1979 Spanish general election

The 1979 Spanish general election was held on Thursday, 1 March 1979, to elect the 1st Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as all 208 seats in the Senate.

1979 Spanish general election

1 March 1979
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and all 208 seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered	26,836,490 13.8%
Turnout	18,259,192 (68.0%) 10.8 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Adolfo Suárez Felipe González Santiago Carrillo Party UCD PSOE PCE Leader since 3 May 1977 13 October 1974 3 July 1960 Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid Last election 165 seats, 34.4% 124 seats, 33.8%[lower-alpha 1] 20 seats, 9.3% Seats won 168 121 23 Seat change 3 3 3 Popular vote 6,268,593 5,469,813 1,938,487 Percentage 34.8% 30.4% 10.8% Swing 0.4 pp 3.4 pp 1.5 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Manuel Fraga Jordi Pujol Blas Piñar Party CD CiU UN Leader since 9 October 1976 17 November 1974 1979 Leader's seat Madrid Barcelona Madrid Last election 16 seats, 8.4%[lower-alpha 2] 13 seats, 3.8%[lower-alpha 3] 0 seats, 0.4%[lower-alpha 4] Seats won 9 8 1 Seat change 7 5 1 Popular vote 1,094,438 483,353 378,964 Percentage 6.1% 2.7% 2.1% Swing 2.3 pp 1.1 pp 1.7 pp
Constituency results map for the Congress of Deputies Autonomous community results map for the Congress of Deputies
Prime Minister before election Adolfo Suárez UCD Elected Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez UCD

This was the first election held under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) remained the largest party, winning 168 of the 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 119 of the 208 seats in the Senate. As a result, Adolfo Suárez went on to form a minority government, depending on support from Manuel Fraga's Democratic Coalition, which experienced an electoral decline.

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a Prime Minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[1][2] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[3]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 3 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude.[4] Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 fixed among the constituencies in proportion to their populations, at a rate of approximately one seat per each 144,500 inhabitants or fraction greater than 70,000. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[1][5][6]

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated up to two years into the legislature. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[1][5][6]

The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election—needing to secure, in any case, the signature of 500 electors—. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within fifteen days of the election being called.[5]

Election date

The term of the Cortes elected in the 1977 election was not to be continued beyond 15 June 1981 in the event they were not dissolved earlier. An election was required to be held within from thirty to sixty days after the date of expiry of the Cortes Generales, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Friday, 14 August 1981.

The Prime Minister had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both Houses were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a Prime Minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[1][6]

Parties and leaders

Below is a list of the main parties and coalitions which contested the election:

Parties and coalitions		Ideology	Candidate
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	Centrism	Adolfo Suárez
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	Democratic socialism, Marxism	Felipe González
	Communist Party of Spain (PCE)	Eurocommunism	Santiago Carrillo
	Democratic Coalition (CD)	Conservatism	Manuel Fraga
	Convergence and Union (CiU)	Centrism, Catalan autonomism	Jordi Pujol
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	Christian democracy, Basque autonomism	Xabier Arzalluz
	Republican Left of Catalonia–National Front (ERC–FNC)	Left-wing nationalism, Catalan regionalism	Heribert Barrera
	National Union (UN)	Fascism, National Catholicism	Blas Piñar
	Basque Country Left (EE)	Socialism, Basque nationalism	Juan María Bandrés
	Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR)	Centrism, Aragonese regionalism	Hipólito Gómez de las Roces
	Popular Unity (HB)	Abertzale left, Basque independentism	Francisco Letamendia
	Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA)	Social democracy, Andalusian nationalism	Alejandro Rojas-Marcos
	Canarian People's Union (UPC)	Socialism, Canarian nationalism	Fernando Sagaseta
	Navarrese People's Union (UPN)	Conservatism, Navarrese regionalism	Jesús Aizpún

Opinion polls

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 176 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Congress of Deputies.

