Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

Zelimkhan Abdulmuslimovich Yandarbiyev (Chechen: Яндарбин Абдулмуслиман-кIант Зелимхан Yandarbin Abdulmusliman-khant Zelimxan, Russian: Зелимхан Абдулмуслимович Яндарбиев, also spelled Yandarbiev) (September 12, 1952 – February 13, 2004) was a writer and a politician, who served as acting president of the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria between 1996 and 1997. In 2004 Yandarbiyev was assassinated while in exile in Qatar.

Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev
Зелимхан Яндарбиев
2nd President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
In office
April 21, 1996 – February 12, 1997
acting
Vice PresidentSaid-Khasanom Abumuslimov
Preceded byDzhokhar Dudayev
Succeeded byAslan Maskhadov
Prime Minister of Ichkeria
In office
21 April 1996 – 16 October 1996
Preceded byDzhokhar Dudayev
Succeeded byAslan Maskhadov
Personal details
BornSeptember 12, 1952
Vydrika, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
DiedFebruary 13, 2004(2004-02-13) (aged 51)
Doha, Qatar
Political partyVDP, NCChP
Spouse(s)Malika Yandarbiyeva
ProfessionWriter

An Islamist, he was perceived to be the most radical of the Chechen separatists, to the extant that Russian human rights activist Sergei Kovalev said that Aslan Maskhadov and even Shamil Basayev would be easier to negotiate with.[1]

Life

Originally a literary scholar, poet, and children's literature writer, Yandarbiyev became a leader in the Chechen nationalist movement as the Soviet Union began to collapse. In July 1989, he founded the Bart (Unity) Party, a democratic party that promoted the unity of Caucasian ethnic groups against "Russian imperialism".[2] In May 1990, he founded and led the Vainakh Democratic Party (VDP), the first Chechen political party, which was committed to an independent Chechnya. The VDP initially represented both Chechen and Ingush until their split after Chechnya's declaration of independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

In November 1990 he became the deputy chairman of the newly formed All-National Congress of the Chechen People (NCChP), which was led by Dzhokhar Dudayev and which ousted the Soviet-era leadership. With Dudayev, he signed an agreement with Ingush leaders splitting the joint Chechen-Ingush republic in two. In the first Chechen parliament, from 1991–1993, Yandarbiyev headed the media committee. In April 1993 he was appointed as the Vice President of Ichkeria by Dudayev.

In April 1996, following the assassination of his predecessor Dzhokhar Dudayev, he became the Acting President of Ichikeria. In late May 1996, Yandarbiyev headed a Chechen delegation that met President of Russia Boris Yeltsin and Prime Minister of Russia Viktor Chernomyrdin for peace talks at the Kremlin that resulted in the signature of a ceasefire agreement on May 27, 1996.[3]

In 1997, during the signing of the Russian-Chechen Peace Treaty in Moscow, Yandarbiyev famously forced his Russian counterpart President Yeltsin to change seats at a negotiating table so he would be received like a head of sovereign state. Yandarbiyev stood in the presidential election held in Chechnya in February 1997, but was defeated by the Chechen separatist top military leader, General Aslan Maskhadov, getting 10 per cent of the votes and landing third behind Maskhadov and Shamil Basayev. Together with Maskhadov, Yandarbiyev took part of signing of the "lasting" peace treaty in Moscow.[4] The two Chechen leaders fell out badly the following year, when Yandarbiyev was accused of being behind an assassination attempt against Maskhadov. In September 1998, Maskhadov publicly denounced Yandarbiyev, accusing him of importing the Islamic extremist philosophy of "Wahhabism" and of being responsible for "anti-state activities" including anti-government speeches and public meetings, as well as the organisation of illegal armed groups. Yandarbiyev subsequently joined forces with the hard-line Islamist opposition to Maskhadov's rule.

In August–September 1999, Yandarbiyev was assumed as a key figure behind the invasion by the Islamic International Brigade-led coalition of Islamist guerrillas on the neighboring Russian Republic of Dagestan. At the beginning of the Second Chechen War, Yandarbiyev traveled abroad to Afghanistan, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates and eventually settled in Qatar in 1999, where he sought to obtain Muslim support for the Chechen cause.

After being accused of involvement in the October 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis, Yandarbiyev was placed on Interpol's most wanted list and Russia made the first of several requests for extradition in February 2003, citing Yandarbiyev as a major international terrorist and financier of the al-Qaeda-backed Chechen resistance.[5] In June 2003, his name was consequently added to the United Nations Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee's blacklist of al-Qaeda-related suspects.[6] Yandarbiyev played a key role in directing funding from foundations in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf in order to support a radical Chechen faction dubbed the Special Purpose Islamic Regiment, a militant group responsible for the Moscow theater hostage crisis.[7] In January 2004 he was interviewed extensively in Qatar for the BBC Four documentary The Smell of Paradise, where the film-makers called him the "spiritual leader of the Chechens and a poet on the road to jihad."

Assassination
Main article: Assassination of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

On February 13, 2004, Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev was killed when a bomb ripped through his SUV in the Qatari capital, Doha. Yandarbiyev was fatally wounded and succumbed to his injuries on the way to the hospital.[8] His 13-year-old son Daud was in critical condition.[9] Some, but not all, reports said two of his bodyguards were killed in the blast as well, but this has not been confirmed.[10]

It was initially unclear who was responsible for the blast, but suspicion fell on Russian intelligence agencies SVR and GRU, both of which denied any involvement, and cited internal feuding among the Chechen rebel leadership. Aslan Maskhadov's separatist foreign ministry condemned the attack as a "Russian terrorist attack", comparing it to the 1996 attack that killed Dzhokhar Dudayev. The car bomb eventually led to Qatar's first counter-terrorism law, declaring lethal terrorist acts punishable by death or life imprisonment.

