1989 Chicago mayoral special election

The Chicago mayoral election of 1989 saw Democratic nominee Richard M. Daley win election to the remainder of an unexpired mayoral term with a 14% margin of victory. This marked a return for the Daley family to the office of mayor. Daley was elected over Alderman Timothy Evans, the nominee of the newly formed Harold Washington Party, and the Republican nominee Ed Vrdolyak.[2]

1989 Chicago mayoral special election
April 4, 1989
Turnout68.3%[1] 5.78 pp
 
Candidate Richard M. Daley Timothy C. Evans
Party Democratic Harold Washington Party
Popular vote 577,141 428,105
Percentage 55.4% 41.1%
Mayor before election

Eugene Sawyer
Democratic

 Elected Mayor

Richard M. Daley
Democratic

Elections in Illinois

The election was held two years earlier than the next regularly scheduled mayoral election due of the death in office of Harold Washington. Eugene Sawyer had been appointed Mayor by the City Council to serve until the special election. He was unseated by Daley in the Democratic primary.

Background

A lawsuit was filed by an anti-Sawyer coalition of black activists and several Harold Washington supporters demanding a special election be held as soon as possible.[3]

On May 5, 1989, Eugene Wachowski, judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, argued that a special election would be required to be held in 1989 on the basis of three previous rulings by Circuit, Appellate, and Supreme Court judges and by a 1978 legislative debate from when the Illinois General Assembly passed the then-current election law.[4][5]

Nominations

Democratic primary

Richard M. Daley won the Democratic primary, defeating Eugene Sawyer, who had been appointed mayor by City Council following the death of Harold Washington. He also faced Sheila A. Jones[6] and James C. Taylor[6][7] (State Senator who had also been chief of staff in Jane Byrne's mayoral administration).[6]

Candidates
Withdrew
Denied ballot access

Campaign

While Daley was a poor public speaker, and sometimes a timid campaigner, he ran an effective campaign.[3] In 1983, he was widely viewed merely as the son of the former mayor Richard J. Daley.[3] In 1987, he had crafted an image of a strong public administrator.[3] Daley's campaign was run by two young consultants that had previously worked on Paul Simon's 1984 United States Senate campaign, David Wilhelm and David Axelrod.[3] His deputy campaign manager was Julie Hamos.[3] His fundraising was headed by John Schmidt and Paul Stepan.[3] Avis LaVelle served as his campaign press spokesperson.[3]

One of Sawyer's first missteps was his choice for campaign leadership. Sawyer's campaign was managed by Louisiana political consultant Reynard Rochon.[3][14] Rochon, being an outsider to Chicago politics, did not understand many important aspects of it.[3] Additionally, Rochon spent much of his time managing campaign doing so remotely from New Orleans.[3]

Sawyer was able to raise significant funds for his candidacy.[3]

Sawyer was a low-key individual, one to eschew interviews.[3]

A media consultant was brought from Boston to film campaign commercial's for Sawyer. Most of the ads filled were positive ads, highlighting the accomplishments of Sawyers brief tenure.[3] However, there were a few ads which attacked Daley, portraying him as stupid and unable to complete a sentence on his own.[3] The campaign overspent on media advertising, while failing to spend enough on literature, field operations, and lawn signs.[3]

Sawyer's campaign lacked a strong field operation.[3]

The African-American anti-Sawyer faction, members of which were responsible for the lawsuit which led to the special election being ordered, rallied around Evans, who they viewed as the proper heir to Harold Washington's political legacy.[3]

Evans' allies criticized Sawyer, such as Dorothy Tillman, who called the mayor an "Uncle Tom".[3] In addition to Tillman, another alderman in Evans' camp was Bobby Rush.[3] In July 1988, after months of attacks on him, Sawyer retaliated in July 1988 by stripping them of their committee chairmanships in a City Council restructuring.[3][15]

African American support was reported to be split between Sawyer and Evans before the latter was taken off of the ballot.[16] Sawyer attempted to broker a deal to get Evans to willingly withdraw from the primary.[3] This was to no avail.[3] However, in a stroke of luck for Sawyer, Evans was ultimately removed from the ballot.[16]

