Zane Grey

Pearl Zane Grey (January 31, 1872 – October 23, 1939) was an American author and dentist best known for his popular adventure novels and stories associated with the Western genre in literature and the arts; he idealized the American frontier. Riders of the Purple Sage (1912) was his best-selling book.

Zane Grey
BornPearl Zane Grey
(1872-01-31)January 31, 1872
Zanesville, Ohio, United States
DiedOctober 23, 1939(1939-10-23) (aged 67)
Altadena, California, United States
Resting placeLackawaxen and Union Cemetery, Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania
OccupationNovelist, dentist
NationalityAmerican
GenreWestern fiction
Signature

In addition to the commercial success of his printed works, his books have had second lives and continuing influence when adapted as films and television productions. His novels and short stories have been adapted into 112 films, two television episodes, and a television series, Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater.[1]

Biography

Early life

Pearl Zane Grey was born January 31, 1872, in Zanesville, Ohio. His birth name may have originated from newspaper descriptions of Queen Victoria's mourning clothes as "pearl grey."[2] He was the fourth of five children born to Alice "Allie" Josephine Zane, whose English Quaker immigrant ancestor Robert Zane came to the North American colonies in 1673, and her husband, Lewis M. Gray, a dentist.[3] His family changed the spelling of its last name to "Grey" after his birth. Later Grey dropped Pearl and used Zane as his first name.

He grew up in Zanesville, a city founded by his maternal grandfather, John McIntire, who had been gifted the land by Zane's maternal great-grandfather Ebenezer Zane, an American Revolutionary War patriot.

Both Zane and his brother Romer were active, athletic boys who were enthusiastic baseball players and fishermen.[4] From an early age, he was intrigued by history. Soon, he developed an interest in writing. His early interests contributed to his later writing success.[5] For example, his knowledge of history informed his first three novels, which recounted the heroism of ancestors who fought in the American Revolutionary War.[6]

As a child, Grey frequently engaged in violent brawls, probably related to his father’s punishing him with severe beatings. Though irascible and antisocial like his father, Grey was supported by a loving mother and found a father substitute. Muddy Miser was an old man who approved of Grey's love of fishing and writing, and who talked about the advantages of an unconventional life. Despite warnings by Grey's father to steer clear of Miser, the boy spent much time during five formative years in the company of the old man.[7]

Grey was an avid reader of adventure stories such as Robinson Crusoe and the Leatherstocking Tales, as well as dime novels featuring Buffalo Bill and Deadwood Dick. He was enthralled by and crudely copied the great illustrators Howard Pyle and Frederic Remington.[8] He was particularly impressed with Our Western Border, a history of the Ohio frontier that likely inspired his earliest novels.[9] Zane wrote his first story, Jim of the Cave, when he was fifteen. His father tore it to shreds and beat him.[10]

Due to shame from a severe financial setback in 1889 caused by a poor investment, Lewis Grey moved his family from Zanesville and started again in Columbus, Ohio.[11] While his father struggled to re-establish his dental practice, Zane Grey made rural house calls and performed basic extractions, which his father had taught him. The younger Grey practiced until the state board intervened. His brother Romer earned money by driving a delivery wagon.[12] Grey also worked as a part-time usher in a theater and played summer baseball for the Columbus Capitols, with aspirations of becoming a major leaguer.[13] Eventually, Grey was spotted by a baseball scout and received offers from many colleges. Romer also attracted scouts’ attention and went on to have a professional baseball career.[12]

University of Pennsylvania and baseball
Zane Grey at the University of Pennsylvania, 1895

Grey chose the University of Pennsylvania on a baseball scholarship, where he studied dentistry and joined Sigma Nu fraternity; he graduated in 1896. When he arrived at Penn, he had to prove himself worthy of a scholarship before receiving it. He rose to the occasion by coming in to pitch against the Riverton club, pitching five scoreless innings and producing a double in the tenth which contributed to the win.[14] The Ivy League was highly competitive and an excellent training ground for future pro baseball players. Grey was a solid hitter and an excellent pitcher who relied on a sharply dropping curve ball. When the distance from the pitcher's mound to the plate was lengthened by ten feet in 1894 (primarily to reduce the dominance of Cy Young's pitching), the effectiveness of Grey's pitching suffered. He was re-positioned to the outfield.[15] The short, wiry baseball player remained a campus hero on the strength of his timely hitting.[16]

He was an indifferent scholar, barely achieving a minimum average. Outside class he spent his time on baseball, swimming, and creative writing, especially poetry.[16] His shy nature and his teetotaling set him apart from other students, and he socialized little. Grey struggled with the idea of becoming a writer or baseball player for his career, but unhappily concluded that dentistry was the practical choice.