The day after the attack, Qatari authorities arrested three Russians in a Russian embassy villa. One of them, the first secretary of the Russian Embassy in Qatar, Aleksandr Fetisov, was released in March due to his diplomatic status. The remaining two, GRU agents Anatoly Yablochkov (also known as Belashkov) and Vasily Pugachyov (sometimes misspelled as Bogachyov), were charged with the assassination of Yandarbiyev, an assassination attempt of his son Daud Yandarbiyev, and smuggling weapons into Qatar. According to Moscow, Yablochkov and Pugachyov were secret intelligence agents sent to the Russian Embassy in Doha to collect information about global terrorism. Russia's acting Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov pledged state support to the suspects and declared that their imprisonment was illegal.[11] There were some speculations that Fetisov had been released in exchange for Qatari wrestlers detained in Moscow.[12]

The trial proceedings were closed to the public after the defendants claimed that the Qatari police had tortured them in the first days after their arrest, when they had been held incommunicado; the two Russians alleged that they had suffered beatings, sleep deprivation and attacks by guard dogs. Based on these torture allegations and the fact that the two officers were arrested within an extraterritorial compound belonging to the Russian Embassy, Russia demanded the immediate release of its citizens. They were represented by the attorney of the law firm founded by Nikolai Yegorov, a friend and fellow student of Vladimir Putin at Leningrad State University.[13] The Qatari prosecutors concluded that the suspects had received the order to eliminate Zelimkhan Yandarbiev from Sergei Ivanov personally.[14]

On June 30, 2004, both Russians were sentenced to life imprisonment; passing the sentence, the judge stated that they had acted on orders from the Russian leadership.[15][16][17]

The verdict of the Doha court caused severe tensions between Qatar and Russia, and on December 23, 2004, Qatar agreed to extradite the prisoners to Russia, where they would serve out their life sentences. The agents however received a heroes' welcome on returning to Moscow in January 2005 but disappeared from public view shortly afterwards. The Russian prison authorities admitted in February 2005 that they were not in jail and said that the sentence handed down in Qatar was "irrelevant" in Russia.[18]

Books

He wrote many books, consisting in poetry collections, children's literature as well "radical interpretation of the theory of jihad" with titles like Whose Caliphate? and Jihad.[19]

gollark: You can sequence a bunch of things which take a result and return a result-or-a-failure using `>>=`.
gollark: What? It has `Nothing`. That exists.
gollark: But if it's `Nothing`, it just returns `Nothing`.
gollark: The thing which makes it monady is that you can do `x >>= f`, which in this case takes a `Maybe` x, and if it is `Just a`, passes that `a` to `f`, which then returns another `Maybe`.
gollark: Anyway, ignoring LyricLy, the bee entity: `Maybe` can be `Just x`, representing that it has an x, or `Nothing`, representing that it contains *no* x. You can do `return`/`pure`, which gives you a `Just x` for any `x`.

References
  1. Felix Corley (14 February 2004), "Obituaries: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev", The Independent. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  2. Hughes, James (2007). Chechnya. From Nationalism to Jihad. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 19.
  3. "Chechens' Leader Signs Peace Pact with the Kremlin". The New York Times. May 28, 1996. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  4. "Yeltsin Signs Peace Treaty With Chechnya". The New York Times. May 13, 1997. Archived from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  5. Mark N. Katz. "Russia and Qatar". Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
  6. Ivan Yegorov (May 3, 2011). "Al Qaeda in Russia". Russia Today. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  7. "Blast kills exiled Chechen leader". CNN. February 13, 2004. Archived from the original on January 15, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  8. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4261459/ns/world_news/t/ex-chechen-president-dies-blast/#.XpbYYsgzbDc |retrieved= 15 March 2010
  9. Nick Paton Walsh (February 14, 2004). "Top Chechen separatist dies in Qatar bomb blast". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012.
  10. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4261459/ns/world_news/t/ex-chechen-president-dies-blast/#.XpbYYsgzbDc |retrieved= 15 March 2010
  11. Сергей Иванов обещал всеми способами добиваться освобождения задержанных в Катаре россиян [Sergei Ivanov has promised to strive for discharge of the Russian prisoners in Qatar]. Lenta.ru (in Russian). March 3, 2004. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  12. "Let Go". Kommersant. March 25, 2004. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  13. "The Origin of Putin's Oligarchy" (in Russian). October 11, 2005. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
  14. "Sergei Ivanov Tied to the Case of the Russians in Qatar". Kommersant. April 13, 2004. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  15. "Russia 'behind Chechen murder'". BBC News. June 30, 2004. Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  16. "Aslan Maskhadov Killed". Kommersant. March 9, 2005. Archived from the original on May 27, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  17. "Задержанные в Катаре – офицеры ГРУ". Gazeta.ru (in Russian). April 29, 2004. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  18. "Convicted Russia agents 'missing'". BBC News. February 17, 2005. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
  19. Andrew McGregor (15 July 2004), "The Assassination Of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev: Implications For The War On Terrorism" in Terrorism Monitor Volume: 2 Issue: 14
Political offices
Preceded by
Dzhokhar Dudaev
 President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

1996–1997		 Succeeded by
Aslan Maskhadov
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