2006 Cook County, Illinois elections
The Cook County, Illinois general election was held on November 7, 2006.[1]
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Turnout | 49.85% | |
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Primaries were held March 21, 2006.[2][3]
Elections were held for Cook County Assessor, Cook County Clerk, Cook County Sheriff, Cook County Treasurer, President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, all 17 seats of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, Cook County Board of Review districts 1 and 2, three seats on the Water Reclamation District Board, judgeships in the Circuit Court of Cook County.
Election information
2006 was a midterm election year in the United States. The primaries and general elections for Cook County races coincided with those for congressional and those for state elections.
Voter turnout
Voter turnout in Cook County during the primaries was 31.67%, with 860,941 ballots cast. Among these, 713,040 Democratic, 141,476 Republican, 80 Green, 80 Libertarian, 6 Honesty & Integrity, and 6,256 nonpartisan primary ballots were cast. The city of Chicago saw 38.58% turnout and suburban Cook County saw 25.00% turnout.[4][5][6]
The general election saw 49.85% turnout, with 1,350,918 ballots cast. The city of Chicago saw 49.25% turnout and suburban Cook County saw 50.45% turnout.[4][1][7]
Assessor
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Turnout | 46.37%[1][8][4] | |||||||||||||||
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In the 2006 Cook County Assessor election, incumbent second-term Assessor James Houlihan, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | James Houlihan (incumbent) | 492,077 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 492,077 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Ralph Conner | 101,053 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 101,053 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | James Houlihan (incumbent) | 1,010,400 | 80.41 | |
Republican | Ralph Conner | 246,186 | 19.59 | |
Total votes | 1,256,586 | 100 |
Clerk
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Turnout | 47.24%[1][8][4] | |||||||||||||||
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In the 2006 Cook County Clerk election, incumbent fourth-term Clerk David Orr, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | David D. Orr (incumbent) | 520,407 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 520,407 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Nancy Carlson | 103,878 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 103,878 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | David D. Orr (incumbent) | 1,034,263 | 80.78 | |
Republican | Nancy Carlson | 246,044 | 19.22 | |
Total votes | 1,280,307 | 100 |
Sheriff
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Turnout | 46.53%[1][8][4] | |||||||||||||||
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In the 2006 Cook County Sheriff election, incumbent fourth-term Sheriff Michael F. Sheahan, a Democrat, did not seek reelection.[9] Democrat Tom Dart was elected to succeed him.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Thomas J. Dart | 331,318 | 61.91 | |
Democratic | Sylvester E. Baker, Jr. | 133,944 | 25.03 | |
Democratic | Richard L. Remus | 69,899 | 13.06 | |
Total votes | 535,161 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Peter Garza | 102,795 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 102,795 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Thomas J. Dart | 942,113 | 74.70 | |
Republican | Peter Garza | 319,011 | 25.30 | |
Total votes | 1,261,124 | 100 |
Treasurer
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Turnout | 47.38%[1][8][4] | |||||||||||||||
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In the 2006 Cook County Treasurer election, incumbent second-term Treasurer Maria Pappas, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Maria Pappas (incumbent) | 521,488 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 521,488 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Erik Peck | 101,372 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 101,372 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Maria Pappas (incumbent) | 1,074,756 | 83.70 | |
Republican | Erik Peck | 209,253 | 16.30 | |
Total votes | 1,284,009 | 100 |
President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners
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Turnout | 47.50%[1][8][4] | |||||||||||||||
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In the 2006 President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners election, incumbent President Todd Stroger, a Democrat appointed following the resignation of his father John Stroger, was elected to a full term. Originally, then-incumbent John Stroger had been running for reelection, winning the Democratic primary, before backing-out and also resigning from the presidency.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | John H. Stroger, Jr. (incumbent) | 318,634 | 53.52 | |
Democratic | Forrest Claypool | 276,682 | 46.48 | |
Total votes | 595,316 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Tony Peraica | 104,807 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 104,807 | 100 |
General election
Suffering health ailments, John Stroger was removed from the ticket in June and replaced by his son Todd Stroger.[10] John Stroger retired in August, and Bobbie L. Steele was appointed to fill out the remainder of his term.[11]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Todd H. Stroger | 690,945 | 53.68 | |
Republican | Tony Peraica | 596,212 | 46.32 | |
Total votes | 1,287,157 | 100 |
Cook County Board of Commissioners
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All 17 seats on the Cook County Board of Commissioners 9 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||
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The 2006 Cook County Board of Commissioners election saw all seventeen seats of the Cook County Board of Commissioners up for election to four-year terms.