During a summer break, while playing "summer nines" in Delphos, Ohio, Grey was charged with, and quietly settled, a paternity suit. His father paid the $133.40 cost and Grey resumed playing summer baseball. He concealed the episode when he returned to Penn.[17]

Grey went on to play minor league baseball with several teams, including the Newark, New Jersey Colts in 1898[18] and also with the Orange Athletic Club for several years. His brother Romer Carl "Reddy" Grey (known as "R.C." to his family) did better and played professionally in the minor leagues. Romer played a single major league game in 1903 for the Pittsburgh Pirates.[19]

Dentistry

After graduating, Grey established his practice in New York City under the name of Dr. Zane Grey in 1896. It was a competitive area but he wanted to be close to publishers. He began to write in the evening to offset the tedium of his dental practice.[20] He struggled financially and emotionally. Grey was a natural writer but his early efforts were stiff and grammatically weak. Whenever possible, he played baseball with the Orange Athletic Club in New Jersey, a team of former collegiate players that was one of the best amateur teams in the country.[20]

Grey often went camping with his brother R.C. in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania, where they fished in the upper Delaware River. When canoeing in 1900, Grey met seventeen-year-old Lina Roth, better known as "Dolly." Dolly came from a family of physicians and was studying to be a schoolteacher.[21]

Marriage and family
The Zane Grey Museum in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania

After a passionate and intense courtship marked by frequent quarrels, Grey and Dolly married five years later in 1905. Grey suffered bouts of depression, anger, and mood swings, which affected him most of his life. As he described it, "A hyena lying in ambush—that is my black spell! I conquered one mood only to fall prey to the next ... I wandered about like a lost soul or a man who was conscious of imminent death."[22]

During his courtship of Dolly, Grey still saw previous girlfriends and warned her frankly,

But I love to be free. I cannot change my spots. The ordinary man is satisfied with a moderate income, a home, wife, children, and all that. ... But I am a million miles from being that kind of man and no amount of trying will ever do any good ... I shall never lose the spirit of my interest in women.[23]

After they married in 1905, Dolly gave up her teaching career. They moved to a farmhouse at the confluence of the Lackawaxen and Delaware rivers, in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania, where Grey's mother and sister joined them. (This house, now preserved and operated as the Zane Grey Museum, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.) Grey finally ceased his dental practice to work full-time on his nascent literary pursuits. Dolly's inheritance provided an initial financial cushion.[24]

Writing career
Picture taken by Zane Grey of Tse-ne-gat, one of the fighters during the Bluff War

While Dolly managed Grey's career and raised their three children, including son Romer Zane Grey, over the next two decades Grey often spent months away from the family. He fished, wrote, and spent time with his many mistresses. While Dolly knew of his behavior, she seemed to view it as his handicap rather than a choice. Throughout their life together, he highly valued her management of his career and their family, and her solid emotional support. In addition to her considerable editorial skills, she had good business sense and handled all his contract negotiations with publishers, agents, and movie studios. All his income was split fifty-fifty with her; from her "share," she covered all family expenses.[25] Their considerable correspondence shows evidence of his lasting love for her despite his infidelities and personal emotional turmoil.

The Greys moved to California in 1918. In 1920 they settled in Altadena, California, where Grey bought a prominent mansion on East Mariposa Street, known locally as "Millionaire's Row." Designed by architects Myron Hunt and Elmer Grey (no relation to the author), the 1907 Mediterranean-style house is acclaimed as the first fireproof home in Altadena, built entirely of reinforced concrete as prescribed by the first owner's wife. Grey summed up his feelings for the city: "In Altadena, I have found those qualities that make life worth living."[26]

In Altadena Grey also spent time with his mistress Brenda Montenegro. The two met while hiking Eaton Canyon. Of her he wrote,

I saw her flowing raven mane against the rocks of the canyon. I have seen the red skin of the Navajo, and the olive of the Spaniards, but her ... her skin looked as if her Creator had in that instant molded her just for me. I thought it was an apparition. She seemed to be the embodiment of the West I portray in my books, open and wild.[27]

With the help of Dolly's proofreading and copy editing, Grey gradually improved his writing. His first magazine article, "A Day on the Delaware," a human-interest story about a Grey brothers' fishing expedition, was published in the May 1902 issue of Recreation magazine.[28] Elated at selling the article, Grey offered reprints to patients in his waiting room.[29] In writing, Grey found temporary escape from the harshness of his life and his demons. "Realism is death to me. I cannot stand life as it is."[30] By this time, he had given up baseball.[31]

