1993 Spanish general election

The 1993 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 6 June 1993, to elect the 5th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 256 seats in the Senate.

1993 Spanish general election

6 June 1993
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 256) seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered	31,030,511 4.8%
Turnout	23,718,816 (76.4%) 6.7 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Felipe González José María Aznar Julio Anguita Party PSOE PP IU Leader since 28 September 1979 4 September 1989 12 February 1989 Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid Last election 177 seats, 40.1%[lower-alpha 1] 107 seats, 25.8% 17 seats, 9.1% Seats won 159 141 18 Seat change 18 34 1 Popular vote 9,150,083 8,201,463 2,253,722 Percentage 38.8% 34.8% 9.6% Swing 1.3 pp 9.0 pp 0.5 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Miquel Roca Iñaki Anasagasti Luis Mardones Party CiU EAJ/PNV CC Leader since 4 July 1982 1986 18 April 1986 Leader's seat Barcelona Biscay Santa Cruz de Tenerife Last election 18 seats, 5.0% 5 seats, 1.2% 1 seats, 0.3% Seats won 17 5 4 Seat change 1 0 3 Popular vote 1,165,783 291,448 207,077 Percentage 4.9% 1.2% 0.9% Swing 0.1 pp ±0.0 pp 0.6 pp
Constituency results map for the Congress of Deputies Autonomous community results map for the Congress of Deputies
Prime Minister before election Felipe González PSOE Elected Prime Minister Felipe González PSOE

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party under Felipe González achieved the largest number of votes and seats for the fourth consecutive time, though it lost the absolute majority it had held in both chambers of the Cortes since 1982. In contrast, José María Aznar's People's Party won a large share of the vote, thus increasing their seats in both the Congress and the Senate and consolidating its position as the main opposition party. For the first time since 1979, the election brought in a hung parliament, forcing the governing PSOE to seek the support of nationalist groups in order to renew its mandate and secure a fourth term in government.

In the aftermath of the election, the PSOE saw itself under increased pressure due both to political instability as a result of its low majority (relying on increasingly unstable pacts with Convergence and Union to pass its legislation) and of the uncovering of numerous cases of corruption within the government itself. The pact with CiU would end in the fall of 1995, forcing González to call early elections 15 months before their scheduled date, which would see the opposition People's Party win for the first time.

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[1][2] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[3]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[1][4] The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[5]

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[1][4]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the prime minister did not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The decree was to be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication. The previous election was held on 29 October 1989, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 29 October 1993. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 5 October 1993, with the election taking place on the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Saturday, 4 December 1993.[4][6]

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[1] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, there being no precedent of separate elections and with governments having long preferred that elections for the two chambers of the Cortes take place simultaneously.

Status at dissolution

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 13 April 1993, after the publication of the dissolution Decree in the Official State Gazette.[7] The tables below show the status of the different parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[8][9]

Congress of Deputies Parliamentary group Dep. Socialist Group 175[lower-alpha 2] People's Group in the Congress 106[lower-alpha 3] Convergence and Union Catalan Group 18[lower-alpha 4] United Left–Initiative for Catalonia Group 17[lower-alpha 5] CDS Group 12 PNV Basque Group 5 Mixed Group 17[lower-alpha 6] Total 350

Senate Parliamentary group Sen. Socialist Group 128[lower-alpha 7] People's Group 91[lower-alpha 8] Convergence and Union Catalan Group 14[lower-alpha 9] Basque Nationalist Senators Group 6 Mixed Group 15[lower-alpha 10] Total 254

