Urmia

Urmia or Orumiyeh[nb 1] (Persian: ارومیه‎, pronounced [oɾumiˈje] (listen);[nb 2] Azerbaijani: اورمیهor اورمو‎, romanized: Urmiya or Urmu, Kurdish: Ûrmiyê ,ورمێ‎;[2][3] Syriac: ܐܘܪܡܝܐ‎, romanized: Urmia[4]) is the largest city in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran and the capital of Urmia County. It is situated at an altitude of 1,330 metres (4,360 ft) above sea level, and is located along the Shahar River on the Urmia Plain. Lake Urmia, one of the world's largest salt lakes, lies to the east of the city, and the mountainous Turkish border area lies to the west.

For other uses, see Urmia (disambiguation).
"Rezaiyeh" redirects here. For the villages in Yazd Province, see Rezaiyeh, Bafq and Rezaiyeh, Mehriz.
Urmia

ارومیه
City
Photos from Urmia City
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Cradle of Water
Urmia
Coordinates: 37°33′19″N 45°04′21″E
Country Iran
Region3
ProvinceWest Azerbaijan
CountyUrmia
BakhshCentral
Government
 • MayorMohammad Hazratpour
 • ParliamentGhazipour, Bahadori & Ruhollah Hazratpour
Elevation
1,332 m (4,370 ft)
Population
 (2016 Census)
 • Urban
736,224 [1]
 • Metro
1,000,000
 • Population Rank in Iran
10th
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Area code(s)044
Websiteurmia.ir

Urmia is the 10th most populated city in Iran. At the 2012 census, its population was 667,499, with 197,749 households. The city's inhabitants are predominantly Azerbaijani people who speak the Azerbaijani language.[5][6] There are also minorities of Kurds, Persians, Assyrians, and Armenians.[7] The city is the trading center for a fertile agricultural region where fruits (especially apples and grapes) and tobacco are grown. Even though, the majority of the residents of Urmia are Muslims, but the Christian history of Urmia is well preserved and is especially evident in the city's many churches and cathedrals.

An important town by the 9th century, the city has had a diverse population which has at times included Muslims (Shias and Sunnis), Christians (Catholics, Protestants, Nestorians, and Orthodox), Jews, Bahá'ís and Sufis. Around 1900, Christians made up more than 40% of the city's population; however, most of the Christians fled in 1918[8][9][9][10] when Ottoman Empire invaded Qajar Iran and committed genocide against Urmia's Assyrian and Armenian population.

Name

Richard Nelson Frye suggested Urartian origin for the name,[11] while T. Burrow connected the origin of the name Urmia to Indo-Iranian urmi- "wave" and urmya- "undulating, wavy".[12]

As of 1921, Urmia was also called, Urumia and Urmi.[13] During the Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979), the city was called Rezaiyeh[nb 3] (Persian: رضائیه‎) after Reza Shah, the dynasty's founder, whose name ultimately derives from the Islamic concept of rida via the Eighth Imam in Twelver Shia Islam, Ali al-Ridha.

History
People of Urmia awaiting the Shah, 1911
Urmia fruit market, 1911

According to Vladimir Minorsky, there were villages in the Urmia Plain as early as 2000 BC, with their civilization under the influence of the Kingdom of Van. Excavations of the ancient ruins near Urmia led to the discovery of utensils that date to the 20th century BC. In ancient times, the west bank of Urmia Lake was called Gilzan, and in the 9th century BC an independent government ruled there, which later joined the Urartu or Manna empire; in the 8th century BC, the area was a vassal of the Asuzh government until it joined the Median Empire.

Assyrians who did survive the invasion of Baghdad by Timur fled through northern Iraq up into the Hakkari Mountains to the west of Lake Urmia and the area remained as their homeland until the 19th century.[14][15]

During the Safavid era, the neighboring Ottoman Turks, who were the archrivals of the Safavids,[16] made several incursions into the city and captured it on more than one occasion, but the Safavids successfully regained control over the area. When in 1622, during the reign of Safavid king Abbas I (r. 1588–1629) Qasem Sultan Afshar was appointed governor of Mosul,[17][18] he was forced to leave his office shortly afterwards due to the outbreak of a plague.[18] He moved to the western part of Azerbaijan, and became the founder of the Afshar community of Urmia.[18] The city was the capital of the Urmia Khanate from 1747–1865. The first monarch of Iran's Qajar dynasty, Agha Muhammad Khan, was crowned in Urmia in 1795.