Grey read Owen Wister's great Western novel The Virginian. After studying its style and structure in detail, he decided to write a full-length work.[32] Grey had difficulties in writing his first novel, Betty Zane (1903). When it was rejected by Harper & Brothers, he lapsed into despair.[32] The novel dramatized the heroism of an ancestor who had saved Fort Henry. He self-published it, perhaps with funds provided by his wife Dolly or his brother R. C.'s wealthy girlfriend Reba Smith.[33] From the beginning, vivid description was the strongest aspect of his writing.[34]

Grey's novel The Roaring U.P. Trail was serialized in Blue Book in 1917

After attending a lecture in New York in 1907 by Charles Jesse "Buffalo" Jones, western hunter and guide who had co-founded Garden City, Kansas, Grey arranged for a mountain lion-hunting trip to the North Rim of the Grand Canyon.[35] He brought along a camera to document his trips and prove his adventures. He also began the habit of taking copious notes, not only of scenery and activities but of dialogue.[36] His first two trips were arduous, but Grey learned much from his compatriot adventurers. He gained the confidence to write convincingly about the American West, its characters, and its landscape. Treacherous river crossings, unpredictable beasts, bone-chilling cold, searing heat, parching thirst, bad water, irascible tempers, and heroic cooperation all became real to him. He wrote, "Surely, of all the gifts that have come to me from contact with the West, this one of sheer love of wildness, beauty, color, grandeur, has been the greatest, the most significant for my work."[37]

Upon returning home in 1909, Grey wrote a new novel, The Last of the Plainsmen, describing the adventures of Buffalo Jones. Harper's editor Ripley Hitchcock rejected it, the fourth work in a row. He told Grey, "I do not see anything in this to convince me you can write either narrative or fiction."[38] Grey wrote dejectedly,

I don't know which way to turn. I cannot decide what to write next. That which I desire to write does not seem to be what the editors want ... I am full of stories and zeal and fire ... yet I am inhibited by doubt, by fear that my feeling for life is false.[39]

The book was later published by the American magazine, Outing, which provided Grey some satisfaction. Grey next wrote a series of magazine articles and juvenile novels.[40]

With the birth of his first child pending, Grey felt compelled to complete his next novel, The Heritage of the Desert. He wrote it in four months in 1910. It quickly became a bestseller. Grey took his next work to Hitchcock again; this time Harper published his work, a historical romance in which Mormon characters were of central importance.[37] Grey continued to write popular novels about Manifest Destiny, the conquest of the Old West, and the behavior of men in elemental conditions.

Two years later Grey produced his best-known book, Riders of the Purple Sage (1912), his all-time best-seller, and one of the most successful Western novels of all time.[41] Hitchcock rejected it, but Grey took his manuscript directly to the vice president of Harper, who accepted it. The novel had a sequel (The Rainbow Trail in 1915), and was filmed five times (in 1918, 1925, 1931, 1941 and 1996); but in later film versions the villains are corrupt judges or lawyers, not polygamous Mormons).

As Zane Grey had become a household name, after that Harper eagerly received all his manuscripts. Other publishers caught on to the commercial potential of the Western novel. Max Brand and Ernest Haycox were among the most notable of other writers of Westerns.[42] Grey's publishers paired his novels with some of the best illustrators of the time, including N. C. Wyeth, Frank Schoonover, Douglas Duer, W. Herbert Dunton, W. H. D. Koerner, and Charles Russell.[43]

Grey had the time and money to engage in his first and greatest passion: fishing. From 1918 until 1932, he was a regular contributor to Outdoor Life magazine. As one of its first celebrity writers, he began to popularize big-game fishing. Several times he went deep-sea fishing in Florida to relax and to write in solitude.[44] Although he commented that "the sea, from which all life springs, has been equally with the desert my teacher and religion", Grey was unable to write a great sea novel.[45] He felt the sea soothed his moods, reduced his depressions, and gained him the opportunity to harvest deeper thoughts:

The lure of the sea is some strange magic that makes men love what they fear. The solitude of the desert is more intimate than that of the sea. Death on the shifting barren sands seems less insupportable to the imagination than death out on the boundless ocean, in the awful, windy emptiness. Man's bones yearn for dust.[43]

Over the years, Grey spent part of his time traveling and the rest of the year wrote novels and articles. Unlike writers who could write every day, Grey would have dry spells and then sudden bursts of energy, in which he could write as much as 100,000 words in a month.[46] He encountered fans in most places. He visited the Rogue River in Oregon in 1919 for a fishing expedition, and fell in love with it. He returned in the 1920s, eventually setting up a cabin on the lower Rogue River. Grey captured the river's essence in two books: Tales of Freshwater Fishing and Rogue River Feud.[47] Other excursions took him to Washington state and Wyoming.[48]

Site of Grey's cabin in Arizona
Zane Grey at Koala Park holding a koala during a visit to Australia in December 1935