Fifteen members were reelected. One incumbent Democrat withdrew from their election after being renominated, while one incumbent Republican lost his primary. No seat changed parties.
1st district
Incumbent second-term Commissioner Earlean Collins, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Earlean Collins (incumbent) | 39,232 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 39,232 | 100 |
Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary.[2][3] The Republican Party ultimately nominated Henrietta S. Butler.[12]
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Earlean Collins (incumbent) | 69,621 | 91.68 | |
Republican | Henrietta S. Butler | 6,320 | 8.32 | |
Total votes | 75,941 | 100 |
2nd district
Incumbent commissioner Robert Steele, a Democrat, was reelected. He had been appointed to succeed his mother Bobbie L. Steele, after they were appointed President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Robert B. Steele (incumbent) | 15,777 | 56.71 | |
Democratic | Desiree Grode | 7,852 | 28.23 | |
Democratic | Frank M. Bass | 3,461 | 12.44 | |
Democratic | Erold Elysee | 729 | 2.62 | |
Total votes | 27,819 | 100 |
Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary.[2][3] The Republican Party ultimately nominated Scott W. Kummer.[8]
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Robert B. Steele (incumbent) | 59,668 | 88.18 | |
Green | Scott W. Kummer | 7,996 | 11.82 | |
Total votes | 67,664 | 100 |
3rd district
Incumbent Commissioner Jerry Butler, a Democrat who first assumed the office in 1985, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Jerry "Iceman" Butler (incumbent) | 46,216 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 46,216 | 100 |
Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary.[2][3] The Republican Party ultimately nominated Maurice Perkins.[8]
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Jerry "Iceman" Butler (incumbent) | 73,932 | 89.86 | |
Republican | Marie J. "Jenny" Wohadlo | 8,340 | 10.14 | |
Total votes | 82,272 | 100 |
4th district
Then-incumbent Commissioner John Stroger originally sought reelection, winning the Democratic primary, but backed-out due to health issues (and also resigned his seat), and was replaced as Democratic nominee by William Beavers, who went to win the general election.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | John Stroger, Jr. (incumbent) | 55,244 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 55,244 | 100 |
Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary.[2][3] Ultimately, the Republican Party nominated Ann Rochelle Hunter.[8]
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | William Beavers (incumbent) | 78,252 | 91.54 | |
Republican | Ann Rochelle Hunter | 7,234 | 8.46 | |
Total votes | 85,486 | 100 |
5th district
Incumbent third-term Commissioner Deborah Sims, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Deborah Sims (incumbent) | 32,103 | ||
Democratic | Dian M. Powell | 12,156 | ||
Total votes | 44,259 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Deborah Sims (incumbent) | 74,988 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 74,988 | 100 |
6th district
Incumbent first-term Commissioner Joan Patricia Murphy, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Joan Patricia Murphy (incumbent) | 16,338 | 56.52 | |
Democratic | Nicholas K. Chambers | 7,013 | 24.26 | |
Democratic | Robert L. Ryan, Jr. | 5,558 | 19.23 | |
Total votes | 28,909 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Michael Hawkins | 7,190 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 7,190 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Joan Patricia Murphy (incumbent) | 56,814 | 73.93 | |
Republican | Michael Hawkins | 20,038 | 26.07 | |
Total votes | 76,852 | 100 |
7th district
Incumbent fifth-term Commissioner Joseph Mario Moreno, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Joseph Mario Moreno (incumbent) | 13,320 | 69.87 | |
Democratic | Albert Martinez | 2,894 | 15.17 | |
Democratic | Leonard "Len" Dominguez | 2,867 | 15.03 | |
Total votes | 19,081 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Joseph Mario Moreno (incumbent) | 29,779 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 29,779 | 100 |
8th district
Incumbent third-term Commissioner Roberto Maldonado, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Roberto Maldonado (incumbent) | 18,409 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 18,409 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Roberto Maldonado (incumbent) | 38,795 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 38,795 | 100 |
9th district
Incumbent third-term Commissioner Peter N. Silvestri, a Republican, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Jodi L. Biancalana | 16,485 | 58.41 | |
Democratic | Bruce Best | 11,738 | 41.59 | |
Total votes | 28,223 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Peter N. Silvestri (incumbent) | 11,474 | 85.48 | |
Republican | Daniel S. Kollman | 1,949 | 14.52 | |
Total votes | 13,423 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Peter N. Silvestri (incumbent) | 47,881 | 56.61 | |
Democratic | Jodi L. Biancalana | 36,701 | 43.39 | |
Total votes | 84,582 | 100 |
10th district
Incumbent second-term Commissioner Mike Quigley, a Democrat, was reelected, running unopposed in both the Democratic primary and general election.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Mike Quigley (incumbent) | 26,207 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 26,207 | 100 |
Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary.[3]
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Mike Quigley (incumbent) | 62,905 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 62,905 | 100 |
11th district
Incumbent Commissioner John P. Daley, a Democrat in office since 1992, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | John P. Daley (incumbent) | 45,864 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 45,864 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Carl Segvich | 4,046 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 4,046 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | John P. Daley (incumbent) | 65,846 | 79.49 | |