Due to the presence of a substantial Christian minority at the end of the 19th century, Urmia was also chosen as the site of the first American Christian mission in Iran in 1835. Another mission was soon underway in nearby Tabriz as well. During World War I the population was estimated by Dr. Caujole to be 30,000, a quarter of which (7,500) were Assyrians and 1,000 Jews.[10]

During the 19th century, the region became the center of a short-lived Assyrian renaissance with many books and newspapers being published in Syriac. Urmia was also the seat of a Chaldean diocese.[19][20]

At the beginning of the First World War tens of thousands of Assyrians and Armenians from the Ottoman Empire found refuge in Urmia. During the war, the city changed hands several times between the Russians and the Ottoman troops and their Kurdish allies in the following two years. [21] The influx of Christian refugees and their alliance with the Russians angered the Ottoman troops who attacked the Christian quarter in February 1918. The better armed Assyrians managed to capture the whole city following a brief battle.[21] The region descended into chaos again after the assassination of the Assyrian patriarch Shimun XIX Benyamin at the hands of Simko Shikak one month later. Ottomans and Simko managed to take and plunder the city in June/July 1918.[22] Thousands of Christians were massacred by Ottomans as part of the Assyrian and Armenian genocide; others found refuge under British protection in the neighboring Iraq.[22][23]

Population
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1986300,746—    
1991357,399+3.51%
1996435,200+4.02%
2006583,255+2.97%
2011667,499+2.74%
2016736,224+1.98%
source:[24]

Demographics

According to the 2016 census, population of Urmia city is 736,224, with an annual growth rate of 2.0% and an average of 3.27 people per household.

Ethnic composition

The city has been home to various ethnic groups during its history. The population of Urmia in the early Islamic period was Christian.[25] At the beginning of the 20th century, the city had a significant Christian minority (Assyrians and Armenians) [8][26] with the Christian population of the town consisting of 40–50 % of the total population.[27] According to Macuch, and Ishaya, the city was the spiritual capital of the Assyrians, who were influenced by four Christian missions that had been established in the city in the period from 1830 to the end of World War I.[28] A large number of the Assyrians and Armenians were killed in 1914 during the Armenian and Assyrian genocides,[29] which resulted in a change in the city's demographics.[28] During the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iranian Assyrians were invited to return to the region, and several thousand did return. There are around 5,000 Assyrians remaining in the city,[30] or around 1% of the population.

Until the Iran crisis of 1946 and the Establishment of the State of Israel in 1947, several thousand Jews also lived Urmia, and their language (Lishán Didán) is still spoken by an ageing community in Israel.

According to some sources, the population is mostly made up of Azerbaijanis who live alongside minorities of Kurds,[6] Assyrians[6] and Armenians.[6] However, according to the Federal Research Division of Library of Congress, ethnic Azeris form around 40% of the population of Urmia region.[31]

The majority of the population can speak the official language of Iran, Persian, in addition to their own native tongue.[32][33][34]

Christianity

The city is the archiepiscopal see of the Eastern Catholic Metropolitan Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Urmyā, which has a suffragan in Salmas. There are also Protestants, Church of the East adherents and Armenian Orthodox. There are four churches in the central part of the city, two being Assyrian Church of the East, one Armenian, and one Chaldean.[35][36]

Parks and touristic centres

The tourist attractions of the city of Urmia include many parks and coastal villages lying on or near the shores of Lake Urmia. The oldest park in Urmia, called Park-e Saat, was established in the first Pahlavi era. Urmia's largest park is Ellar Bagi Park (Azerbaijani "People's Garden") along the Shahar Chayi, or the "City River".