In December, Edward M. Burke withdrew from the race and endorsed Daley.[9][17][10] Just under two weeks before the day of the primary, alderman Lawrence S. Bloom withdrew his candidacy and endorsed Sawyer.[11] Bloom had entered the race in September 1988, and had originally started his campaign near the front of the pack, benefiting from what the press referred to as a "squeaky clean" reputation.[18]

During the campaign, Daley and sawyer avoided lodging personal attacks, and each called for racial harmony.[19]

Endorsements
Lawrence Bloom withdrew
Newspapers
Richard M. Daley
Officeholders
Individuals
Eugene Sawyer
Officeholders
  • Lawrence S. Bloom, Chicago alderman, formerly a candidate for mayor[11]
Individuals

Results
Democratic primary results[23]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard M. Daley 485,182 55.63
Democratic Eugene Sawyer (incumbent) 383,535 43.98
Democratic James C. Taylor 2,233 0.26
Democratic Sheila A. Jones 1,160 0.13
Total votes 872,110 100.00

Daley won a majority of the vote in 31 of the city's 50 wards, with Sawyer winning a majority of the vote in the remaining 19 wards.[23]

Results by ward[23]

Voter turnout was 200,000 less in the primary than it had been in the regularly-scheduled mayoral primary two years prior.[19] The decrease was even more pronounced in black neighborhoods than it had been in white neighborhoods.[19]

According to a The New York Times—WBBM-TV poll found that Daley received 91% of the white vote, to Sawyers 8%.[19] It found, in contrast, that Sawyer received 94% of the black vote, to Daley's 5%.[19] The poll also found that Jewish and Hispanic voters, who Sawyer had hoped to capture the support of, had strongly went for Daley.[19] It found that Daley got 83% of the Jewish vote, to Sawyer's 15%.[19] It also found that Daley got 84% of the Hispanic vote, to Sawyer's 15%.[19] Additionally, the poll found that three-fourths of whites that had previously voted for Harold Washington voted for Daley.[19]

Republican primary

Candidates
Write-in candidates
Withdrew
Denied ballot access

Campaign

Less than two weeks before the day of the primary election, a movement emerged to draft 1987 Illinois Solidarity Party nominee Edward Vrdolyak as a write-in candidate for the Republican primary.[11] Vrdolyak obliged, launching a last-minute a write-in campaign for the nomination only a week before the late February primary.[42][43] He narrowly defeated Herbert Sohn.[27] Sohn had held the backing of the Republican Party establishment.[44]

An additional candidate seeking the nomination, John Holowinski,[28] had withdrawn from the race in late January.[29] Former parks superintendent Edmund Kelly was another individual who was initially a candidate but withdrew before the primary.[30]

Harold Washington Party nomination

Timothy C. Evans, who had been unable to run for the Democratic nomination due to issues regarding his petition,[12] received the Harold Washington Party's nomination.

Independent candidates

Independent candidate Peter Davis Kauss saw his name excluded from the ballot due to issues with his petition.[45]

General election

Results

Daley won the election by a double-digit margin.

Daley became the fifth (and, currently, the most recent) mayor to come from the city's Bridgeport neighborhood (after Edward J. Kelly, Martin H. Kennelly, Richard J. Daley, and Michael Bilandic).[46]

Mayor of Chicago 1989 special election[47] (General Election)
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Richard M. Daley 576,620 55.42
Harold Washington Party Timothy C. Evans 427,954 41.13
Republican Edward Vrdolyak 35,964 3.46
Turnout 1,040,538

Daley carried a majority of the vote in 31 of the city's 50 wards, with Evans carrying a majority of the vote in the remaining 19 wards.[47]

Vroldyak only saw double-digit percentage of the votes in the 10th ward,[47] which he had previously represented as an alderman. Elsewhere he saw only single-digit percentage of the vote.[47]

Results by ward[47]
gollark: ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌
gollark: ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌
gollark: ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌
gollark: ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌
gollark: ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