Republican | Carl Segvich | 16,986 | 20.51 | |
Total votes | 82,832 | 100 |
12th district
Incumbent first-term Commissioner Forrest Claypool, a Democrat, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Forrest Claypool (incumbent) | 26,567 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 26,567 | 100 |
Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary.[3]
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Forrest Claypool (incumbent) | 57,709 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 57,709 | 100 |
13th district
Incumbent first-term Commissioner Larry Suffredin, a Democrat, was reelected, running unopposed in both the Democratic primary and general election.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Larry Suffredin (incumbent) | 28,280 | ||
Total votes | 28,280 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Larry Suffredin (incumbent) | 71,801 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 71,801 | 100 |
14th district
Incumbent second-term Commissioner Gregg Goslin, a Republican, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Democratic primary.[2] The Democratic Party ultimately nominated Michelene "Mickie" Polk.[13]
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Gregg Goslin (incumbent) | 17,523 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 17,523 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Gregg Goslin (incumbent) | 49,400 | 53.80 | |
Democratic | Michelene "Mickie" Polk | 42,426 | 46.20 | |
Total votes | 91,826 | 100 |
15th district
Incumbent eighth-term[11] Commissioner Carl Hansen, a Republican, sought reelection, but was defeated in the Republican primary by Tim Schneider, who went on to win the general election.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Jim Steven Dasakis | 10,345 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 10,345 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Timothy O. Schneider | 7,293 | 51.08 | |
Republican | Carl R. Hansen (incumbent) | 6,984 | 48.92 | |
Total votes | 14,277 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Timothy O. Schneider | 35,696 | 52.67 | |
Democratic | Jim Steven Dasakis | 32,075 | 47.33 | |
Total votes | 67,771 | 100 |
16th district
Incumbent first-term Commissioner Tony Peraica, a Republican, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | William Edward Gomolinski | 17,570 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 17,570 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Tony Peraica (incumbent) | 12,035 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 12,035 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Tony Peraica (incumbent) | 35,605 | 51.04 | |
Democratic | William Edward Gomolinski | 34,154 | 48.96 | |
Total votes | 69,759 | 100 |
17th district
Incumbent first-term Commissioner Elizabeth Ann Doody Gorman, a Republican, was reelected.
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Thomas "Tommy" Kraus | 18,900 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 18,900 | 100 |
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Elizabeth "Liz" Doody Gorman (incumbent) | 12,035 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 12,035 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Elizabeth "Liz" Doody Gorman (incumbent) | 49,425 | 55.60 | |
Democratic | Thomas "Tommy" Kraus | 39,473 | 44.40 | |
Total votes | 88,898 | 100 |
Cook County Board of Review
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2 of 3 seats on the Cook County Board of Review 2 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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In the 2006 Cook County Board of Review election, two seats, one Democratic-held and one Republican-held, out of its three seats were up for election.
The Cook County Board of Review has its three seats rotate the length of terms. In a staggered fashion (in which no two seats have coinciding two-year terms), the seats rotate between two consecutive four-year terms and a two-year term.[14]
1st district
Incumbent second-term member Maureen Murphy, a Republican last reelected in 2002, lost reelection to Democrat Brendan F. Houlihan. This election was to a four-year term.[14]
Primaries
Democratic
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Democratic primary.[2][3] The Democratic Party ultimately nominated Brendan F. Houlihan.[8]
Republican
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Republican | Maureen Murphy (incumbent) | 76,100 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 76,100 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Brendan F. Houlihan | 245,227 | 51.48 | |
Republican | Maureen Murphy (incumbent) | 231,153 | 48.52 | |
Total votes | 476,380 | 100 |
2nd district
Incumbent second-term member Joseph Berrios, a Democrat last reelected in 2002, was reelected. Berrios had not only served since the Board of Review was constituted in 1998, but had also served on its predecessor organization, the Cook County Board of (Tax) Appeals, for ten years. This election was to a two-year term.[14]
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Joseph Berrios (incumbent) | 132,358 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 132,358 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Joseph Berrios (incumbent) | 294,148 | 100.00 | |
Total votes | 294,148 | 100 |
Water Reclamation District Board
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3 of 9 seats on the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago 5 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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In the 2006 Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago election, three of the nine seats on the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago board were up for election in an at-large race.[2][3][3] Since three six-year seats were up for election, voters could vote for up to three candidates and the top-three finishers would win.