Lakes and ponds

  • Urmia Lake Natural Park
  • Hasanloo Lake
  • Marmisho lake
  • Shahrchay ِDam
  • Urmia Lake Islands

Lagoons

  • Haft Abad
  • Soole Dokel
  • Dana Boğan
  • Ali Pancesi
  • Isti Sou

Parks

  • Park-e Saat (Clock Park)
  • Park-e Jangali (Jungle Park)
  • Ellar Bagi (People's Garden)
  • Park-e Shahr (City Park)
  • Park-e Saheli (Riverside Park)
  • Park-e Shaghayegh
  • Alghadir Park
  • Tokhmemorghi (Oval) Park
  • Ghaem Park

Scenic coastal villages:

  • Chichest
  • Bari
  • Fanoos
  • Sier
  • Band
  • Khoshako

Landscape attractions:

  • Qasimlu Valley
  • Kazem Dashi Islet in Lake Urmia
  • Kashtiban Village
  • Imamzada Village
  • Silvana Region
  • Rashekan to Dash Aghol
  • Nazloo
  • Dalamper
  • Kaboodan Island[37]

Climate

Urmia's climate is hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) bordering continental climate with cold winters, mild springs, hot dry summers, and warm autumns. Precipitation is heavily concentrated in late autumn, winter (mostly in the form of snow), and especially spring, while precipitation is scarce in summer. Temperatures in Urmia are much colder than most of the remainder of Iran because of the elevation. Although dry for being a traditional continental climate, it has cold enough winters to qualify as general continental.

Climate data for Urmia (Orumiyeh)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5)		 18
(64)		 26
(79)		 26
(79)		 30.6
(87.1)		 36
(97)		 38
(100)		 38
(100)		 35
(95)		 30
(86)		 22
(72)		 17
(63)		 38
(100)
Average high °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7)		 4.8
(40.6)		 10.4
(50.7)		 16.8
(62.2)		 22.2
(72.0)		 27.5
(81.5)		 31.2
(88.2)		 31.0
(87.8)		 27.1
(80.8)		 20.1
(68.2)		 12.2
(54.0)		 5.7
(42.3)		 17.6
(63.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 4.5
(40.1)		 10.5
(50.9)		 15.5
(59.9)		 20.2
(68.4)		 23.8
(74.8)		 23.1
(73.6)		 19.0
(66.2)		 12.5
(54.5)		 6.1
(43.0)		 0.4
(32.7)		 10.9
(51.6)
Average low °C (°F) −6.1
(21.0)		 −4.8
(23.4)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 5.2
(41.4)		 9.1
(48.4)		 12.9
(55.2)		 16.6
(61.9)		 15.9
(60.6)		 11.5
(52.7)		 6.6
(43.9)		 1.4
(34.5)		 −3.2
(26.2)		 5.4
(41.8)
Record low °C (°F) −22.8
(−9.0)		 −22
(−8)		 −19
(−2)		 −12
(10)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 4
(39)		 10
(50)		 8
(46)		 3.4
(38.1)		 −5
(23)		 −13.4
(7.9)		 −20
(−4)		 −22.8
(−9.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 30.2
(1.19)		 33.2
(1.31)		 52.3
(2.06)		 62.2
(2.45)		 45.6
(1.80)		 14.2
(0.56)		 5.5
(0.22)		 2.1
(0.08)		 4.4
(0.17)		 21.8
(0.86)		 40.0
(1.57)		 29.7
(1.17)		 341.2
(13.43)
Average precipitation days 9.6 9.4 11.4 12.7 12.0 5.0 2.2 1.7 2.1 7.1 8.3 8.5 90
Average snowy days 8.5 7.5 3.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 5.5 27.8
Average relative humidity (%) 76 74 65 60 58 51 48 48 49 60 70 74 61
Mean monthly sunshine hours 114.0 132.9 169.6 197.9 268.6 344.3 364.0 341.2 293.1 222.3 166.4 118.7 2,733
Source 1: worldweather.com[38]
Source 2: NOAA (extremes, mean, snow, sun, humidity, 1961–1990)[39]

Sport

Sports are an important part of Urmia's culture. The most popular sport in Urmia is volleyball. Urmia is considered Iran's volleyball capital, and that is because of the ranks that Shahrdari Urmia VC got in Iranian Volleyball Super League and for the great volleyball players who play on the Iran men's national volleyball team (such as Saed Marouf, Abdolreza Alizadeh, and Milad Ebadipour) and first-class coaches in Iran. Recently, Urmia has also been called "the city of volleyball lovers" by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (International Volleyball Federation, FIVB) official website.

