U.S. National Indoor Championships

The U.S. National Indoor Championships was a tennis tournament that was last held at the Racquet Club of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. The event was played on indoor hard courts and usually took place in February. For much of its more than 100-year history it was a combined men's and women's tournament but in 2014, its final year, only a men's tournament was held. The event was previously known under various sponsored names including the Memphis Open, the Regions Morgan Keegan Championships, the Kroger St. Jude Championship, and the Volvo Championships.

For the Memphis Open tournament, see Memphis Open (tennis).
U.S. National Indoor Championships
Defunct tennis tournament
Founded1898
Abolished2014
LocationMemphis, Tennessee
United States
Venue1898 Winter Lawn Tennis Club, Newton Center, MA,
1900–1963 Seventh Regiment Armory, New York, NY,
1941 Oklahoma Coliseum, Oklahoma City, OK
1964–1976 Wicomico Youth and Civic Center, Salisbury, MD,
1977–2014 Racquet Club of Memphis, TN
SurfaceHard / Indoors
ATP World Tour
Category500 series (until 2013)
250 series (in 2014)
Draw32S / 16Q / 16D
Prize moneyUS$757,000
WTA Tour
CategoryInternational (until 2013)
Draw32M / 32Q / 16D
Prize moneyUS$220,000

History

The men's tournament began in March 1898 when the inaugural edition was played at the Newton Winter Tennis Club in Newton Center and Leo Ware won the title after defeating Holcombe Ward in the final in straight sets.[1] There was no men's tournament in 1899 but in 1900 a men's doubles event was added and the tournament moved to the Seventh Regiment Armory in Manhattan, New York, where it was played until 1963 with the exception of 1941 (Coliseum in Oklahoma City) and 1942–1945 (no tournament). In 1964 the tournament moved to Salisbury, Maryland, and was organized by Jimmy Connors' manager Bill Riordan.[2] The last move occurred after the 1976 tournament, when Memphis became the host of the event and was the location of the tournament until its end in 2014.[3][4] The men's tournament was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit between 1976 and 1989 before becoming an ATP Tour event.

2014 changes

The 2013 tournament was the last combined men's and women's tournament and was held February 16–24, 2013, at The Racquet Club of Memphis. Marina Erakovic was the last woman to win the title.[5] In 2014 the WTA event moved to Rio de Janeiro. The men's tournament lost its ATP World Tour 500 series certification, which also moved to Rio de Janeiro, but continued an ATP 250 event known as the Memphis Open.[6]

Men finalists
Gustave F. Touchard at the 1908 U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships played in the Seventh Regiment Armory in New York.