Parties and alliances

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Party or alliance		Candidate		Ideology	Refs
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)[lower-alpha 11] Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)		Felipe González	Social democracy	[10] [11] [12]
	People's Party (PP) People's Party (PP) Navarrese People's Union (UPN)		José María Aznar	Conservatism Christian democracy	[13] [14]
	Convergence and Union (CiU) Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)		Miquel Roca	Catalan nationalism Centrism
	United Left (IU) United Left (IU) Initiative for Catalonia (IC) Galician Left (EG)		Julio Anguita	Socialism Communism
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)		Rafael Calvo Ortega	Centrism Liberalism	[15]
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)		Iñaki Anasagasti	Basque nationalism Christian democracy Conservative liberalism
	Popular Unity (HB)		Jon Idigoras	Basque independence Left-wing nationalism
	Andalusian Party (PA)		Salvador Pérez Bueno	Andalusian nationalism Social democracy
	Valencian Union (UV)		Vicente González Lizondo	Blaverism Conservatism
	Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) Basque Solidarity (EA) Basque Left (EuE)		Xabier Albistur	Basque nationalism Social democracy
	Aragonese Party (PAR)		José María Mur	Regionalism Centrism
	Canarian Coalition (CC) Canarian Independent Groups (AIC) Nationalist Canarian Initiative (ICAN) Independent Canarian Centre (CCI) Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) Majorera Assembly (AM)		Lorenzo Olarte	Regionalism Canarian nationalism Centrism
	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)		Pilar Rahola	Catalan independence Social democracy

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election

10-point average trend line of poll results from 29 October 1989 to 6 June 1993, with each line corresponding to a political party.

  PSOE

  PP

  IU

  CDS

  CiU

  PNV

Campaign

Election debates

1993 Spanish general election debates

Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)	P  Present[lower-alpha 12]    S  Surrogate[lower-alpha 13]
			PSOE	PP	Audience	Ref.
24 May	Antena 3	Manuel Campo Vidal	P González	P Aznar	61.8% (9,625,000)	[16] [17]
31 May	Tele 5	Luis Mariñas	P González	P Aznar	75.3% (10,526,000)	[16] [17]

Opinion polls

Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate

Debate	Polling firm/Commissioner	PSOE	PP	Tie	None	?
24 May	Demoscopia/El País[18]	21.0	50.0	29.0
	Opina/La Vanguardia[19]	18.4	42.5	8.1	13.9	17.2
	Sigma Dos/El Mundo[20]	28.0	49.8	22.2
31 May	Demoscopia/El País[21]	48.0	18.0	34.0
	Opina/La Vanguardia[22]	36.2	15.3	17.4	13.6	17.5

Results

Congress of Deputies

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 1993 Spanish general election (Congress).

