Xiapu dialect

Xiapu dialect (Eastern Min: 霞浦話; Foochow Romanized: Hà-puō-uâ) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Xiapu, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

Xiapu dialect
霞浦話
Native to	Southern China
Region	Xiapu, Ningde, Fujian
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Min Eastern Min Xiapu dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	79-AAA-ibe

Phonology

Xiapu dialect has 15 initials, 43 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m 蒙		n 日	ŋ 語
Stop	Aspirated	pʰ 波		tʰ 他	kʰ 氣
	Tenuis	p 邊		t 低	k 求	ʔ 鶯
Fricative		(β)	θ 時	(ʒ)	x 喜
Affricate	Aspirated			ʦʰ 出
	Tenuis			ʦ 曾
Lateral				l 柳

Rimes

a	ia	ua	ai	au	uai
aŋ	iaŋ	uaŋ	aiŋ	ɔuŋ
aʔ	iaʔ	uaʔ	aiʔ	ɔuʔ
ɛ, ɔ				ɛu
ɔʔ
e, o	ø		oi	eu
eiŋ, ouŋ	yoŋ
eiʔ, ouʔ	øʔ, yoʔ
u	iu		ui
uŋ	yuŋ
uʔ	yuʔ
i, y
iŋ
iʔ

Tones

No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Tone name	dark level 陰平	light level 陽平	rising 上聲	dark departing 陰去	light departing 陽去	dark entering 陰入	light entering 陽入
Tone contour	˦ (44)	˨ (22)	˦˨ (42)	˧˥ (35)	˨˩˨ (212)	˥ (5)	˨ (2)

Initial assimilation

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable	The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/	/p/, /pʰ/ change to /β/; /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /l/; /x/ change to the null initial; /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /k/, /kʰ/, /l/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/	/p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/; /t/, /tʰ/, /θ/ change to /n/; /k/, /kʰ/, /x/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/; /ʦ/ and /ʦʰ/ change to /ʒ/; /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/, /l/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/	All initials remain unchanged.

Tone sandhi

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

		the second syllable
the first syllable		dark level 44	light level 22	rising 42	dark departing 35	light departing 212	dark entering 5	light entering 2
dark departing 35	55			51
dark entering 5
rising 42			51					5
dark level 44	44
light departing 212
light entering 2
light level 22	22

References

• Compilation Commission of Chorography of Xiapu County 霞浦县地方志编纂委员会 (1990). Xia pu xian zhi 霞浦县志 ["Chorography of Xiapu County"]. 27. Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]. ISBN 7-80122-542-2.