[49]

From 1923 to 1930, he spent a few weeks a year at his cabin on the Mogollon Rim, in Central Arizona. After years of abandonment and decay, the cabin was restored in 1966 by Bill Goettl, a Phoenix air conditioning magnate. He opened it to the public as a free-of-charge museum. The Dude Fire destroyed the cabin in 1990. It was later reconstructed 25 miles away in the town of Payson.[48]

During the 1930s, Grey continued to write, but the Great Depression hurt the publishing industry. His sales fell off, and he found it more difficult to sell serializations. He had avoided making investments that would have been affected by the stock market crash of 1929, and continued to earn royalty income, so he did better than many financially. Nearly half of the film adaptations of his novels were made in the 1930s.[50]

From 1925 to his death in 1939, Grey traveled more and further from his family. He became interested in exploring unspoiled lands, particularly the islands of the South Pacific, New Zealand and Australia. He thought Arizona was beginning to be overrun by tourists and speculators.[51] Near the end of his life, Grey looked into the future and wrote:

The so-called civilization of man and his works shall perish from the earth, while the shifting sands, the red looming walls, the purple sage, and the towering monuments, the vast brooding range show no perceptible change.[52]

Reception by critics

The more books Grey sold, the more the established critics, such as Heywood Broun and Burton Rascoe, attacked him. They claimed his depictions of the West were too fanciful, too violent, and not faithful to the moral realities of the frontier. They thought his characters unrealistic and much larger-than-life. Broun stated that "the substance of any two Zane Grey books could be written upon the back of a postage stamp."[53]

T. K. Whipple praised a typical Grey novel as a modern version of the ancient Beowulf saga,

"a battle of passions with one another and with the will, a struggle of love and hate, or remorse and revenge, of blood, lust, honor, friendship, anger, grief—all of a grand scale and all incalculable and mysterious." But he also criticized Grey's writing, "His style, for example, has the stiffness which comes from an imperfect mastery of the medium. It lacks fluency and facility."[54]

Grey based his work in his own varied first-hand experience, supported by careful note-taking, and considerable research.[55] Despite his great popular success and fortune, Grey read the reviews and sometimes became paralyzed by negative emotions after critical ones.[56]

In 1923, a reviewer said Grey's "moral ideas ... [were] decidedly askew." Grey reacted with a 20-page treatise, "My Answer to the Critics." He defended his intentions to produce great literature in the setting of the Old West.[57] He suggested that critics should ask his readers what they think of his books, and noted actor and fan John Barrymore as an example. Dolly warned him against publishing the treatise, and he retreated from a public confrontation.

His novel The Vanishing American (1925), first serialized in The Ladies' Home Journal in 1922, prompted a heated debate. People recognized its Navajo hero as patterned after Jim Thorpe, a great Native American athlete. Grey portrayed the struggle of the Navajo to preserve their identity and culture against corrupting influences of the white government and of missionaries. This viewpoint enraged religious groups. Grey contended, "I have studied the Navaho Indians for 12 years. I know their wrongs. The missionaries sent out there are almost everyone mean, vicious, weak, immoral, useless men."[58] To have the book published, Grey agreed to some structural changes. With this book, Grey completed the most productive period of his writing career, having laid out most major themes, character types, and settings.[59]

His Wanderer of the Wasteland is a thinly disguised autobiography.[60] One of his books, "Tales of the Angler's El Dorado, New Zealand," helped establish the Bay of Islands in New Zealand as a premier game fishing area. Several of his later writings (e.g. Rangle River) were based in Australia.

Fishing

Grey co-founded the "Porpoise Club" with his friend, Robert H. Davis of Munsey's Magazine, to popularize the sport of hunting of dolphins and porpoises. They made their first catch off Seabright, New Jersey on September 21, 1912, where they harpooned and reeled in a bottlenose dolphin.[61][62]

Grey's son Loren claims in the introduction to Tales of Tahitian Waters that Zane Grey fished on average 300 days a year through his adult life. Grey and his brother R.C. were frequent visitors to Long Key, Florida, where they helped to establish the Long Key Fishing Club, built by Henry Morrison Flagler. Zane Grey was its president from 1917 to 1920. He pioneered the fishing of Boohoo fish (sailfish). Zane Grey Creek was named for him.[63]

Grey indulged his interest in fishing with visits to Australia and New Zealand. He first visited New Zealand in 1926 and caught several large fish of great variety, including a mako shark, a ferocious fighter which presented a new challenge. Grey established a base at Otehei Bay, Urupukapuka Island in the Bay of Islands, which became a destination for the rich and famous. He wrote many articles in international sporting magazines highlighting the uniqueness of New Zealand fishing, which has produced heavy-tackle world records for the major billfish, striped marlin, black marlin, blue marlin and broadbill. A lodge and camp were established at Otehei Bay in 1927 called the Zane Grey Sporting Club. He held numerous world records during this time[64] and invented the teaser, a hookless bait that is still used today to attract fish. Grey made three additional fishing trips to New Zealand. The second was January to April 1927, the third December 1928 to March 1929, and the last from December 1932 to February 1933.

