1794

1794 (MDCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1794th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 794th year of the 2nd millennium, the 94th year of the 18th century, and the 5th year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1794, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century 18th century 19th century
Decades:	1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s
Years:	1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797

1794 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1794 MDCCXCIV
French Republican calendar	2–3
Ab urbe condita	2547
Armenian calendar	1243 ԹՎ ՌՄԽԳ
Assyrian calendar	6544
Balinese saka calendar	1715–1716
Bengali calendar	1201
Berber calendar	2744
British Regnal year	34 Geo. 3 – 35 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar	2338
Burmese calendar	1156
Byzantine calendar	7302–7303
Chinese calendar	癸丑年 (Water Ox) 4490 or 4430     — to — 甲寅年 (Wood Tiger) 4491 or 4431
Coptic calendar	1510–1511
Discordian calendar	2960
Ethiopian calendar	1786–1787
Hebrew calendar	5554–5555
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1850–1851
- Shaka Samvat	1715–1716
- Kali Yuga	4894–4895
Holocene calendar	11794
Igbo calendar	794–795
Iranian calendar	1172–1173
Islamic calendar	1208–1209
Japanese calendar	Kansei 6 (寛政６年)
Javanese calendar	1720–1721
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar	4127
Minguo calendar	118 before ROC 民前118年
Nanakshahi calendar	326
Thai solar calendar	2336–2337
Tibetan calendar	阴水牛年 (female Water-Ox) 1920 or 1539 or 767     — to — 阳木虎年 (male Wood-Tiger) 1921 or 1540 or 768

April 4: Battle of Racławice

Events

January–March

• January 13 – The U.S. Congress enacts a law providing for, effective May 1, 1795, a United States flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes, in recognition of the recent admission of Vermont and Kentucky as the 14th and 15th states.[1] A subsequent act restores the number of stripes to 13, but provides for additional stars upon the admission of each additional state.
• January 21 – King George III of Great Britain delivers the speech opening Parliament and recommends a continuation of Britain's war with France.
• February 4 – French Revolution: The French First Republic abolishes slavery.
• February 8 – Wreck of the Ten Sail on Grand Cayman.
• February 11 – The first session of the United States Senate is open to the public.
• March 4 – The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed by Congress for submission to the states for ratification.[2]
• March 11 – Canonsburg Academy (modern-day Washington & Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.[3]
• March 12 – General Antoni Madaliński, a commander of the National Cavalry in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, disobeys an order from the ruling Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia imposing demobilization, advancing his troops from Ostrołęka to Kraków.
• March 14 – Eli Whitney is granted a United States patent for the cotton gin.
• March 22 – Congress prohibits American ships from supplying slaves to any nation other than the United States, setting a penalty of forfeiture of the ship and a $2,000 fine.[2]
• March 23 – British troops capture Martinique from the French.[4]
• March 24 – Tadeusz Kościuszko makes his proclamation, starting the Kościuszko Uprising against the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussian Partition.
• March 26 – The U.S. lays a 60-day embargo on all shipping to and from Great Britain.[2]
• March 27
  • The United States Government authorizes the building of the first six United States Navy vessels (in 1797 the first three frigates, United States, Constellation (1797) and Constitution go into service), not to be confused with October 13, 1775, which is observed as the Navy's Birthday.
  • The U.S. Senate passes a rule ending its policy of closing all of its sessions to the public.[2]

April–June

• April 4 – Battle of Racławice: Polish supporters of the Kościuszko Uprising defeat forces of the Russian Empire.
• April 5 – French Revolution: Reign of Terror – Georges Danton is executed.
• April 17–19 – Kościuszko Uprising – Warsaw Uprising: The Polish people overthrow the Russian garrison in Warsaw.
• April 19 – Britain, Prussia and the Netherlands sign a treaty of alliance against France.[4]
• April 28 – Sardinian Vespers: The people of Cagliari in Sardinia oust the viceroy and his Piedmontese functionaries.
• April 29–May 1 – Battle of Boulou: The French defeat the Spanish and Portuguese forces.
• May 7 – French Revolution: Robespierre establishes the Cult of the Supreme Being as the new state religion of the French First Republic.
• May 8 – French Revolution: Reign of Terror – Chemist Antoine Lavoisier is tried, convicted and executed by guillotine in Paris, on the same day as with 27 co-defendants also associated with the former ferme générale.
• May 18 – Battle of Tourcoing: French troops defeat British forces.
• May 28–June 1 – The Glorious First of June (Battle of Ushant): The British win a crushing tactical victory over the French fleet, but the merchant convoy escorted by the French fleet arrives safely in France.
• June 1 – The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought: Britain is victorious in the first naval engagement between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars.
• June 4– British troops capture Port-au-Prince in Haiti from the French.[4]
• June 17
  • The Anglo-Corsican Kingdom is established.
  • Battle of Mykonos: The British Royal Navy captures French frigate Sibylle.
• June 24 – Bowdoin College is founded in Brunswick, Maine.