The 2010 Asian Men's Cup Volleyball Championship was held in Ghadir Arena in Urmia, 2012 WAFF Futsal Championship, and the 2012 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship was also held in Urmia. It is also one of the venues of the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League.

Culture
An Ashik music group
Jameh Mosque of Urmia

Azerbaijanis hold festivals and ceremonies such as Nowruz and Eid al-Adha like other Iranian ethnic groups with small differences.[40] Ashik music is one of the features of the Turkish speaking people of the world. It has different versions in Iran. Meanwhile, as many experts of this art testify the Urmia Ashik, is the most original and oldest version in the world, which has preserved its origin until the present day. Ashik music has its unique styles. As a piece of the culture of Azerbaijan, Urmia Ashik music has been registered in Iran's national heritage.

Museums
  • Natural History Museum – Displays the animals native to the vicinity of Urmia.
  • Urmia Museum – Archaeological museum affiliated with the faculty of Shahid Beheshti University.
  • Urmia Museum of Crafts and Classical Arts.
  • Urmia Museum of َAntrophology.

Education
A School in Urmia (1910)

The first modern style school established in Urmia in 1834.[41]

Urmia University's hall

Higher education

Urmia was an important centre for higher education approximately a century ago; indeed, the medical college of Urmia, which was built by Joseph Cochran and a team of American medical associates in 1878, is the first modern university of Iran. Unfortunately, the college was shut down even before the establishment of the first official University of Iran, University of Tehran. Today, Urmia has become an important centre of education, with several state and private universities and institutes, including those listed below.

Universities in Urmia:

University Web Site
Urmia University
Malek Ashtar University of Technology Urmia Branch
Urmia University of Medical Sciences
Urmia University of Technology
Islamic Azad University of Urmia
Payame Noor University of Urmia
Elmi Karbordi University of Urmia
University College of Saba
University College of Azarabadegan
University College of Elm O fan
University College of Kamal
Shahid Beheshti Technical School
Ghazi Tabatabaee Technical School
The Girls Technical School of Urmia
Najand Institute of Higher Education
University College Afagh

Libraries
  • Allame Tabatabayee Library
  • Central Library of Urmia
  • Library of Ghaem
  • Library of I.R. Iran Education Ministry
  • Library of Imam Ali
  • Library of kanoon parvaresh fekri
  • Library of Khane-ye-Javan
  • Library of Shahid Motahhari
  • Library of Shahid Bahonar
  • Library of Urmia Cultural and Artistical Center

Media

Television

Urmia has one state-owned television channel, Urmia TV, which broadcasts in both Azerbaijani, and Persian, and internationally through satellite Intelsat 902.[42]

Radio

Urmia has one radio channel broadcasting in Kurdish, Azerbaijani and Persian. The name of the local radio is Chichest.[42]

Press

Among others, the city's print media include:

  • Orumiye
  • Barish news
  • Sedaye Urmia
  • Amanat
  • Koosha
  • Araz

Infrastructure

Transportation

Most of Urmia's residents travel by car through the system of roads and highways. Urmia is also served by taxis and public buses. There are also some private groups that provide services called "Phone-taxi." Two Tram-lines for Urmia are Planned .

Urmia is linked to Europe through Turkey's roads and Sero border crossing. Urmia Airport, which opened in 1964, was the first international airport in West Azerbaijan county, Iran. As of April 2015 it only has regularly scheduled domestic flights to Tehran's Mehrabad International Airport, although there are plans to establish a direct flight between Urmia and Erbil, due to the large number of passengers travelling between the two cities.[43][44] The city is recently connected to Iran National Railways (IRIR, Persian: رجا ).