Grey fished out of Wedgeport, Nova Scotia, for many summers.

Grey also helped establish deep-sea sport fishing in New South Wales, Australia, particularly in Bermagui, which is famous for marlin fishing. Patron of the Bermagui Sport Fishing Association for 1936 and 1937, Grey set a number of world records,[65][66][67] and wrote of his experiences in his book An American Angler in Australia.

From 1928 on, Grey was a frequent visitor to Tahiti. He fished the surrounding waters several months at a time and maintained a permanent fishing camp at Vairao. He claimed that these were the most difficult waters he had ever fished, but from these waters he also took some of his most important records, such as the first marlin over 1,000 pounds.

Grey had built a getaway home in Santa Catalina Island, California, which once served as the Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel.[68] He served as president of Catalina's exclusive fishing club, the Tuna Club of Avalon.[69]

Death

Zane Grey died of heart failure on October 23, 1939, at his home in Altadena, California. He was interred at the Lackawaxen and Union Cemetery, Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania.[70]

Legacy

Literary works

Grey became one of the first millionaire authors. With his veracity and emotional intensity, he connected with millions of readers worldwide, during peacetime and war, and inspired many Western writers who followed him.

Zane Grey was a major force in shaping the myths of the Old West; his books and stories were adapted into other media, such as film and TV productions. He was the author of more than 90 books, some published posthumously and/or based on serials originally published in magazines. His total book sales exceed 40 million.[71]

Grey wrote not only Westerns, but two hunting books, six children's books, three baseball books, and eight fishing books.[72] Many of them became bestsellers. It is estimated that he wrote more than nine million words in his career.[73] From 1917 to 1926, Grey was in the top ten best-seller list nine times, which required sales of more than 100,000 copies each time.[74] Even after his death, Harper had a stockpile of his manuscripts and continued to publish a new title each year until 1963.[75] During the 1940s and afterward, as Grey's books were reprinted as paperbacks, his sales exploded.

Erle Stanley Gardner, prolific author of mystery novels and the Perry Mason series, said of Grey:

[He] had the knack of tying his characters into the land, and the land into the story. There were other Western writers who had fast and furious action, but Zane Grey was the one who could make the action not only convincing but inevitable, and somehow you got the impression that the bigness of the country generated a bigness of character.[76]

Grey was President Dwight D. Eisenhower's favorite writer.[77]

Hollywood and other media

Grey started his association with Hollywood when William Fox bought the rights to Riders of the Purple Sage for $2,500 in 1916.[78] The ascending arc of Grey's career matched that of the motion picture industry. It eagerly adapted Western stories to the screen practically from its inception, with Bronco Billy Anderson becoming the first major western star.[79] Legendary director John Ford was then a young stage hand and Tom Mix, who had been a real cowhand, was defining the persona of the film cowboy.[80] The Grey family moved to California to be closer to the film industry and to enable Grey to fish in the Pacific.

After his first two books were adapted to the screen, Grey formed his own motion picture company. This enabled him to control production values and faithfulness to his books. After seven films he sold his company to Jesse Lasky who was a partner of the founder of Paramount Pictures. Paramount made a number of movies based on Grey's writings and hired him as advisor.[81] Many of his films were shot at locations described in his books.

In 1936 Grey appeared as himself in a feature film shot in Australia, White Death (1936). At the same time he provided a story that was filmed as Rangle River (1936).

Grey became disenchanted by the commercial exploitation and copyright infringement of his works. He felt his stories and characters were diluted by being adapted to film.[82] Nearly 50 of his novels were converted into more than 100 Western movies.[83] Shortly after Grey's death, the success of Fritz Lang's Western Union (1941), a film based on one of his books, helped bring about a resurgence in Hollywood westerns. Its costars were Randolph Scott and Robert Young. The period of the 1940s and 1950s included the great works of John Ford, who successfully used the settings of Grey's novels in Arizona and Utah.[84]

The success of Grey's The Lone Star Ranger (the novel was adapted into four movies: 1914, 1919, 1930 and 1942, and a comic book in 1949) and King of the Royal Mounted (popular as a series of Big Little Books and comics, later turned into a 1936 film and three film serials) inspired two radio series by George Trendle (WXYZ, Detroit). Later these were adapted again for television, forming the series The Lone Ranger and Challenge of the Yukon (Sgt. Preston of the Yukon on TV). More of Grey's work was featured in adapted form on the Zane Grey Show, which ran on the Mutual Broadcasting System for five months in the 1940s, and the "Zane Grey Western Theatre," which had a five-year run of 145 episodes.[83]

Many famous actors got their start in films based on Zane Grey books. They included Gary Cooper, Randolph Scott, William Powell, Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen, Buster Crabbe, Shirley Temple, and Fay Wray. Victor Fleming, later director of Gone with the Wind, and Henry Hathaway, who later directed True Grit, both learned their craft on Grey films.