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)^1	9,150,083	38.78	–1.33	159	–18
	People's Party (PP)	8,201,463	34.76	+8.97	141	+34
	United Left (IU)	2,253,722	9.55	+0.48	18	+1
	Convergence and Union (CiU)	1,165,783	4.94	–0.10	17	–1
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	414,740	1.76	–6.13	0	–14
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	291,448	1.24	±0.00	5	±0
	Canarian Coalition (CC)^2	207,077	0.88	+0.45	4	+3
	Popular Unity (HB)	206,876	0.88	–0.18	2	–2
	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	189,632	0.80	+0.39	1	+1
	The Greens (Verdes)	185,940	0.79	–0.11	0	±0
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	144,544	0.61	+0.26	1	±0
	Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE)	129,293	0.55	–0.12	1	–1
	Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)	126,965	0.54	+0.31	0	±0
	Valencian Union (UV)	112,341	0.48	–0.23	1	–1
	Andalusian Party (PA)	96,513	0.41	–0.63	0	–2
	The Ecologists (LE)	68,851	0.29	–0.38	0	±0
	Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)	54,518	0.23	–0.84	0	±0
	Andalusian Progress Party (PAP)	43,169	0.18	New	0	±0
	Valencian People's Union (UPV)	41,052	0.17	–0.03	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	30,068	0.13	–0.27	0	±0
	Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA)	27,005	0.11	New	0	±0
	Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE)	20,118	0.09	+0.05	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)	18,608	0.08	New	0	±0
	Alavese Unity (UA)	16,623	0.07	New	0	±0
	Liberal Independent Group (GIL)	16,452	0.07	New	0	±0
	Party of Gran Canaria (PGC)	15,246	0.06	New	0	±0
	Leonese People's Union (UPL)	13,097	0.06	New	0	±0
	Natural Law Party (PLN)	11,392	0.05	New	0	±0
	Asturianist Party (PAS)	11,088	0.05	+0.02	0	±0
	United Extremadura (EU)	10,653	0.05	±0.00	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)	10,233	0.04	–0.27	0	±0
	Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP)	10,053	0.04	New	0	±0
	Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE)	9,249	0.04	–0.06	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	8,834	0.04	–0.04	0	±0
	Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR)	8,667	0.04	±0.00	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	8,000	0.03	–0.09	0	±0
	Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)^3	7,991	0.03	–0.03	0	±0
	Riojan Party (PR)	7,532	0.03	New	0	±0
	Aragonese Union (CHA)	6,344	0.03	+0.01	0	±0
	Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG)	4,663	0.02	New	0	±0
	Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)	4,647	0.02	New	0	±0
	Galician Alternative (AG)	3,286	0.01	New	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)	3,063	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL)	2,715	0.01	New	0	±0
	Party of El Bierzo (PB)	2,681	0.01	New	0	±0
	Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx)	2,086	0.01	New	0	±0
	Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES)	1,959	0.01	New	0	±0
	Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)	1,917	0.01	–0.01	0	±0
	Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI)	1,644	0.01	New	0	±0
	Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV)	1,517	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI)	1,415	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	People's Palentine Group (APP)	1,410	0.01	New	0	±0
	Rainbow (Arcoiris)	1,407	0.01	New	0	±0
	The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA)	1,375	0.01	New	0	±0
	Cantonal Party (PCAN)	1,300	0.01	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)	1,193	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE)	1,178	0.00	New	0	±0
	Tenerife Assembly (ATF)	1,159	0.00	New	0	±0
	Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)	1,155	0.00	New	0	±0
	Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC)	1,009	0.00	New	0	±0
	Castilianist Union (UC)	949	0.00	New	0	±0
	Andecha Astur (AA)	787	0.00	New	0	±0
	Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA)	747	0.00	New	0	±0
	Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA)	715	0.00	New	0	±0
	Progressive Front of Spain (FPE)	641	0.00	New	0	±0
	Union of Autonomies (UDLA)	594	0.00	New	0	±0
	Socialist October (OS)	540	0.00	New	0	±0
	Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu)	528	0.00	New	0	±0
	Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP)	466	0.00	New	0	±0
	Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE)	416	0.00	New	0	±0
	Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG)	408	0.00	New	0	±0
	Party of The People (LG)	385	0.00	New	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC)	383	0.00	New	0	±0
	Federated Independents of Aragon (IF)	303	0.00	New	0	±0
	Radical Balearic Party (PRB)	282	0.00	New	0	±0
	Tagoror Party (Tagoror)	278	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)	267	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Socialdemocrat Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES)	244	0.00	New	0	±0
	Progressive Sorian Union (US)	98	0.00	New	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL)	70	0.00	–0.01	0	±0
	Initiative for Ceuta (INCE)	42	0.00	New	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
	Coalition for Free Canaries (CCL)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
	Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)	0	0.00	–0.02	0	±0
	Freixes Independent Group (Freixes)	0	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		188,679	0.80	+0.11
Total		23,591,864			350	±0
Valid votes		23,591,864	99.46	+0.20
Invalid votes		126,952	0.54	–0.20
Votes cast / turnout		23,718,816	76.44	+6.70
Abstentions		7,311,695	23.56	–6.70
Registered voters		31,030,511
Sources[23][24]

Popular vote PSOE   38.78% PP   34.76% IU   9.55% CiU   4.94% CDS   1.76% EAJ/PNV   1.24% CC   0.88% HB   0.88% ERC   0.80% PAR   0.61% EA–EUE   0.55% UV   0.48% Others   3.97% Blank ballots   0.80%