Health systems

The Iranian government operates public hospitals in the Urmia metropolitan region. There are also a number of private hospitals and medical centers in the city. Hospitals include: Hospitals:

  • 523 Artesh(Army) Hospital
  • Arefian Hospital[45]
  • Azerbaijan Hospital[46]
  • Gholipour Children's Hospital
  • Imam Khomeini Hospital[47]
  • Imam Reza Hospital
  • Milad international medical center[48]
  • Motahari Hospital[49]
  • Omid Hospital[50]
  • Razi Psychiatry Hospital[51]
  • Taleghani Hospital[52]
  • Seyedoshohada Heart Hospital[53]
  • Shafa Hospital[54]
  • Shams Hospital[55]
  • Solati Hospital[56]

Clinics:

  • Fatimiye Pro-Medical Clinic
  • Kosar Women's Pro-Medical Clinic

Consulates

The Turkish government has a consulate on Beheshti Avenue, Urmia, Iran.

People

During its history Urmia was the origin for many Iranian illumination and modernization movements. The city was the hometown of numerous figures including politicians, revolutionaries, artists, and military leaders. Following is a partial list of some of the people who was born or lived in Urmia.

For a complete list see: Category:People from Urmia

  • Safi al-Din al-Urmawi, was a renowned musician and writer on the theory of music.
  • Haydar Khan e Amo-oghli, was a leftist revolutionary during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and among the founders of the Communist Party of Iran.
  • Fatma Mukhtarova, was a Soviet opera singer.
  • Gholamreza Hassani, is the previous Friday prayer, First imam of Masjid-e-Jamé mosque of the city of Urmia.
  • Saeid Marouf, is an Iranian volleyball player who plays as a setter for the Iranian national team which he captains.
  • Davood Azad, is an Iranian classical and folk music singer.

Twin towns and sister cities
gollark: You can probably reach an efficiency of 2000% fairly easily.
gollark: Madness.
gollark: I've mostly been ignoring MSRs because I just don't really need one and because it involves so much chemistry.
gollark: Oh, right.
gollark: Anyone for a HECf-251 Ox MSR?

See also

Notes
  1. Urmia can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3077456" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  2. Variously transliterated as Oroumieh, Oroumiyeh, Orūmīyeh and Urūmiyeh.
  3. Also Rezaeyeh, Rezā’īyeh, Rezâiyye