Honors and awards

Works

Works published posthumously after 1939 include original novels, sequels to earlier novels, and compilations and revisions of previously published novels. All western works were translated from English into Spanish by Editorial Juventud in 1959 for CLASICOS Y MODERNOS collection.

Books
Year Title Genre Publisher Notes
1903 Betty Zane Historical Charles Francis Press Republished in 1974 as The Last Ranger
1906 The Spirit of the Border Historical A. L. Burt Company Sequel to Betty Zane
1908 The Last of the Plainsmen Western Outing Publishing Inspired by Charles "Buffalo" Jones
1909 The Last Trail Historical A. L. Burt Company Sequel to The Spirit of the Border
The Short Stop Baseball A. C. McClurg
1910 The Heritage of the Desert Western Harper & Brothers
The Young Forester Western Harper & Brothers
1911 The Young Pitcher Baseball Harper & Brothers
The Young Lion Hunter Western Harper & Brothers
1912 Riders of the Purple Sage Western Harper & Brothers
Ken Ward in the Jungle Western Harper & Brothers
1913 Desert Gold Western Harper & Brothers
1914 The Light of Western Stars Western Harper & Brothers
1915 The Lone Star Ranger Western Harper & Brothers
The Rainbow Trail Western Harper & Brothers Sequel to Riders of the Purple Sage
1916 The Border Legion Western Harper & Brothers
1917 Wildfire Western Harper & Brothers
1918 The Roaring U.P. Trail Western Harper & Brothers
1919 The Desert of Wheat Western Harper & Brothers
Tales of Fishes Fishing Harper & Brothers
1920 The Man of the Forest Western Grosset & Dunlap
The Redheaded Outfield and other Baseball Stories Baseball Harper & Brothers
1921 The Mysterious Rider Western Harper & Brothers
To the Last Man Western Harper & Brothers
1922 The Day of the Beast Fiction Harper & Brothers
Tales of Lonely Trails Adventure Harper & Brothers
1923 Wanderer of the Wasteland Western Harper & Brothers
Tappan's Burro Western Harper & Brothers
1924 The Call of the Canyon Western Harper & Brothers
Roping Lions in the Grand Canyon Adventure Harper & Brothers
Tales of Southern Rivers Fishing Harper & Brothers
1925 The Thundering Herd Western Harper & Brothers
The Vanishing American Western Harper & Brothers
Tales of Fishing Virgin Seas Fishing Harper & Brothers
1926 Under the Tonto Rim Western Harper & Brothers
Tales of the Angler's Eldorado, New Zealand Fishing Harper & Brothers
1927 Forlorn River Western Harper & Brothers
Tales of Swordfish and Tuna Fishing Harper & Brothers
1928 Nevada Western Harper & Brothers Sequel to Forlorn River
Wild Horse Mesa Western Harper & Brothers
Don, the Story of a Lion Dog Western Harper & Brothers
Avalanche Western Harper & Brothers
Tales of Fresh Water Fishing Fishing Harper & Brothers
1929 Fighting Caravans Western Harper & Brothers
Stairs of Sand Western Harper & Brothers
1930 The Wolf Tracker Western Harper & Brothers
The Shepherd of Guadaloupe Western Harper & Brothers
1931 Sunset Pass Western Harper & Brothers
Tales of Tahitian Waters Fishing Harper & Brothers
Book of Camps and Trails Adventure Harper & Brothers Partial re-print of Tales of Lonely Trails
1932 Arizona Ames Western Harper & Brothers
Robbers' Roost Western Harper & Brothers
1933 The Drift Fence Western Harper & Brothers