References
  1. Denvir, Daniel (May 22, 2015). "Voter Turnout in U.S. Mayoral Elections Is Pathetic, But It Wasn't Always This Way". City Lab (The Atlantic). Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  2. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=123283
  3. Green, Paul M.; Holli, Melvin G. (10 January 2013). "The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition, fourth edition". SIU Press. pp. 218–221, 223, 226. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  4. Mount, Charles (7 May 1988). "MAYORAL ELECTION SET FOR 1989". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  5. Mount, Charles; Hardy, Thomas (7 May 1988). "JUDGE SETS 1989 RACE FOR MAYOR". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  6. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-03-20-9903200074-story.html JAMES TAYLOR, FORMER STATE SENATOR Diane Struzzi March 20, 1999
  7. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1473.PDF
  8. Lipinski, Ann Marie (16 February 1989). "TAYLOR`S STILL IN THE RUN, AND THAT`S NO JIVE". Chicago Tribune.
  9. Weinraub, Bernard (September 19, 1988). "Campaign Trail; In Chicago Politics, Never a Dull Moment". The New York Times. p. 16. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  10. "One Chicago candidate quits, throws his support to Daley". St. Petersburg Times. December 13, 1988.
  11. Schmidt, William E. (February 16, 1988). "Campaign Trail in Chicago's Mayoral Race Takes a Pair of Twists". New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  12. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1475.PDF
  13. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1464.PDF
  14. Dold, R. Bruce (25 December 1988). "SAWYER PUTS HOPES IN HANDS OF GAMBLER". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  15. "Chicago Mayor Purges Foes". The New York Times. The Associated Press. 15 July 1988. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  16. "The mayoral race swings into high gear | The Crusader Newspaper Group". Chicago Crusader. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  17. Neal, Steve (December 11, 1988). "Burke will drop mayor bid, likely back Daley". Chicago Sun-Times.
  18. https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/lawrence-bloom-for-mayor/Content?oid=872933
  19. Johnson, Dirk (1 March 1989). "Daley Wins Primary in Chicago; Mayoral Vote Is Racially Divided". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  20. Lipinski, Ann Marie (8 February 1989). "LAWRENCE BLOOM". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  21. Casuso, Jorge (13 February 1989). "GUTIERREZ`S TURNABOUT HAS HEADS SPINNING". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  22. McClell, Edward (19 February 2019). "The Last Time a Celebrity Backed a Mayoral Candidate, They Won". Chicago magazine. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  23. http://chicagodemocracy.org/ElectionResults.jsp?election=crdd_primary%2Cgis_entity_crdd_1989_Primary_Election%2Cil_chi_mayor_dem Election Results for 1989 Primary Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois (Democratic Party)
  24. http://chicagodemocracy.org/ElectionResults.jsp?election=crdd_primary%2Cgis_entity_crdd_1989_Primary_Election%2Cil_chi_mayor_rep Election Results for 1989 Primary Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois (Republican Party)
  25. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1456.PDF
  26. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1472.PDF
  27. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1466.PDF
  28. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1469.PDF
  29. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-01-28-8903010026-story.html
  30. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-09-29-8802030065-story.html
  31. "Ald. Stone In Runoff For Second Time". CBS Chicago. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  32. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1463.PDF
  33. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1470.PDF
  34. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1468.PDF
  35. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1462.PDF
  36. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1471.PDF
  37. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1460.PDF
  38. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1461.PDF
  39. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1467.PDF
  40. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1465.PDF
  41. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1459.PDF
  42. https://articles.latimes.com/1989-02-23/news/mn-222_1_republican-primary
  43. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/23/us/ex-democrat-joins-chicago-s-gop-race.html
  44. "Daley Defeats Sawyer in Mayor Race in Chicago". Los Angeles Times. 1 March 1989. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  45. https://app.chicagoelections.com/documents/Electoral-Board/document_1455.PDF
  46. Political History of Bridgeport
  47. "Election Results for 1989 Special Election, Mayor, Chicago, Illinois".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.