References
  1. https://www.amar.org.ir/english
  2. "Parêzgarên Ûrmiyê û Colemêrgê liser pirsên ewlekariyê civîn encam dan" [The governors of Urmia and Hakkari met on security issues] (in Kurdish). Kurdistan24. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  3. "بەندیخانەی ورمێ؛ بەندکراوێک بەگومانی تووشبوون بە بە ڤایرۆسی کرۆنا ڕەوانەی نەخۆشخانە کرا" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  4. Thomas A. Carlson et al., “Urmia — ܐܘܪܡܝܐ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/206.
  5. "Iran-Azarbaijanis". Library of Congress Country Studies. December 1987. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  6. "Orumiye". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  7. "Orumiyeh (Iran)". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  8. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Urmia.html
  9. "Assyrians in the History of Urmia, Iran".
  10. E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, M. Th Houtsma, p. 1035, 1987
  11. Richard Nelson Frye, The history of ancient Iran, München (1984), 48–49
  12. The Proto-Indoaryans, by T. Burrow, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 2 (1973), pp. 123–140, published by Cambridge University Press, see 139
  13. Sykes, Percy (1921). A History of Persia. London: Macmillan and Company. p. 67.
  14. Gibb, Kramers, Lewis, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen, Johannes Hendrik, Bernard (1992). The Encyclopaedia of Islam : New Edition Vol. 7 (Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition). p. 1032.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. Carl Skutsch (2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1.
  16. Rothman 2015, p. 236.
  17. Nasiri & Floor 2008, p. 248.
  18. Oberling 1984, pp. 582–586.
  19. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Urmiah".
  20. Naby, Eden (September 2007). "Theater, Language and Inter-Ethnic Exchange: Assyrian Performance before World War I Eden Naby1" (PDF). Iranian Studies. 40 (4): 501–510. doi:10.1080/00210860701476510. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  21. Tejirian, Eleanor H.; Simon, Reeva S. (1 September 2012). Conflict, conquest, and conversion. Columbia University Press. pp. 350–351. ISBN 978-0-231-51109-4. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  22. Atabaki, Touraj (4 September 2006). Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. I.B.Tauris. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-86064-964-6. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  23. Gaunt, David; Beṯ-Şawoce, Jan (2006), Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I, Gorgias Press LLC, pp. 106–107, ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0
  24. Iran: Provinces and Cities population statistics
  25. "URMIYA", Encyclopaedia of Islam (edition 2)
  26. Iran.
  27. "Urmia".
  28. "ASSYRIANS IN IRAN".
  29. "The Armenian Genocide".
  30. "Evidence in Stone and Wood: The Assyrian/Syriac History and Heritage of the Urmia Region in Iran". academia.edu.
  31. Curtis, Glenn E. (2008). Iran: A Country Study. Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. pp. 97. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3.
  32. "Iran – Azarbaijanis".
  33. دكتر م پناهايان، مجموعه اي در چهار جلد به نام " فرهنگ جغرافياي ملي تركان ايران زمين " سال 1351 Dr. M. Panahian, a four-volume collection entitled "National Geographical Culture of the Turks of Iran" in 1351
  34. سيري در تاريخ زبان ولهجه هاي تركي , دكتر جواد هئيت- چاپ سوم , سال1380,ص 307 A Journey in the History of Turkish Language and Dialects, Dr. Javad Hayat - Third Edition, 2001, p. 307
  35. Location of Nestorian Churches- https://www.google.com/maps/place/Holy+Mary+Church/@37.5441966,45.0678303,244m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0000000000000000:0x3a31bcdb0de639d3!6m1!1e1
  36. Location of Armenian and Chaldean churches- https://www.google.com/maps/place/37%C2%B033'04.3%22N+45%C2%B003'57.9%22E/@37.5511954,45.0653628,244m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0
  37. http://www.bari.ir/bari/en/tours/jazebeha/kaboodan/%5B%5D
  38. "World Weather Information Service – Orumiyeh".
  39. "Oroomieh Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  40. Moosighi Asheghi Azarbaijan Sahrghi
  41. "معاون شهرسازی و معماری شهردار ارومیه خبر داد تخصیص بودجه 550 میلیارد تومانی شهرداری ارومیه" [The Deputy Mayor of Urmia for Urban Planning and Architecture announced the allocation of a budget of 550 billion Tomans for the Municipality of Urmia] (in Persian).
  42. "پایگاه اطلاع رسانی صدا و سیمای مرکز آذربایجان غربی" [West Azerbaijan Central Broadcasting Information Center] (in Persian).
  43. "Urmia-Erbil direct flights to be established in near future". Mehr News Agency. 21 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  44. "Direct Flights to Start Between Urmia and Erbil: Iranian Official". Basnews. 21 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  45. "Arefian hospital".
  46. "Azerbaijan Hospital".
  47. "Imam Khomeini Hospital".
  48. "Milad hospital". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  49. "Motahari Hospital".
  50. "Omid Hospital".
  51. "Razi Hospital".
  52. "Taleghani Hospital".
  53. "Seyedoshohada Hospital".
  54. "Shafa Hospital".
  55. "Shams Hospital".
  56. "Solati Hospital".
  57. Urmia, Erzurum sign sisterhood agreement, retrieved 24 May 2015

Sources
  • Nasiri, Ali Naqi; Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration. Mage Publishers. p. 309. ISBN 978-1933823232.
  • Oberling, P. (1984). "AFŠĀR". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6. pp. 582–586. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rothman, E. Nathalie (2015). Brokering Empire: Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801463129.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hooglund, Eric (2008). "The Society and Its Environment". In Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (eds.). Iran: A Country Study (PDF). Area Handbook Series. United States Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 81–142. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.