Singles
Location Year Champions Runners-up Score
Newton Center 1898 Leo Ware Holcombe Ward7–5, 7–5, 6–1
1899Not held
New York 1900 John A. Allen Calhoun Cragin6–1, 1–6, 6–4, 6–3
1901 Holcombe Ward Calhoun Cragin11–9, 6–2, 6–3
1902 Jahial Parmly Paret Wylie Grant4–6, 9–7, 1–6, 8–6, 6–4
1903 Wylie Grant Calhoun Cragin6–3, 6–4, 6–1
1904 Wylie Grant C. Carleton Kelly8–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–8, 7–5
1905 Edward Dewhurst Wylie Grant6–3, 8–6, 6–4
1906 Wylie Grant Edwin Fischer6–4, 6–2, 8–6
1907 Theodore Pell Wylie Grant3–6, 6–3, 6–2, 1–6, 6–0
1908 Wylie Grant Gustave Touchard6–4, 3–6, 6–2, 6–4
1909 Theodore Pell George C Shafer6–3, 6–3, 6–4
1910 Gustave Touchard Reuben A. Holden III6–1, 3–6, 7–9, 6–1, 6–4
1911 Theodore Pell William Cragin6–2, 6–3, 6–4
1912 Wylie Grant William Cragin6–1, 6–3, 6–3JR.
1913 Gustave Touchard George C Shafer6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4
1914 Gustave Touchard Dr. William Rosenbaum6–2, 6–2, 4–6, 6–2
1915 Gustave Touchard Arthur M. Lovibond6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–2
1916 Robert Lindley Murray Aldrick Man6–2, 6–2, 7–5
1917 S. Howard Voshell Clifton Herd7–5, 6–3, 6–3
1918 S. Howard Voshell Fred Alexander7–5, 6–2, 8–6
1919 Vincent Richards Bill Tilden3–6, 8–6, 6–8, 6–1, 6–4
1920 Bill Tilden Vincent Richards10–8, 6–3, 6–1
1921 Frank Anderson Fred Anderson6–2, 6–1, 6–3
1922 Frank Hunter Frank Anderson6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–2
1923 Vincent Richards Frank Hunter6–1, 6–3, 7–5
1924 Vincent Richards Frank Hunter8–6, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3
1925 Jean Borotra Fred Anderson3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–0[7][8]
1926 René Lacoste Jean Borotra15–13, 6–3, 2–6, 6–2
1927 Jean Borotra Jacques Brugnon6–2, 6–4, 6–3
1928 William Aydelotte Julius Seligson2–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2
1929 Jean Borotra Frank Hunter6–4, 6–0, 4–6, 8–6
1930 Frank Hunter Julius Seligson6–3, 6–2, 6–2
1931 Jean Borotra Berkeley Bell6–1, 3–6, 6–4, 3–6, 6–4
1932 Gregory Mangin Frank Shields10–8, 2–6, 6–4, 6–3
1933 Gregory Mangin Cliff Sutter6–1, 6–3, 2–6, 3–6, 6–2
1934 Lester Stoefen Gregory Mangin6–1, 8–6, 6–4
1935 Gregory Mangin Berkeley Bell8–6, 7–5, 2–6, 0–6, 6–2
1936 Gregory Mangin Leonard Hartman6–1, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3
1937 Frank Parker Frank Bowden6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 4–6, 6–1
1938 Don McNeill Frank Bowden9–7, 3–6, 6–4, 7–5
1939 Wayne Sabin Frank Bowden6–3, 5–7, 6–3, 6–1
1940 Bobby Riggs Don McNeill3–6, 6–1, 6–4, 2–6, 6–2
Oklahoma City 1941 Frank Kovacs Wayne Sabin6–0, 6–4, 6–2
1942 –
1945		No competition (due to WWII)
New York 1946 Pancho Segura Don McNeill1–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5
1947 Jack Kramer Bob Falkenburg6–1, 6–2, 6–2
1948 Bill Talbert Sid Schwartz4–6, 8–6, 9–7, 6–2
1949 Pancho Gonzales Bill Talbert10–8, 6–0, 4–6, 9–7
1950 Don McNeill Fred Kovaleski11–9, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2
1951 Bill Talbert Straight Clark6–4, 6–8, 3–6, 6–2, 6–3
1952 Dick Savitt Bill Talbert6–4, 6–3, 6–4