Color key:

  Exit poll

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size	Turnout							PNV		Lead
1979 general election	1 Mar 1979	N/A	68.0	34.8 168	30.4 121	10.8 23	6.1 9	[lower-alpha 5]	2.7 8	1.6 7	2.1 1	4.4
Government[p 1]	1 Mar 1979	?	?	34.6 168/172	29.8 114/118	10.8 25	5.5 8	[lower-alpha 5]	2.6 10	1.6 8	2.0 1	4.8
SFGPP/Ya[p 2]	26 Feb 1979	16,817	?	33.1 166	31.9 132	8.2 25	6.3 7	[lower-alpha 5]	–	? 8	–	1.2
Sofemasa/El País[lower-alpha 6][p 3][p 4][p 5]	19–21 Feb 1979	16,869	77.7	32.9 153	35.0 140	11.0 22	6.3 9	[lower-alpha 5]	1.8 5	1.7 7	2.3 2	2.1
PSOE[p 6]	18 Feb 1979	?	65	28.0– 32.0	31.0– 35.0	–	–	[lower-alpha 5]	–	–	–	3.0
Equipo Eidos/Europa Press[p 7]	12–14 Feb 1979	3,700	?	34.0 167	32.0 132	12.0 21	7.0 14	[lower-alpha 5]	2.9 7	1.6 7	–	2.0
RNC/ABC[lower-alpha 6][p 8]	7 Feb 1979	2,999	73	30.6	32.3	12.9	11.3	[lower-alpha 5]	–	2.7	–	1.7
PSOE[p 6]	1 Feb 1979	?	65	27.0– 32.0	32.0– 37.0	–	–	[lower-alpha 5]	–	–	–	5.0
Sofemasa/El País[p 9][p 10]	30–31 Jan 1979	2,000	?	30.6	33.5	9.3	3.7	[lower-alpha 5]	–	–	1.8	2.9
ICSA–Gallup/El Periódico[p 11]	2–29 Nov 1978	2,200	?	27.3	38.7	10.8	3.8	[lower-alpha 5]	–	–	–	11.4
Sofemasa/El País[p 12][p 13]	9–11 Jun 1978	2,000	?	28.5	33.6	9.7	7.1	[lower-alpha 5]	–	–	–	5.1
Diario 16[p 14]	10 Mar 1978	?	79	29.0– 31.0	38.0– 40.0	6.0– 8.0	6.0– 8.0	6.0– 8.0	–	–	–	9.0
1977 general election	15 Jun 1977	N/A	78.8	34.4 165	29.3 118	9.3 20	8.3 16	4.5 6	2.8 11	1.6 8	0.5 0	5.1

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Polling firm/Commissioner	Fieldwork date	Sample size							PNV		?	N	Lead
1979 general election	1 Mar 1979	N/A	23.4	20.4	7.2	4.1	[lower-alpha 5]	1.8	1.1	1.4	N/A	32.0	4.4
RNC/ABC[p 8]	7 Feb 1979	2,999	19.0	20.0	8.0	7.0	[lower-alpha 5]	–	1.7	–	38.0		1.0
ICSA–Gallup/ABC[p 8]	7 Feb 1979	2,600	19.0	29.0	6.0	8.0	[lower-alpha 5]	[lower-alpha 7]	–	1.0	30.0		10.0
Sofemasa/El País[p 9]	30–31 Jan 1979	2,000	18.4	21.0	5.9	2.3	[lower-alpha 5]	–	–	1.1	32.3	8.8	2.6
ICSA–Gallup/Informaciones[7]	1–16 Feb 1978	2,035	17.2	27.8	4.9	2.9	5.7	2.2	1.0	–	33.6		10.6
ICSA–Gallup/Informaciones[7]	1–16 Dec 1977	2,037	17.8	28.2	6.1	3.4	5.0	1.6	1.5	–	30.2		10.4
ICSA–Gallup/Informaciones[8]	18 Nov 1977	2,134	18.2	30.5	5.8	3.1	5.7	3.0	2.0	–	26.5		12.3
ICSA–Gallup/Diario 16[9]	17–29 Oct 1977	2,134	17.0	32.4	6.6	3.1	6.0	2.9	1.7	0.4	24.3		15.4
ICSA–Gallup/Informaciones[7]	3–14 Oct 1977	1,944	17.3	31.4	6.3	3.0	6.1	2.9	1.9	–	25.4		14.1
1977 general election	15 Jun 1977	N/A	26.8	22.8	7.3	6.4	3.5	2.2	1.3	0.4	N/A	21.2	4.0

Results

Congress of Deputies

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 1979 Spanish general election (Congress).

← Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	6,268,593	34.84	+0.40	168	+3
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)^1	5,469,813	30.40	–3.44	121	–3
	Communist Party of Spain (PCE)	1,938,487	10.77	+1.44	23	+3
	Democratic Coalition (CD)	1,094,438	6.08	–2.33	9	–7
	Democratic Coalition (CD)^2	1,060,330	5.89	–2.05	9	–6
	Foral Union of the Basque Country (UFPV)^3	34,108	0.19	–0.29	0	–1
	Convergence and Union (CiU)^4	483,353	2.69	–1.06	8	–5
	National Union (UN)^5	378,964	2.11	+1.54	1	+1
	Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA)	325,842	1.81	New	5	+5
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	296,597	1.65	+0.03	7	–1
	Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)^6	192,798	1.07	+0.40	0	±0
	Popular Unity (HB)^7	172,110	0.96	+0.72	3	+3
	Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)	138,487	0.77	+0.22	0	±0
	Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)^8	127,517	0.71	+0.29	0	±0
	Navarrese Left Union (UNAI)	10,970	0.06	–0.07	0	±0
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)^9	133,869	0.74	+0.05	0	±0
	Republican Left of Catalonia–National Front of Catalonia (ERC–FNC)^10	123,452	0.69	–0.10	1	±0
	Basque Country Left (EE)	85,677	0.48	+0.14	1	±0
	Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC)	84,856	0.47	+0.28	0	±0
	Galician National-Popular Bloc (BNPG)	60,889	0.34	+0.22	0	±0
	Canarian People's Union (UPC)	58,953	0.33	New	1	+1
	Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN)	56,582	0.31	New	0	±0
	Galician Unity (PG–POG–PSG)^11	55,555	0.31	+0.16	0	±0
	Republican Left (IR)	55,384	0.31	New	0	±0
	Carlist Party (PC)	50,552	0.28	+0.23	0	±0
	Communist Organization–Communist Unification (OCEBR–UCE)	47,937	0.27	New	0	±0
	Workers' Communist Party (PCT)	47,896	0.27	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR)^12	38,042	0.21	+0.01	1	±0
	Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)^13	36,662	0.20	–0.02	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A))	30,252	0.17	–0.08	0	±0
	Navarrese People's Union (UPN)	28,248	0.16	New	1	+1
	Coalition for Aragon (PSAr–PSDA)	19,220	0.11	New	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL)	16,016	0.09	New	0	±0
	Liberal Party (PL)	15,774	0.09	New	0	±0
	Valencian Regional Union (URV)	15,694	0.09	New	0	±0
	Nationalist Party of the Valencian Country (PNPV)	13,828	0.08	New	0	±0
	Spanish Ruralist Party (PRE)	10,324	0.06	New	0	±0
	Party of the Canarian Country (PPC)	10,099	0.06	New	0	±0
	Socialists of Majorca and Menorca (SMiM)	10,022	0.06	New	0	±0
	Syndicalist Party (PSIN)	9,777	0.05	New	0	±0
	Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE)	7,126	0.04	New	0	±0
	Catalan State (EC)	6,328	0.04	New	0	±0
	Cantonal Party (PCAN)	6,290	0.03	New	0	±0
	Independent Candidacy of the Countryside (CIC)	6,115	0.03	New	0	±0
	Social Christian Democracy of Catalonia (DSCC)	4,976	0.03	–0.02	0	±0
	Proverist Party (PPr)	4,939	0.03	±0.00	0	±0
	Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)	4,826	0.03	New	0	±0
	Communist League (LC)	3,614	0.02	New	0	±0
	Asturian Nationalist Council (CNA)	3,049	0.02	New	0	±0
	Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA)	2,736	0.02	New	0	±0
	Pro-Austerity Policy Political Party (PIPPA)	2,409	0.01	New	0	±0
	Workers and Peasants Party (POC)	2,314	0.01	New	0	±0
	Independent Candidates of Melilla (CIME)	1,820	0.01	New	0	±0
	Falangist Unity–Independent Spanish Phalanx (UF–FI–AT)	1,188	0.01	New	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx–Falangist Unity (FE–UF)	876	0.00	New	0	±0
	Centre Independent Candidacy (INDEP)	n/a	n/a	–0.16	0	–1
Blank ballots		57,267	0.32	+0.07
Total		17,990,915			350	±0
Valid votes		17,990,915	98.53	–0.04
Invalid votes		268,277	1.47	+0.04
Votes cast / turnout		18,259,192	68.04	–10.79
Abstentions		8,577,298	31.96	+10.79
Registered voters		26,836,490
Sources[10][11]

Popular vote UCD   34.84% PSOE   30.40% PCE   10.77% CD   6.08% CiU   2.69% UN   2.11% PSA–PA   1.81% EAJ/PNV   1.65% PTE   1.07% HB   0.96% ERC–FNC   0.69% EE   0.48% UPC   0.33% PAR   0.21% UPN   0.16% Others   5.43% Blank ballots   0.32%