Seats PSOE   45.43% PP   40.29% IU   5.14% CiU   4.86% EAJ/PNV   1.43% CC   1.14% HB   0.57% ERC   0.29% PAR   0.29% EA–EUE   0.29% UV   0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and coalitions		Directly elected		Reg. app.	Total
		Seats	+/−
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	96	–11	21	117
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	90	–11	19	109
	Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)	6	±0	2	8
	People's Party (PP)	93	+15	13	106
	People's Party (PP)^1	90	+14	13	103
	Navarrese People's Union (UPN)	3	+1	0	3
	Convergence and Union (CiU)	10	±0	5	15
	Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)	7	–1	4	11
	Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)	3	+1	1	4
	Canarian Coalition (CC)	5	+1	1	6
	Canarian Independent Groups (AIC)	2	±0	1	3
	Nationalist Canarian Initiative (ICAN)	1	+1	0	1
	Majorera Assembly (AM)	1	±0	0	1
	Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)	1	±0	0	1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	3	–1	2	5
	United Left (IU)	0	–1	2	2
	Popular Unity (HB)	1	–2	0	1
	Aragonese Party (PAR)	0	±0	1	1
	Basque Solidarity (EA)	0	±0	1	1
	Riojan Party (PR)	0	±0	1	1
	Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV)	0	±0	1	1
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	0	–1	0	0
Total		208	±0	48	256
Sources[9][24][25][26]

Seats PSOE   45.70% PP   41.41% CiU   5.86% CC   2.34% EAJ/PNV   1.95% IU   0.78% HB   0.39% PAR   0.39% EA   0.39% PR   0.39% ENV   0.39%

Aftermath

Investiture Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot →		9 July 1993
Required majority →		176 out of 350 Y
	Yes • PSOE (159) • CiU (17) • PNV (5)	181 / 350
	No • PP (141) • IU–IC (17) • CC (4) • ERC (1) • EA (1) • UV (1)	165 / 350
	Abstentions • PAR (1)	1 / 350
	Absentees • HB (2) • IU–IC (1)	3 / 350
Sources[27]

Notes

1. Aggregated data for PSOE and EE in the 1989 election.
2. 155 PSOE, 20 PSC.
3. 104 PP, 2 UPN.
4. 13 CDC, 5 UDC.
5. 14 IU, 3 IC.
6. 4 HB, 2 PA, 2 UV, 2 EA, 2 EE, 1 PAR, 1 AIC, 3 independents (2 ex-CDS, 1 ex-PP).
7. 103 PSOE, 8 PSC.
8. 88 PP, 2 UPN, 1 UM.
9. 11 CDC, 3 UDC.
10. 5 CC–AHI, 3 IU, 3 HB, 1 CDS, 1 EA, 1 PAR, 1 ENV.
11. Includes the newly-formed Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) from the merge of the Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) and Basque Country Left (EE).
12. Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
13. Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.

Bibliography

• Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Volume 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.

References

1. "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
2. "Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66". congreso.es (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
3. Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, pp. 1077.
4. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 December 2016.
5. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
6. "El 3 de diciembre de 1993, última fecha posible para las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). 18 November 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
7. "Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (88): 10581–10582. 13 April 1993. ISSN 0212-033X.
8. "Parliamentary Groups in the Congress of Deputies and Senate". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
9. "Senate Composition 1977-2019". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
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11. "Socialistas y Euskadiko Ezkerra ponen en marcha su proyecto de fusión". El País (in Spanish). 1 January 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
12. "318 afiliados de Euskadiko Ezkerra aprueban la fusión con el PSE-PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 22 February 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
13. "El PP desaparece en Navarra al fusionarse con Unión del Pueblo Navarro". El País (in Spanish). 18 March 1991. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
14. "Aznar será proclamado candidato del PP a La Moncloa el 16 de enero". El País (in Spanish). 30 November 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
15. "Calvo Ortega, candidato". El País (in Spanish). 20 September 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
16. "Cinco debates en 11 elecciones: del 'desastre' de Felipe a la 'niña' de Rajoy". El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 October 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
17. "Los debates González - Aznar, entre las emisiones más vistas de la historia de Antena 3 y Telecinco". FormulaTV (in Spanish). 21 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
18. "Triunfo claro de Aznar en el primer debate". El País (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
19. "Aznar superó a González en el debate". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
20. "Las encuestas de "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia" y "El País" dan el triunfo a Aznar". ABC (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
21. "Victoria neta de González sobre Aznar en el segundo cara a cara televisivo". El País (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
22. "González ganó por 20,9 puntos a Aznar". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
23. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1993. National totals". www.infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
24. "General election 6 June 1993". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
25. "Electoral Results Consultation. Senate. June 1993. National totals". www.infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
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27. "Congress of Deputies: Most important votes". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 28 September 2017.