1923 Spanish general election

The 1923 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 29 April and on Sunday, 13 May 1923, to elect the 20th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.[1]

1923 Spanish general election
29 April 1923 (Congress)
13 May 1923 (Senate)
All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate
205 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Manuel García Prieto José Sánchez Guerra Francesc Cambó
Party Lib–Ref Conservative LRC
Leader since 1913 1921 1917
Leader's seat Senator for life Cabra Barcelona
Last election 128 seats[lower-alpha 1] 174 seats 14 seats
Seats won 222[lower-alpha 2] 93[lower-alpha 2] 20
Seat change 94 81 6
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Juan de la Cierva Antonio Maura Alejandro Lerroux
Party Ciervists PM PRR
Leader since 1914 1913 1908
Leader's seat Mula Palma Barcelona
Last election 23 seats 24 seats 8 seats
Seats won 18 12 7
Seat change 5 12 1
Prime Minister before election

Manuel García Prieto
Liberal

 Elected Prime Minister

Manuel García Prieto
Liberal

This would be the last election under the turno system, as the Cortes would be dissolved and the Constitution suspended as a result of a military coup in September 1923 staged by Captain General Miguel Primo de Rivera. Primo de Rivera would establish a dictatorship which would last until 1930. In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic would be proclaimed.

Overview

Background

The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of the turno pacífico (English: Peaceful Turn) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[2][3] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. Voting was compulsory except for those older than 70, the clergy, first instance judges and public notaries.[4]

For the Congress of Deputies, 173 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 44 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 236 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing ten seats or more, electors could vote for no more than four candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than eight seats and up to ten, for no more than three less; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, in single-member districts where candidates ran unopposed, as well as in multi-member districts where the number of candidates was equal or less than the number of seats to be filled, candidates were to be automatically proclaimed without an election. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 13 for Barcelona and Madrid, 6 for Valencia, 5 for La Coruña, Palma, Santander and Seville, 4 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Huelva, Jaén, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia and Oviedo and 3 for Alcázar de San Juan, Alcoy, Algeciras, Bilbao, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Castellón de la Plana, Ciudad Real, El Ferrol, Gijón, Granada, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, Lérida, Llerena, Lorca, Orense, Pamplona, Pontevedra, San Sebastián, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tarragona, Valladolid, Vera, Vigo and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[2][5][6][7]

For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[8][9]

Election date

The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[2][6][8]

Results

Congress of Deputies
← Summary of the 29 April 1923 Congress of Deputies election results
Parties and coalitions Seats
Seats +/−
Liberals and Reformists (Ministerials) (Lib–Ref) 222+94
Liberal Democrats (LD)1 89+44
Liberals (Romanonists) (L)1 48+14
Liberal Left (IL)1 2 46+18
Reformist Party (PR)1 18+9
Agrarian Liberals (Gassetists) (Lib.agr) 10+5
Nicetist Liberals (Lib.nic) 6+2
Independent Liberals (Lib.i) 4+1
Independent Reformists (Ref.i) 1+1
Total Liberals and Reformists 222+94
Liberal Conservative Party (PLC)1 2 93–81
Ciervist Conservatives (CC) 18–5
Maurist Party (PM) 12–12
Independent Conservatives (Cons.i) 1–2
Total Conservatives 124–100
Regionalist League of Catalonia (LRC) 20+6
Autonomist Monarchist Federation (FMA) 2–1
Basque Nationalist (NV) 1±0
Regionalists (Reg) 1–1
Total Regionalists and Nationalists 24+4
Radical Republican Party (PRR) 7–1
Radical Republican Party (PRR) 4–1
Republicans (Rep) 3±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 7+3
Catalan Republican Party (PRC) 3+1
Federal Democratic Republican Party (PRDF) 2±0
Catalan Nationalist Republicans (Rep.nac.cat) 2±0
Autonomist Republican Union Party (PURA) 1–1
Independent Republicans (Rep.i) 0–2
Total Republicans and Socialists 22±0
Traditionalist Communion (Jaimists) (CT) 4±0
Catholic Action Regional Group–Traditionalist Catholic Party (ARAC–PCT) 1–1
Integrist Party (PI) 1±0
Independent Catholics (Cató.i) 1±0
Total Carlists and Traditionalists 7–1
Basque Dynastics (Din.v)2 5+2
Agrarians (Agr) 1±0
Independents (Indep) 4+1
Total 409±0
Sources[10][11]
Seats (parties/coalitions)
Lib–Ref
 
 54.28%
PLC
 
 22.74%
LRC
 
 4.89%
CC
 
 4.40%
PM
 
 2.93%
PRR
 
 1.71%
PSOE
 
 1.71%
Din.v
 
 1.22%
CT
 
 0.98%
PRC
 
 0.73%
PRDF
 
 0.49%
FMA
 
 0.49%
Rep.nac.cat
 
 0.49%
ARAC–PCT
 
 0.24%
NV
 
 0.24%
Agr
 
 0.24%
PURA
 
 0.24%
PI
 
 0.24%
Cató.i
 
 0.24%
Reg
 
 0.24%
Cons.i
 
 0.24%
Indep
 
 0.98%
Seats (factions)
Liberals
 
 54.28%
Conservatives
 
 30.32%
Regionalists
 
 5.87%
Republicans
 
 5.38%
Carlists
 
 1.71%
Others
 
 2.44%

Notes
  1. Aggregated data for LD, L, IL, PR, Lib.agr, Lib.nic and Lib.i in the 1920 election.
  2. Includes deputies elected in Catalonia under the "National Monarchist Union" label.

Bibliography
  • Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Volume 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
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References
  1. "Royal decree declaring dissolved the Congress of Deputies and the elective part of the Senate; providing that the Cortes meet on 23 May; and that elections for Deputies are verified in all the provinces of the Monarchy on the 29th of the current month, and those of Senators on 13 May". Royal Decree of 6 April 1923 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  2. "Spanish Constitution of 1876". Act of 30 June 1876 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". senado.es (in Spanish). Senate of Spain. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  4. Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, pp. 1077.
  5. "Electoral Law for Deputies to Cortes of 1878". Electoral Law of 28 December 1878 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  6. "Electoral Law of 1907". Electoral Law of 8 August 1907 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  7. "Law of Electoral Division for Cortes deputy elections of 1913". Law of 23 October 1913 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  8. "Electoral Law for Senators of 1877". Electoral Law of 8 February 1877 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  9. "Royal decree declaring dissolved the Congress of Deputies and the elective part of the Senate". Royal Decree of 16 March 1899 (PDF). Gazette of Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  10. "Cortes election 29 April 1923". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  11. "Graphs and analysis: Elections in the Revolutionary Sexennium and the Restoration 1869-1923". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
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