June 26: Battle of Fleurus

• June 26 – Battle of Fleurus: French forces defeat the Austrians and their allies, leading to permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and destruction of the Dutch Republic. French use of an observation balloon marks the first participation of an aircraft in battle.

July–September

• July 12 – Horatio Nelson loses the sight in his right eye, in the British Siege of Calvi in Corsica.
• July 13 – Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria.
• July 13–September 6 – Kościuszko Uprising: Siege of Warsaw – The Polish people resist a siege by armies of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia.
• July 17 – The sixteen Carmelite Martyrs of Compiègne are executed 10 days prior to the end of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror.

July 27: Robespierre and Saint-Just are arrested

• July 27 (9 Thermidor) – French Revolution – Thermidorian Reaction: Robespierre and Saint-Just are arrested on the orders of the French National Convention; they are executed the next day, ending the French Revolution's Reign of Terror.
• August 20 – Battle of Fallen Timbers in Northwestern Ohio: American troops under the command of General Anthony Wayne (nicknamed "Mad Anthony") defeat Native American tribes of the Western Confederacy. [2]
• August 21 – British troops capture Corsica following the bombardment by Nelson.[4]
• August 29 – Stonyhurst College is finally established as a Roman Catholic school in Lancashire, England, having had several European locations.
• September 10 – The University of Tennessee is established at Knoxville.
• September 28 – Austria, Britain and Russia ally against France.[4]

October–December

• October 2 – Battle of Aldenhoven between French forces and those of Austria.
• October 4 – In the first and only instance of an incumbent United States president leading men into battle, George Washington arrives at Carlisle, Pennsylvania to guide the U.S. Army's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion.[5] The rebels soon disperse and the insurrection collapses by the end of the month.
• October 10 – Battle of Maciejowice: Forces of the Russian Empire defeat Polish supporters of the Kościuszko Uprising; Tadeusz Kościuszko is wounded and captured.
• October 22 – Fort Wayne founded in what is now the U.S. state of Indiana.
• November 4 – Battle of Praga: Russian General Alexander Suvorov storms Warsaw in the war against the Polish Kościuszko Uprising and captures Praga, one of its suburbs, killing many civilians.
• November 14 – The first recorded meeting of the Franklin Literary Society is held at Canonsburg Academy (modern-day Washington & Jefferson College).[6]
• November 19 – The United States and Great Britain conclude the Jay Treaty, the basis for ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations.[2]
• November 20 – Battle of St-Laurent-de-la-Muga fought between French and Spanish forces.
• December 8 – The Great New Orleans Fire (1794) burns over 200 buildings in the French Quarter.
• December 23 – St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans is dedicated.

Date unknown

• Coffee is forbidden by royal decree in Sweden.[7]
• France occupies Aachen.
• The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, is formed by the Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire.
• Colombian Antonio Nariño translates and publishes the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
• Britain agrees to evacuate border forts in the Northwest Territory (roughly the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi) and thereby end British support for the Indians.
• The Oban distillery is built in Scotland.

Births

Antonio López de Santa Anna

Cornelius Vanderbilt

• January 7 – Eilhard Mitscherlich, German chemist (d. 1863)
• February 11 – Charlotta Eriksson, Swedish actor (d. 1862)
• February 20 – William Carleton, Irish novelist (d. 1869)
• February 21 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and President of Mexico (d. 1876)
• March 5
  • Robert Cooper Grier, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1870)
  • Joseph Livesey, English temperance movement campaigner (d. 1884)
• April 10 – Matthew Calbraith Perry, American commodore (d. 1858)
• April 11 – Edward Everett, American politician (d. 1865)
• May 17 – Anna Brownell Jameson, British writer (d. 1860)
• May 24 – William Whewell, English scientist, philosopher and historian of science (d. 1866)
• May 27 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (d. 1877)
• June 16 – María Trinidad Sánchez, heroine of the Dominican War of Independence (d. 1846)
• July 5 – Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist, inventor (d. 1851)
• July 7 – Frances Stackhouse Acton, British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist (d. 1881)
• July 18 – Feargus O'Connor, Irish political radical, Chartist leader (d. 1855)
• July 28 – Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1868)
• August 8 – Francesco Puccinotti, Italian pathologist (d. 1872)
• September 24 – Jeanne Villepreux-Power, French marine biologist (d. 1871)
• November 3 – William Cullen Bryant, American poet (d. 1878)
• November 10 – Robert Towns, merchant, founder of Townsville, Queensland, Australia (d. 1873)

Date unknown

• Caroline Howard Gilman, American author (d. 1888)
• Gustafva Lindskog, Swedish athlete (d. 1851)