1953 Art Larsen Kurt Nielsen5–7, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3
1954 Sven Davidson Kurt Nielsen3–6, 6–1, 6–1, 6–4
1955 Tony Trabert Ham Richardson11–13, 7–5, 9–7, 6–3
1956 Ulf Schmidt Sven Davidson6–1, 6–3, 8–10, 6–3
1957 Kurt Nielsen Herbie Flam4–6, 6–1, 6–4, 6–4
1958 Dick Savitt Budge Patty6–1, 6–2, 3–6, 12–10
1959 Alex Olmedo Dick Savitt7–9, 6–3, 4–6, 5–7, 12–10
1960 Barry MacKay Dick Savitt6–2, 2–6, 10–12, 6–1, 6–4
1961 Dick Savitt Whitney Reed6–2, 11–9, 6–3
1962 Chuck McKinley Whitney Reed4–6, 6–3, 4–6, 9–7, 10–8
1963 Dennis Ralston Mike Sangster7–5, 4–6, 6–3, 10–8
Salisbury 1964 Chuck McKinley Dennis Ralston15–13, 6–2, 6–8, 3–6, 6–3
1965 Jan-Erik Lundqvist Dennis Ralston4–6, 13–11, 6–4, 11–9
1966 Charlie Pasarell Ron Holmberg12–10, 10–8, 8–6
1967 Charlie Pasarell Arthur Ashe13–11, 6–2, 2–6, 9–7
1968 Cliff Richey Clark Graebner6–4, 6–4, 6–4
1969 Stan Smith Ismail El Shafei6–3, 6–8, 6–4, 6–4
1970 Ilie Năstase Cliff Richey6–8, 3–6, 6–4, 9–7, 6–0
1971 Clark Graebner Cliff Richey2–6, 7–6, 1–6, 7–6, 6–0
1972 Stan Smith Ilie Năstase5–7, 6–2, 6–3, 6–4
1973 Jimmy Connors Karl Meiler3–6, 7–6, 7–6, 6–3
1974 Jimmy Connors Frew McMillan6–4, 7–5, 6–3
1975 Jimmy Connors Vitas Gerulaitis5–7, 7–5, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0
1976 Ilie Năstase Jimmy Connors6–2, 6–3, 7–6(9–7)
Memphis 1977 Björn Borg Brian Gottfried6–4, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5
1978 Jimmy Connors Tim Gullikson7–6, 6–3
1979 Jimmy Connors Arthur Ashe6–4, 5–7, 6–3
1980 John McEnroe Jimmy Connors7–6, 7–6(8–6)
1981 Gene Mayer Roscoe Tanner6–2, 6–4
1982 Johan Kriek John McEnroe6–3, 3–6, 6–4
1983 Jimmy Connors Gene Mayer7–5, 6–0
1984 Jimmy Connors Henri Leconte6–3, 4–6, 7–5
1985 Stefan Edberg Yannick Noah6–1, 6–0
1986 Brad Gilbert Stefan Edberg7–5, 7–6
1987 Stefan Edberg Jimmy Connors6–3, 2–1 (retired)
1988 Andre Agassi Mikael Pernfors6–4, 6–4, 7–5
1989 Brad Gilbert Johan Kriek6–2, 6–2 (retired)
1990 Michael Stich Wally Masur6–7, 6–4, 7–6
1991 Ivan Lendl Michael Stich7–5, 6–3
1992 MaliVai Washington Wayne Ferreira6–3, 6–2
1993 Jim Courier Todd Martin5–7, 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–4)
1994 Todd Martin Brad Gilbert6–4, 7–5
1995 Todd Martin Paul Haarhuis7–6(7–2), 6–4
1996 Pete Sampras Todd Martin6–4, 7–6(7–2)
1997 Michael Chang Todd Woodbridge6–3, 6–4
1998 Mark Philippoussis Michael Chang6–3, 6–2
1999 Tommy Haas Jim Courier6–4, 6–1
2000 Magnus Larsson Byron Black6–2, 1–6, 6–3
2001 Mark Philippoussis Davide Sanguinetti6–3, 6–7(5–7), 6–3
2002 Andy Roddick James Blake6–4, 3–6, 7–5
2003 Taylor Dent Andy Roddick6–1, 6–4
2004 Joachim Johansson Nicolas Kiefer7–6(7–5), 6–3
2005 Kenneth Carlsen Max Mirnyi7–5, 7–5
2006 Tommy Haas Robin Söderling6–3, 6–2
2007 Tommy Haas Andy Roddick6–3, 6–2
2008 Steve Darcis Robin Söderling6–3, 7–6(7–5)
2009 Andy Roddick Radek Štěpánek7–5, 7–5
2010 Sam Querrey John Isner6–7(3–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–3
2011 Andy Roddick Milos Raonic7–6(9–7), 6–7(11–13), 7–5
2012 Jürgen Melzer Milos Raonic7–5, 7–6(7–4)
2013 Kei Nishikori Feliciano López6–2, 6–3
2014 Kei Nishikori Ivo Karlović6–4, 7–6(7–0)
2015see Memphis Open

