghodia Madhu Shrivastav BJP 62913 10271 BJP
137 Chhota Udepur Mohan Rathwa INC 75141 1093 INC
138 Jetpur (ST) Sukhrambhai Rathwa INC 77701 3052 INC
139 Sankheda Abhesinh Tadvi BJP 90669 13088 BJP
140 Dabhoi Shailesh Mehta(Sotta) BJP 77945 2839 BJP
141 Vadodara City Manisha Vakil BJP 116367 52383 BJP
142 Sayajigunj Jitendra Sukhadia BJP 99957 59132 BJP
143 Akota Seema Mohile BJP 109244 57139 BJP
144 Raopura Rajendra S Trivedi BJP 107225 36696 BJP
145 Manjalpur Yogesh Patel BJP 105036 56362 BJP
146 Padra Jashpalsinh Thakor INC 92998 19027 BJP
147 Karjan Akshay Patel INC 74087 3564 BJP
148 Nandod Premsinhbhai Vasava INC 81849 6329 BJP
149 Dediapada Maheshbhai Vasava BTP 83026 21751 BJP
150 Jambusar Sanjaybhai Solanki INC 73216 6412 BJP
151 Vagra Arunsinh Rana BJP 72331 2628 BJP
152 Jhagadia Chhotubhai Vasava BTP 113854 48948 JD(U)
153 Bharuch Dushyant Patel BJP 99699 33099 BJP
154 Ankleshwar Ishwarsinh Patel BJP 99050 46912 BJP
155 Olpad Mukesh Patel BJP 147828 61578 BJP
156 Mangrol (ST) Ganpat Vasava BJP 91114 40799 BJP
157 Mandvi Anandbhai Chaudhari INC 96483 50776 INC
158 Kamrej V. D. Zalavadiya BJP 147371 28191 BJP
159 Surat East Arvind Rana BJP 72638 13347 BJP
160 Surat North Kantibhai Balar BJP 58788 20022 BJP
161 Varachha Marg Kumarbhai Kanani BJP 68472 13998 BJP
162 Karanj Pravinbhai Ghoghari BJP 58673 35598 BJP
163 Limbayat Sangita Patil BJP 93585 31951 BJP
164 Udhna Vivek Patel BJP 87884 42528 BJP
165 Majura Harsh Sanghavi BJP 116741 85827 BJP
166 Katargam Vinodbhai Moradiya BJP 125387 79230 BJP
167 Surat West Purnesh Modi BJP 111615 77882 BJP
168 Choryasi Zankhana Patel BJP 173882 110819 BJP
169 Bardoli Ishwarbhai Parmar BJP 94774 34854 BJP
170 Mahuva Mohanbhai Dhodiya BJP 82607 6433 BJP
171 Vyara Punabhai Gamit INC 88576 24414 INC
172 Nizar Sunil Gamit INC 106234 23129 BJP
173 Dang Mangalbhai Gavit INC 57820 768 INC
174 Jalalpore R. C. Patel BJP 86411 25664 BJP
175 Navsari Piyush Desai BJP 100060 46095 BJP
176 Gandevi Naresh Patel BJP 124010 57261 BJP
177 Vansda Anantkumar Patel INC 110756 18393 INC
178 Dharampur Arvind Patel BJP 94944 22246 INC
179 Valsad Bharat Patel BJP 101736 43092 BJP
180 Pardi Kanubhai Desai BJP 98379 52086 BJP
181 Kaprada Jitubhai Chaudhari INC 93000 170 INC
182 Umargam Ramanlal Patkar BJP 96004 41690 BJP

2019 Bye Elections

S.No Date Constituency MLA before election Party before election Elected MLA Party after election
1 23 April 2019 Dharangadhra Parsottam Ukabhai Sabariya Indian National Congress Parsottam Ukabhai Sabariya Bharatiya Janata Party
2 Jamnagar Rural Vallabh Dharaviya Raghavji Patel
3 Manavadar Jawaharbhai Chavda Jawaharbhai Chavda
4 Unjha Asha Patel Asha Patel
5 21 October 2019 Radhanpur Alpesh Thakor Raghubhai Merajbhai Desai Indian National Congress
6 Bayad Dhavalsinh Zala Jashubhai Shivabhai Patel
7 Tharad Parbatbhai Patel Bharatiya Janata Party Gulabsinh Pirabhai Rajput
8 Kheralu Bharatsinhji Dabhi Ajmalji Valaji Thakor Bharatiya Janata Party
9 Amraiwadi Hasmukhbhai Patel Jagdish Ishwarbhai Patel
10 Lunawada Ratansinh Rathod Jigneshkumar Sevak

Situation in 2020

Congress suffered a jolt in March 2020 when five of its MLAs from Gujarat resigned, bringing down its tally to 68. Three more resigned in June 2020.[28]

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References

  1. "Gujarat Assembly elections on Dec 9, 14". The Hindu Business Line. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  2. "Explained: What is VVPAT".
  3. "In a first, EC to hold mandatory VVPAT count at one polling station of each constituency".
  4. http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/vvpat-slips-to-be-cross-matched-with-evm-count-says-una-dc/514818.html
  5. http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/gujarat-elections-will-be-held-in-december-evm-vvpats-to-be-used-ec-117101000969_1.html
  6. "Gujarat Assembly election: OBCs, intermediate castes can sway poll outcome in 70 seats".
  7. "OBCs to play kingmaker in battle for Gujarat".
  8. "New caste equations taking shape before Gujarat elections".
  9. "Caste equations: Will Congress' best-laid plans work out in north Gujarat?".
  10. "In Gujarat's Adivasi belt, BJP has to contend with Bhilistan separatists, boycotts and 'big people'".
  11. "The Dalit agitation may not harm the BJP in poll-bound Gujarat. But Punjab and UP are another story".
  12. "Gujarat's Muslims out of poll picture in elections 2017".
  13. "Castes may overshadow religion in Gujarat polls".
  14. "Gujarat Kolis demand bigger share in BJP".
  15. "Gujarat Adivasi protests over 'misuse of quota benefits' could hurt BJP's election arithmetic".
  16. "Why dalits get little political representation in Gujarat".
  17. "Gujarat's Muslims out of poll picture in elections 2017".
  18. "ABP News Opinion Poll: BJP set to sweep Gujarat". ABP Live. 31 Aug 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  19. "Gujarat Opinion Poll: Pride for Gujarati PM biggest challenge for Congress alliance". ABP Live. 24 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  20. "Gujarat Assembly elections 2017: Times Now-VMR opinion survey gives BJP the upper hand". Times Now. 25 Oct 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  21. "Gujarat Opinion Poll: BJP set to retain its saffron fortress, Congress improves vote share". ABPLive. 9 Nov 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  22. "Gujarat Opinion Poll: BJP set to retain its saffron fortress, Congress improves vote share". ABPLive. 4 Dec 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  23. "Gujarat Assembly Elections 2017: Times Now-VMR opinion survey predicts BJP victory". Times Now. 6 Dec 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  24. "Gujarat Assembly Elections 2017: Jan Ki Baat Poll Survey Predicts BJP Victory In Gujarat". Republic TV. 6 Dec 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  25. "Exit polls predict BJP victory in Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh". Business Standard. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  26. "Gujarat Assembly Elections 2017 Exit Poll: BJP Set To Retain Power In Gujarat". Republic TV. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  27. http://www.thehindu.com/elections/when-nota-edged-past-national-parties-in-gujarat/article21831255.ece
  28. https://web.archive.org/web/20200604075649/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-congress-mlas-resign-race-wide-open-for-fourth-rajya-sabha-seat-6442068/
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