Seats UCD   48.00% PSOE   34.57% PCE   6.57% CD   2.57% CiU   2.29% EAJ/PNV   2.00% PSA–PA   1.43% HB   0.86% UN   0.29% ERC–FNC   0.29% EE   0.29% UPC   0.29% PAR   0.29% UPN   0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 1 March 1979 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and coalitions		Directly elected		Reg. app.	Total
		Seats	+/−
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	118	+12	0	118
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	117	+11	0	117
	Union of the Centre of Catalonia (UCC)	1	+1	0	1
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)^1	61	+8	0	61
	New Agreement (PSC–ERC)	10	+2	0	10
	Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)^2	8	+1	0	8
	Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)	2	+1	0	2
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	8	+2	0	8
	Democratic Coalition (CD)	3	+1	0	3
	People's Alliance (AP)	3	+1	0	3
	Liberal Citizens Action (ACL)	0	±0	0	0
	Progressive Democratic Party (PDProg)	0	±0	0	0
	Group of Independent Electors (ADEI)^3	3	–1	0	3
	For the Agreement (PSUC–PTC)	1	–3	0	1
	Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC)	1	–3	0	1
	Party of Labour of Catalonia (PTC)	0	±0	0	0
	Convergence and Union (CiU)	1	–1	0	1
	Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)	1	–1	0	1
	Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)	0	±0	0	0
	Popular Unity (HB)	1	+1	0	1
	Menorcan Progressive Candidacy (PSM–PSOE–PCIB–PTI)	1	+1	0	1
	Independents (INDEP)	1	+1	0	1
	Independent Progressives and Socialists (PSI)	0	–6	0	0
	Democratic Left (ID)	0	–5	0	0
	Aragonese Candidacy of Democratic Unity (CAUD)	0	–2	0	0
	Galician Democratic Candidacy (CDG)	0	–2	0	0
	Communist Party of Spain (PCE)	0	–1	0	0
	Liberal Alliance (AL)	0	–1	0	0
	Xirinacs Electoral Group (AE Xirinacs)	0	–1	0	0
	Socialist Unification of the Basque Country (ESEI)	0	–1	0	0
	Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR)	0	–1	0	0
	Basque Country Left (EE)	0	–1	0	0
	Majorera Assembly (AM)	0	–1	0	0
Total		208	+1	0	208
Sources[11][12][13][14]

Seats UCD   56.73% PSOE   29.33% PSC–ERC   4.81% EAJ/PNV   3.85% CD   1.44% ADEI   1.44% PSUC–PTC   0.48% CiU   0.48% HB   0.48% CPMen   0.48% INDEP   0.48%

Aftermath

Government formation

Investiture Adolfo Suárez (UCD)
Ballot →		30 March 1979
Required majority →		176 out of 350 Y
	Yes • UCD (168) • CD (8) • PSA–PA (5) • PAR (1) • UPN (1)	183 / 350
	No • PSOE (94) • PCE–PSUC (23) • PSC (16) • PNV (6) • PSE (6) • UN (1) • ERC (1) • EE (1) • UPC (1)	149 / 350
	Abstentions • CiU (8)	8 / 350
	Absentees • PSOE (4) • HB (3) • PSC (1) • CD (1) • PNV (1)	10 / 350
Sources[15]

1980 motion of no confidence

Further information: 1980 vote of no confidence in the government of Adolfo Suárez

Motion of no confidence Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot →		30 May 1980
Required majority →		176 out of 350 N
	Yes • PSOE (97) • PCE–PSUC (23) • PSC (17) • PSE (6) • PSA–PA (5) • ERC (1) • EE (1) • UPC (1) • Independent (1)	152 / 350
	No • UCD (166)	166 / 350
	Abstentions • CD (9) • CiU (7) • Independents (2) • FN (1) • PAR (1) • UPN (1)	21 / 350
	Absentees • PNV (7) • HB (3) • CiU (1)	11 / 350
Sources[15]

1980 motion of confidence

Motion of confidence Adolfo Suárez (UCD)
Ballot →		18 September 1980
Required majority →		Simple Y
	Yes • UCD (165) • CiU (8) • PSA–PA (5) • Independents (2)	180 / 350
	No • PSOE (97) • PCE–PSUC (23) • PSC (16) • CD (9) • PNV (7) • PSE (6) • FN (1) • EE (1) • UPC (1) • PAR (1) • UPN (1) • Independent (1)	164 / 350
	Abstentions • ERC (1) • Independent (1)	2 / 350
	Absentees • HB (3) • PSC (1)	4 / 350
Sources[15]