Deaths

Antoine Lavoisier

Élisabeth of France

Maximilien Robespierre

Louis Antoine de Saint-Just

• January 4 – Nicolas Luckner, Marshal of France (executed) (b. 1722)
• January 6
  • Pierre Bouchet, French physician (b. 1752)
  • Maurice d'Elbée, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1752)
• January 8 – Justus Möser, German statesman (b. 1720)
• January 11 – Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich, English peeress (b. 1717)
• January 16 – Edward Gibbon, English historian (b. 1737)
• January 28 – Henri de la Rochejaquelein, French Revolutionary leader (b. 1772)
• January 31 – Mariot Arbuthnot, British admiral (b. 1711)
• February 10 – Jacques Roux, French priest (b. 1752)
• February 12 – Mahadaji Shinde, Maratha emperor of India (1764–1794)
• March 24 – Jacques Hébert, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1757)
• March 28 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher and political scientist (died in prison) (b. 1743)
• April 5
  • Georges Danton, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1759)
  • Camille Desmoulins, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1760)
  • Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1759)
  • Fabre d'Églantine, French dramatist, revolutionary (executed) (b. 1750)
  • François Joseph Westermann, French Revolutionary leader and general (executed) (b. 1751)
• April 13
  • Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1763)
  • Lucile Duplessis, wife of Camille Desmoulins (executed) (b. 1770)
• April 18 – Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1714)
• April 23 – Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, French statesman (executed) (b. 1721)
• April 27
  • James Bruce, Scottish explorer (b. 1730)
  • Sir William Jones, British philologist (b. 1746)
• May 8 – Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (executed) (b. 1743)
• May 10 – Élisabeth of France, French princess (executed) (b. 1764)[8]
• May 17 – Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 9th Baronet (b. 1752)
• May 27 – Mary Palmer, English writer (b. 1716)
• June 14 – Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland (b. 1718)
• June 17 – Marguerite-Élie Guadet, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1753)
• June 18
  • François Buzot, French Revolutionary leader (suicide) (b. 1760)
  • James Murray, British military officer, administrator
• June 19 – Richard Henry Lee, 12th President of the Continental Congress (b. 1732)
• June 25 – Jean-Olivier Briand, French-born Catholic bishop of Quebec (b. 1715)
• June 27
  • Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Austrian statesman (b. 1711)
  • Philippe de Noailles, French soldier (executed) (b. 1715)
  • Victor de Broglie, French soldier (executed) (b. 1756)
• July 13 – James Lind, British pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy (b. 1716)
• July 17 – John Roebuck, English inventor (b. 1718)
• July 23 – Alexandre de Beauharnais, French politician and general (executed) (b. 1760)
• July 25
  • André Chénier, French writer (executed) (b. 1762)
  • Joseph Frye, American general (b. 1712)
• July 28
  • Maximilien Robespierre, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1758)
  • Augustin Robespierre, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1763)
  • Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1767)
  • Jean-Baptiste de Lavalette, French general (executed) (b. 1753)
  • François Hanriot, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1761)
• August 6 – Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst, British politician (b. 1714)
• August 14 – Jacoba van den Brande, Dutch cultural personality (b. 1735)
• August 17 – Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach, politically active Electress of Bavaria (b. 1721)
• September 1 – Catherine Théot, French visionary (b. 1716)
• September 4 – John Hely-Hutchinson, Irish statesman (b. 1724)
• September 15 – Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1725)
• September 16 – Hester Bateman, English silversmith (bap. 1708)
• September 25 – Paul Rabaut, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1718)
• October 21
  • Francis Light, founder of the British colony of Penang (b. 1740)
  • Antoine Petit, French physician (b. 1722)
• November 3 – François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, French cardinal, statesman (b. 1715)
• November 9 – Thomas Walker, distinguished Virginia physician, explorer (b. 1715)
• November 15
  • Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach, German aristocrat (b. 1724)
  • John Witherspoon, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1723)
• November 22
  • John Alsop, American Continental Congressman (b. 1724)
  • Alison Cockburn, British poet (b. 1712)
• November 28
  • Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian army officer (b. 1730)
  • Sir James Tylney-Long, 7th Baronet, English politician (b. 1736)
• December 2 – Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost, German physician (b. 1715)
• December 12 – Meshullam Feivush Heller, Austrian Hasidic author (b. c. 1742)
• December 16 – Jean-Baptiste Carrier, French Revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1756)

In fiction

• In the graphic adventure game Day of the Tentacle, the character Hoagie is sent "200 years in the past" from 1994, arriving in Revolutionary America during the writing of the Constitution of the United States.
• Victorien Sardou's play Thermidor (1891) is set in this year.

References

1. "Flag of the United States". The Port Folio (July, 1818) p. 18.
2. Lossing, Benson John; Wilson, Woodrow, eds. (1910). Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909. Harper & Brothers. p. 170.
3. Coleman, Helen Turnbull Waite (1956). Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 204. OCLC 2191890.
4. Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1794". The People's Chronology. Thomson Gale. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
5. Hogeland, William (2015). The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty. Simon and Schuster. p. 213.
6. McClelland, W. C. (1903). "A History of Literary Societies at Washington & Jefferson College". The Centennial Celebration of the Chartering of Jefferson College in 1802. Philadelphia: George H. Buchanan and Company. pp. 111–132.
7. Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). The world of caffeine: the science and culture of the world's most popular drug. Psychology Press. pp. 92–3. ISBN 978-0-415-92722-2. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
8. "Elizabeth Of France | princess of France". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 19, 2020.