The Hash Knife Outfit Western Harper & Brothers Sequel to The Drift Fence
1934 The Code of the West Western Harper & Brothers
1935 Thunder Mountain Western Harper & Brothers
The Trail Driver Western Whitman Publishing
1936 The Lost Wagon Train Western Harper & Brothers
1937 West of the Pecos Western Whitman Publishing
An American Angler in Australia Fishing Whitman Publishing
1938 Raiders of Spanish Peaks Western Whitman Publishing
1939 Western Union Western Harper & Brothers
Knights of the Range Western Harper & Brothers
1940 Thirty Thousand on the Hoof Western Harper & Brothers
Twin Sombreros Western Harper & Brothers Sequel to Knights of the Range
1942 Majesty's Rancho Western Harper & Brothers Sequel to Light of Western Stars
1943 Omnibus Western Harper & Brothers
Stairs of Sand Western Harper & Brothers Sequel to Wanderer of the Wasteland
1944 The Wilderness Trek Western Harper & Brothers
1946 Shadow on the Trail Western Harper & Brothers
1947 Valley of Wild Horses Western Harper & Brothers
1948 Rogue River Feud Fishing / Western Harper & Brothers
1949 The Deer Stalker Western Harper & Brothers
1950 The Maverick Queen Western Harper & Brothers
1951 The Dude Ranger Western Harper & Brothers
1952 Captives of the Desert Western Harper & Brothers
Adventures in Fishing Fishing Harper & Brothers
1953 Wyoming Western Harper & Brothers
1954 Lost Pueblo Western Harper & Brothers
1955 Black Mesa Western Harper & Brothers
1956 Stranger from the Tonto Western Harper & Brothers
1957 The Fugitive Trail Western Harper & Brothers
1958 Arizona Clan Western Harper & Brothers
1959 Horse Heaven Hill Western Harper & Brothers
1960 The Ranger and Other Stories Western Harper & Row
1961 Blue Feather and Other Stories Western Harper & Row
1963 Boulder Dam Historical HarperCollins
1974 The Adventures of Finspot Fishing D-J Books
1975 Zane Grey's Greatest Indian Stories Western Dorchester Publishing Includes original ending to The Vanishing American (1925)
1977 The Reef Girl Fishing Harper & Row
1978 Tales from a Fisherman's Log Fishing Hodder & Stoughton
1979 The Camp Robber and Other Stories Western Walter J. Black
1981 The Lord of Lackawaxen Creek Adventure Lime Rock Press
1982 Angler's Eldorado: Zane Grey in New Zealand Fishing Walter J. Black, Reed NZ Partial reprint of 1926 edition (first 10 chapters, plus additional content)
1982 Lost in the Never Never Australian Novella Ian Henry Publishers And "Silvermane" in same vol.
1994 George Washington, Frontiersman Historical University of Pennsylvania Press and Forge Books
1996 Last of the Duanes Western Gunsmoke Westerns Unabridged version of The Lone Star Ranger (1915)
2003 The Desert Crucible Western Leisure Books Unabridged version of The Rainbow Trail (1915)
2004 Tonto Basin Western Leisure Books Unabridged version of To the Last Man (1921)
2007 Shower of Gold Western Leisure Books Unabridged version of Desert Gold (1915)
2008 The Great Trek "Western" set in Australia Five Star Unabridged version of The Wilderness Trek (1944)
2009 Tales of the Gladiator Fishing ZG Collections Diary Entries from ZG on "Gladiator." 1920's, California fishing.
2016 Tales of Florida Fishes Fishing Zane Grey's West Society. Compilation of ZG Stories