1981 investiture

Investiture Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (UCD)
Ballot →		21 February 1981	23 February 1981	25 February 1981
Required majority →		176 out of 350 N	Simple	Simple Y
	Yes • UCD (165) • CD (9) (3 on 21 Feb) • CiU (9) (on 25 Feb) • PAR (1) (on 25 Feb) • UPN (1) • UA (1) (on 25 Feb)	169 / 350	Cancelled (as a result of the 23-F coup d'etat attempt)	186 / 350
	No • PSOE (95) • PCE–PSUC (23) • PSC (16) • PNV (7) • PSE (6) • PSA–PA (4) • Independents (3) • FN (1) • ERC (1) • EE (1) • UPC (1)	158 / 350		158 / 350
	Abstentions • CiU (9) (on 21 Feb) • CD (6) (on 21 Feb) • PAR (1) (on 21 Feb) • UA (1) (on 21 Feb)	17 / 350		0 / 350
	Absentees • HB (3) • PSOE (2) (1 on 21 Feb) • PSC (1) • PSA–PA (1) (on 21 Feb)	6 / 350		6 / 350
Sources[15]

Notes

1. Aggregated data for PSOE and PSP–US in the 1977 election.
2. Aggregated data for AP and DIV in the 1977 election.
3. Aggregated data for PDC and UCiDCC in the 1977 election.
4. Aggregated data for AN18 and FN in the 1977 election.
5. Within PSOE.
6. Undecided and/or abstentionists excluded.
7. Within UCD.

Bibliography

• Carreras de Odriozola, Albert; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Volume 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. pp. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.

References

Opinion poll sources

1. "El Gobierno estima en 170 los escaños de UCD y en 116 los del PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 2 March 1979.
2. "UCD, 166 escaños; PSOE, 132" (PDF). Diario 16 (in Spanish). 23 February 1979.
3. "Apretada victoria de UCD frente a los socialistas, que gana posiciones". El País (in Spanish). 6 February 1979.
4. "Izquierdas y derechas se reparten el electorado casi al cincuenta por ciento" (PDF). El País (in Spanish). 27 February 1979.
5. "Votos y posibles escaños en cada provincia" (PDF). El País (in Spanish). 27 February 1979.
6. "El PSOE se prepara para gobernar" (PDF). Diario 16 (in Spanish). 23 February 1979.
7. "UCD aventaja al PSOE en dos puntos". ABC (in Spanish). 22 February 1979.
8. "Dos sondeos electorales en ABC". ABC (in Spanish). 7 February 1979.
9. "Equilibrio entre UCD y PSOE, con ligera ventaja socialista". El País (in Spanish). 6 February 1979.
10. "Centristas y socialistas se distancian del resto de las fuerzas políticas" (PDF). El País (in Spanish). 6 February 1979.
11. "Ante las municipales: PSOE, 38,7%; UCD, 27,3%". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 17 December 1978.
12. "El PSOE aventaja a UCD". El País (in Spanish). 15 June 1978.
13. "Aumenta la tendencia hacia la izquierda y existen muchos indecisos" (PDF). El País (in Spanish). 15 June 1978.
14. "¿Crisis del "suarismo"?" (PDF). Diario 16 (in Spanish). 10 March 1978.

Other

1. "Spanish Constitution of 1978". Act of 29 December 1978. Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
2. "Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66". congreso.es (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
3. Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, pp. 1077.
4. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
5. "Electoral Rules Decree of 1977". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977. Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
6. "Constitution" (PDF). congreso.es. Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
7. "Suben los indecisos y baja la izquierda" (PDF). Informaciones (in Spanish). 28 February 1978.
8. "Avance socialista ante las elecciones municipales" (PDF). Informaciones (in Spanish). 18 November 1977.
9. "El 57 por 100 de los españoles, de izquierdas" (PDF). Diario 16 (in Spanish). 4 January 1978.
10. "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 1979. National totals". www.infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
11. "General election 1 March 1979". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
12. "Electoral Results Consultation. Senate. March 1979. National totals". www.infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
13. "Senate Election 1979". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
14. "Senate Composition 1977-2017". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
15. "Congress of Deputies: Most important votes". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 28 September 2017.