Incumbent commissioner, Democrat Terrence J. O'Brien, was reelected.[15] Winners also included newly-elected Democrats Debra Shore and Patricia Horton.[16][17] The two incumbents who did not seek reelection were James Harris and Harry "Bus" Yourell.[18]
Primaries
Democratic
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Debra Shore | 225,051 | 17.30 | |
Democratic | Terrence J. O'Brien (incumbent) | 215,757 | 16.59 | |
Democratic | Patricia Horton | 165,669 | 12.74 | |
Democratic | James "Jim" Harris | 162,951 | 12.53 | |
Democratic | Frank Avila | 149,299 | 11.48 | |
Democratic | Dean T. Maragos | 114,683 | 8.82 | |
Democratic | Lewis W. Powell, III | 110,335 | 8.48 | |
Democratic | Barrett F. Pedersen | 92,293 | 7.10 | |
Democratic | Boguslaw "Bogie" Stefanski | 64,580 | 4.97 | |
Total votes | 1,300,618 | 100 |
General election
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
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Democratic | Debra Shore | 864,967 | 39.49 | |
Democratic | Terrence J. O'Brien (incumbent) | 680,723 | 31.08 | |
Democratic | Patricia Horton | 644,875 | 29.44 | |
Total votes | 2,190,565 | 100 |
Judicial elections
Partisan elections were held for 27 judgeships on the Circuit Court of Cook County, due to vacancies.[1] Other judgeships had retention elections.
Partisan elections were also held for 15 subcircuit courts judgeships due to vacancies.[1] Other judgeships had retention elections.
See also
Notes
References
- "Cook County and the City of Chicago Combined Summary Report November 2006 General Election Tuesday, November 7th, 2006" (PDF). Cook County Clerk's Office. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- "2006 Primary Election March 21, 2006 Summary Report Suburban Cook County" (PDF). Cook County Clerk's Office. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- "TABULATED STATEMENT OF THE RETURNS AND PROCLAMATION OF THE RESULTS OF THE CANVASS OF THE ELECTION RETURNS FOR THE GENERAL PRIMARY ELECTION HELD IN EACH OF THE PRECINCTS IN ALL THE WARDS IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO ON TUESDAY MARCH 21, 2006 A.D." (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- "Voter Registration and Turnout 1990 - 2019 | Cook County Clerk's Office". www.cookcountyclerk.com. Cook County Clerk. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- "2006 Primary Election March 21, 2006 Summary Report Suburban Cook County OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF). Cook County Clerk. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- "CITY OF CHICAGO, ILLINOIS PRIMARY ELECTION TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 2, 2010 STATISTICS" (PDF). chicagoelections.com. Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- "TABULATED STATEMENT OF THE RETURNS AND PROCLAMATION OF THE RESULTS OF THE CANVASS OF THE ELECTION RETURNS FOR THE GENERAL ELECTION IN EACH OF THE PRECINCTS IN ALL THE WARDS IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 2006 A.D." (PDF). Chicago Board of Elections. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- "TABULATED STATEMENT OF THE RETURNS AND PROCLAMATION OF THE RESULTS OF THE CANVASS OF THE ELECTION RETURNS FOR THE GENERAL ELECTION HELD IN EACH OF THE PRECINCTS IN ALL THE WARDS IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 2007 A.D." (PDF). Chicago Board of Election Comissioners. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- Briggs, Johnathon E.; Ciokajlo, Mickey (27 November 2005). "GOP taps candidate for county sheriff". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- Todd Stroger wins dad's ballot spot Chicago Sun-Times, July 19, 2006.
- Pohl, Kimberly (3 February 2010). "Longtime Cook Co. Board member Carl Hansen dies -- Daily Herald". prev.dailyherald.com. Daily Herald. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- "Suburban Cook County Election Results". results.cookcountyclerk.com. Cook County Clerk. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- "Suburban Cook County Election Results". results.cookcountyclerk.com. Cook County Clerk. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- "35 ILCS 200/5-5". ilga.gov. Government of Illinois. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- Fore, Allison (16 November 2012). "North Side Water Reclamation Plant is renamed to Terrence J. O'Brien Water Reclamation Plant". Chicago Heights, IL Patch. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- "Debra Shore". Ballotpedia.
- "City clerk candidate Patricia Horton". Chicago Sun-Times. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- Hayes, Christopher (27 October 2005). "Running on Water". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 17 March 2020.