Doubles
Location Year Champions Runners-up Score
Salisbury 1971 Juan Gisbert, Sr.
Manuel Orantes		 Clark Graebner
Thomaz Koch		7–6, 6–2
1972 Andrés Gimeno
Manuel Orantes		 Juan Gisbert, Sr.
Vladimir Zednik		4–6, 6–3, 6–4
1973 Jürgen Fassbender
Juan Gisbert, Sr.		 Clark Graebner
Ilie Năstase		2–6, 6–4, 6–3
1974 Jimmy Connors
Frew McMillan		 Byron Bertram
Andrew Pattison		7–5, 6–2
1975 Jimmy Connors
Ilie Năstase		 Jan Kodeš
Roger Taylor		4–6, 6–3, 6–3
1976 Fred McNair
Sherwood Stewart		 Steve Krulevitz
Trey Waltke		6–3, 6–2
Memphis 1977 Fred McNair
Sherwood Stewart		 Robert Lutz
Stan Smith		4–6, 7–6, 7–6
1978 Brian Gottfried
Raúl Ramírez		 Phil Dent
John Newcombe		3–6, 7–6, 6–2
1979 Tom Okker
Wojciech Fibak		 Frew McMillan
Dick Stockton		6–4, 6–4
1980 John McEnroe
Brian Gottfried		 Rod Frawley
Tomáš Šmíd		6–3, 6–7, 7–6
1981 Gene Mayer
Sandy Mayer		 Mike Cahill
Tom Gullikson		7–6, 6–7, 7–6
1982 Kevin Curren
Steve Denton		 John McEnroe
Peter Fleming		7–6, 4–6, 6–2
1983 Peter McNamara
Paul McNamee		 Tim Gullikson
Tom Gullikson		6–3, 5–7, 6–4
1984 Fritz Buehning
Peter Fleming		 Heinz Günthardt
Tomáš Šmíd		6–3, 6–0
1985 Pavel Složil
Tomáš Šmíd		 Kevin Curren
Steve Denton		1–6, 6–3, 6–4
1986 Ken Flach
Robert Seguso		 Guy Forget
Anders Järryd		6–4, 4–6, 7–6
1987 Anders Järryd
Jonas Svensson		 Sergio Casal
Emilio Sánchez		6–4, 6–2
1988 Kevin Curren
David Pate		 Peter Lundgren
Mikael Pernfors		6–2, 6–2
1989 Paul Annacone
Christo van Rensburg		 Scott Davis
Tim Wilkison		7–6, 6–7, 6–1
1990 Darren Cahill
Mark Kratzmann		 Udo Riglewski
Michael Stich		7–5, 6–2
1991 Michael Stich
Udo Riglewski		 John Fitzgerald
Laurie Warder		7–5, 6–3
1992 Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde		 Kevin Curren
Gary Muller		7–6, 6–1
1993 Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde		 Jacco Eltingh
Paul Haarhuis		7–5, 4–6, 7–6
1994 Byron Black
Jonathan Stark		 Jim Grabb
Jared Palmer		7–6, 6–4
1995 Jared Palmer
Richey Reneberg		 Tommy Ho
Brett Steven		4–6, 7–6, 6–1
1996 Mark Knowles
Daniel Nestor		 Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde		6–4, 7–5
1997 Ellis Ferreira
Patrick Galbraith		 Rick Leach
Jonathan Stark		6–3, 3–6, 6–1
1998 Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde		 Ellis Ferreira
David Roditi		6–3, 6–4
1999 Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde		 Sébastien Lareau
Alex O'Brien		6–3, 6–4
2000 Justin Gimelstob
Sébastien Lareau		 Jim Grabb
Richey Reneberg		6–2, 6–4
2001 Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		 Alex O'Brien
Jonathan Stark		6–3, 7–6
2002 Brian MacPhie
Nenad Zimonjić		 Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		6–3, 3–6, [10–4]
2003 Mark Knowles
Daniel Nestor		 Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		6–2, 7–6
2004 Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		 Jeff Coetzee
Chris Haggard		6–3, 6–4
2005 Simon Aspelin
Todd Perry		 Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		6–4, 6–4
2006 Ivo Karlović
Chris Haggard		 James Blake
Mardy Fish		0–6, 7–5, [10–5]
2007 Eric Butorac
Jamie Murray		 Julian Knowle
Jürgen Melzer		7–5, 6–3
2008 Mahesh Bhupathi
Mark Knowles		 Sanchai Ratiwatana
Sonchat Ratiwatana		7–6(7–5), 6–2
2009 Mardy Fish
Mark Knowles		 Travis Parrott
Filip Polášek		7–6(9–7), 6–1
2010 John Isner
Sam Querrey		 Ross Hutchins
Jordan Kerr		6–4, 6–4
2011 Max Mirnyi
Daniel Nestor		 Eric Butorac
Jean-Julien Rojer		6–2, 6–7(6–8), [10–3]
2012 Max Mirnyi
Daniel Nestor		 Ivan Dodig
Marcelo Melo		4–6, 7–5, [10–7]
2013 Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		 James Blake
Jack Sock		6–1, 6–2
2014 Eric Butorac
Raven Klaasen		 Bob Bryan
Mike Bryan		6–4, 6–4
2015see Memphis Open

