Venombin A

Venombin A (EC 3.4.21.74, alpha-fibrinogenase, habutobin, zinc metalloproteinase Cbfib1.1, zinc metalloproteinase Cbfib1.2, zinc metalloproteinase Cbfib2, ancrod) is an enzyme.[1][2][3][4][5] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Selective cleavage of Arg- bond in fibrinogen, to form fibrin, and release fibrinopeptide A. The specificity of further degradation of fibrinogen varies with species origin of the enzyme
Venombin A
Identifiers
EC number3.4.21.74
CAS number146240-35-9
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum

This enzyme is a thrombin-like enzyme from venoms of snakes of the viper/rattlesnake group. Examples include ancrod and batroxobin, two serine proteases from snakes that have been used in medical preparations.

Applications

Venombin A enzymes are the sole representatives of the defibrinogenating agent class of drugs, which by its protease action removes fibrinogen from the circulation. They are thought to act as an antithrombotic by depletion of fibrinogen.[6] They are different from thrombin in that they only cleave fibrinogen alpha chain (those do cleave both chains are called venombin AB), which will end up only producing weak, urea-soluble microthrombi that is easily removed by plasmin.[7] Their benefit in acute ischaemic stroke is not supported by available evidence.[8]

Alternatively, batroxobin is also used as a topical hemostatic by its rapid local clot-expansion action.[9]

gollark: The functional programming discord.
gollark: No, Go is. It broke containment.
gollark: ```Little known fact: GHC compiles code by literally emailing it to the sixth circle of Hell, so no one knows how it works, not even the Type-level Deacons and other curators of scripture. The email address was revealed to the Haskell committee one moonless night when they sacrificed Simon Peyton Jones in an unholy ritual that they reenact every year at the monadic.party. The present-day SPJ is actually a decoy hired by FP Complete to preserve the illusion that anyone in the community even has a clue as to how to build working software.```
gollark: Well, things with more *features* might be slower.
gollark: oh, functions!

References
  1. Nolan C, Hall LS, Barlow GH (1976). "Ancrod, the coagulating enzyme from Malayan pit viper (Agkistrodon rhodostoma) venom". Methods in Enzymology. 45: 205–13. doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(76)45020-6. PMID 1011992.
  2. Stocker K, Barlow GH (1976). "The coagulant enzyme from Bothrops atrox venom (batroxobin)". Methods in Enzymology. 45: 214–23. doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(76)45021-8. PMID 1011993.
  3. Markland FS, Kettner C, Schiffman S, Shaw E, Bajwa SS, Reddy KN, Kirakossian H, Patkos GB, Theodor I, Pirkle H (March 1982). "Kallikrein-like activity of crotalase, a snake venom enzyme that clots fibrinogen". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 79 (6): 1688–92. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.6.1688. PMC 346045. PMID 7043462.
  4. Simmons G, Bundalian M, Theodor I, Martinoli J, Pirkle H (November 1985). "Action of crotalase, an enzyme with thrombin-like and kallikrein-like specificities, on tripeptide nitroanilide derivatives". Thrombosis Research. 40 (4): 555–61. doi:10.1016/0049-3848(85)90292-0. PMID 2934864.
  5. Itoh N, Tanaka N, Funakoshi I, Kawasaki T, Mihashi S, Yamashina I (June 1988). "Organization of the gene for batroxobin, a thrombin-like snake venom enzyme. Homology with the trypsin/kallikrein gene family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (16): 7628–31. PMID 3163691.
  6. Bell WR, Jr (1997). "Defibrinogenating enzymes". Drugs. 54 Suppl 3: 18–30, discussion 30–1. doi:10.2165/00003495-199700543-00005. PMID 9360849.
  7. Kelton, JG; Smith, JW; Moffatt, D; Santos, A; Horsewood, P (1999). "The interaction of ancrod with human platelets". Platelets. 10 (1): 24–9. doi:10.1080/09537109976310. PMID 16801067.
  8. Hao Z, Liu M, Counsell C, Wardlaw JM, Lin S, Zhao X (March 2012). "Fibrinogen depleting agents for acute ischaemic stroke". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD000091. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000091.pub2. PMID 22419274.
  9. Vu, TT; Stafford, AR; Leslie, BA; Kim, PY; Fredenburgh, JC; Weitz, JI (7 June 2013). "Batroxobin binds fibrin with higher affinity and promotes clot expansion to a greater extent than thrombin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (23): 16862–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.464750. PMC 3675619. PMID 23612970.
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