Films

Between 1911 and 1996, 112 films were adapted from the novels and stories of Zane Grey. In addition, three television series included episodes adapted from his work, including Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre (1956–58).[1]

gollark: I don't think you can do that. It's not very easy to get a RNG's seed from observing some of its output, let alone a bunch of data vaguely based on that output.
gollark: You can also scan from orbit, I think.
gollark: They're still seemingly going to be pretty ancient though.
gollark: Oh, right, that's probably better then.
gollark: And does that work if you don't use skype or have it installed? I doubt it.

See also

References
  1. Hulse 2007, pp. vii–x.
  2. May 1997, p. 5.
  3. May 1997, p. 3.
  4. Gruber 1969, p. 17.
  5. Gruber 1969, pp. 6–7.
  6. Pauly 2005, p. 13.
  7. May 1997, p. 2.
  8. May 1997, p. 6.
  9. Gruber 1969, p. 13.
  10. May 1997, p. 7.
  11. May 1997, p. 8.
  12. Gruber 1969, p. 26.
  13. Gruber 1969, p. 22.
  14. May 1997, p. 11.
  15. Pauly 2005, p. 34.
  16. May 1997, p. 16.
  17. Pauly 2005, p. 35.
  18. "Zane Grey Minor League Statistics". Baseball Reference. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  19. "Reddy Grey Statistics". Baseball Reference. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  20. Gruber 1969, p. 35.
  21. Gruber 1969, p. 38.
  22. May 1997, pp. 22–22.
  23. Pauly 2005, pp. 53, 57.
  24. Gruber 1969, pp. 49–50.
  25. Gruber 1969, p. 224.
  26. Pauly 2005, p. 184.
  27. Wilson, Larry. "Christmas in Altadena where characters are real". The Sun. San Bernardino County Sun. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  28. May 1997, p. 23.
  29. Gruber 1969, p. 44.
  30. May 1997, p. 22.
  31. Gruber 1969, p. 42.
  32. May 1997, p. 34.
  33. Gruber 1969, p. 47.
  34. May 1997, p. 39.
  35. May 1997, p. 48.
  36. Gruber 1969, p. 167.
  37. May 1997, p. 52.
  38. Gruber 1969, p. 77.
  39. Pauly 2005, p. 89.
  40. Thomas H. Pauly (July 27, 2007). Zane Grey: His Life, His Adventures, His Women. University of Illinois Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-252-07492-9.
  41. Gruber 1969, pp. 1, 105.
  42. Gruber 1969, pp. 108, 110.
  43. May 1997, p. 83.
  44. Gruber 1969, p. 117.
  45. May 1997, p. 120.
  46. Gruber 1969, p. 214.
  47. Norcross, Geoff. "How Zane Grey Put The Rogue River On The Map". www.opb.org. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  48. Gruber 1969, p. 218.
  49. "Adlib Internet Server 5 | Details". Acmssearch.sl.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  50. Pauly 2005, p. 311.
  51. May 1997, p. 149.
  52. Pauly 2005, p. 278.
  53. May 1997, p. 157.
  54. Pauly 2005, p. 258.
  55. Gruber 1969, pp. 166–67.
  56. May 1997, p. 133.
  57. May 1997, p. 134.
  58. May 1997, p. 138.
  59. May 1997, p. 143.
  60. May 1997, p. 118.
  61. George Reiger, ed., The Best of Zane Grey, Outdoorsman: Hunting and Fishing Tales (Stackpole Books, 1992)
  62. Pauly 2007, p. 149.
  63. Long Key, Keys History website
  64. "Zane Grey's West Society -". www.zgws.org.
  65. "Zane Grey's West Society -". www.zgws.org. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  66. "IGFA | Zane Grey". www.igfa.org. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  67. TheWatermansJournal.com. "The Waterman's Journal - Global Sportfishing News, Reports, and More ..." thewatermansjournal.com. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  68. "Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel". Zane Grey Pueblo Hotel. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  69. Pete Thomas, Pioneers on the angling front, The Los Angeles Times, December 9, 2003
  70. Delphi Collected Works of Zane Grey
  71. Gruber 1969, p. 143.
  72. Gruber 1969, p. 2.
  73. Gruber 1969, p. 3.
  74. Gruber 1969, p. 1.
  75. May 1997, p. 151.
  76. Gruber 1969, p. 213.
  77. Schaeper, Thomas J. (2010). Rhodes Scholars, Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite. Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-84545-721-1.
  78. May 1997, p. 103.
  79. May 1997, p. 105.
  80. May 1997, p. 106.
  81. May 1997, pp. 108–109.
  82. May 1997, p. 110.
  83. Gruber 1969, p. 4.
  84. Pauly 2005, p. 312.
  85. Tribune, George Sexton for the Mail. "Lower Rogue Canyon is awash in spring flowers". mailtribune.com.
  86. "Hall of Great Westerners". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Retrieved November 22, 2019.

Bibliography

Further reading
  • Berryman, Jack W. (2006). Fly-Fishing Pioneers & Legends of the Northwest. Seattle: Northwest Fly Fishing. ISBN 978-0-9779454-0-5.
  • Bold, Christine (1987). Selling the Wild West: Popular Western Fiction, 1860–1960. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35151-7.
  • Farley, G. M. (1985). Zane Grey: A Documented Portrait. New Orleans: Portals Press. ISBN 978-0-916620-78-3.
  • Gay, Carol (1979). Zane Grey: Story Teller. Columbus: The State Library of Ohio.
  • Grey, Loren (1985). Zane Grey: A Photographic Odyssey. Dallas: Taylor Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87833-462-9.
  • Jackson, Carlton (1973). Zane Grey. New York: Twayne Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8057-0338-2.
  • Kant, Candace C. (1984). Zane Grey's Arizona. Northland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87358-354-1.
  • Kant, Candace C. (2008). Dolly And Zane Grey: Letters from a Marriage. Reno: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0-87417-749-7.
  • Ronald, Ann (1975). Zane Grey. Boise, Idaho: Boise State University. ISBN 978-0-88430-016-8.
  • Schneider, Norris F. (1967). Zane Grey: The Man Whose Books Made the West Famous. Zanesville, Ohio: Self Published.
  • Tompkins, Jane (1992). West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507305-8.

Sources

Archival Materials

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