Women finalists

Singles
Location Year Champions Runners-up Score
Oklahoma City 1986 Marcella Mesker Lori McNeil6–4, 4–6, 6–3
1987 Elizabeth Smylie Lori McNeil4–6, 6–3, 7–5
1988 Lori McNeil Brenda Schultz6–3, 6–2
1989 Manon Bollegraf Leila Meskhi6–4, 6–4
1990 Amy Frazier Manon Bollegraf6–4, 6–2
1991 Jana Novotná Anne Smith3–6, 6–3, 6–2
1992 Zina Garrison-Jackson Lori McNeil7–5, 3–6, 7–6
1993 Zina Garrison-Jackson (2) Patty Fendick6–2, 6–2
1994 Meredith McGrath Brenda Schultz7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–4)
1995 Brenda Schultz Elena Likhovtseva6–1, 6–2
1996 Brenda Schultz-McCarthy(2) Amanda Coetzer6–3, 6–2
1997 Lindsay Davenport Lisa Raymond6–4, 6–2
1998 Venus Williams Joannette Kruger6–3, 6–2
1999 Venus Williams (2) Amanda Coetzer6–3, 6–0
2000 Monica Seles Nathalie Dechy6–1, 7–6(7–3)
2001 Monica Seles (2) Jennifer Capriati6–3, 5–7, 6–2
Memphis 2002 Lisa Raymond Alexandra Stevenson4–6, 6–3, 7–6(11–9)
2003 Lisa Raymond (2) Amanda Coetzer6–3, 6–2
2004 Vera Zvonareva Lisa Raymond4–6, 6–4, 7–5
2005 Vera Zvonareva (2) Meghann Shaughnessy7–6(7–3), 6–2
2006 Sofia Arvidsson Marta Domachowska6–2, 2–6, 6–3
2007 Venus Williams (3) Shahar Pe'er6–1, 6–1
2008 Lindsay Davenport (2) Olga Govortsova6–2, 6–1
2009 Victoria Azarenka Caroline Wozniacki6–1, 6–3
2010 Maria Sharapova Sofia Arvidsson6–2, 6–1
2011 Magdaléna Rybáriková Rebecca Marino6–2, ret.
2012 Sofia Arvidsson (2) Marina Erakovic6–3, 6–4
2013 Marina Erakovic Sabine Lisicki6–1, ret.

Doubles
Location Year Champions Runners-up Score
Oklahoma City 1986 Marcella Mesker
Pascale Paradis		 Lori McNeil
Catherine Suire		2–6, 7–6(7–1), 6–1
1987 Svetlana Parkhomenko
Larisa Savchenko		 Lori McNeil
Kim Sands		6–4, 6–4
1988 Jana Novotná
Catherine Suire		 Catarina Lindqvist
Tine Scheuer-Larsen		6–4, 6–4
1989 Lori McNeil
Betsy Nagelsen		 Elise Burgin
Elizabeth Smylie		W/O
1990 Mary Lou Daniels
Wendy White		 Manon Bollegraf
Lise Gregory		7–5, 6–2
1991 Meredith McGrath
Anne Smith		 Katrina Adams
Jill Hetherington		6–2, 6–4
1992 Lori McNeil (2)
Nicole Provis		 Katrina Adams
Manon Bollegraf		3–6, 6–4, 7–6(8–6)
1993 Patty Fendick
Zina Garrison-Jackson		 Katrina Adams
Manon Bollegraf		6–3, 6–2
1994 Patty Fendick (2)
Meredith McGrath (2)		 Katrina Adams
Manon Bollegraf		7–6(7–3), 6–2
1995 Nicole Arendt
Laura Golarsa		 Katrina Adams
Brenda Schultz		6–4, 6–3
1996 Chanda Rubin
Brenda Schultz-McCarthy		 Katrina Adams
Debbie Graham		6–4, 6–3
1997 Rika Hiraki
Nana Miyagi		 Marianne Werdel-Witmeyer
Tami Whitlinger-Jones		6–4, 6–1
1998 Serena Williams
Venus Williams		 Cătălina Cristea
Kristine Kunce		7–5, 6–2
1999 Lisa Raymond
Rennae Stubbs		 Amanda Coetzer
Jessica Steck		6–3, 6–4
2000 Kimberly Po
Corina Morariu		 Tamarine Tanasugarn
Elena Tatarkova		6–4, 4–6, 6–2
2001 Amanda Coetzer
Lori McNeil (3)		 Janet Lee
Wynne Prakusya		6–3, 2–6, 6–0
Memphis 2002 Ai Sugiyama
Elena Tatarkova		 Melissa Middleton
Brie Rippner		6–4, 2–6, 6–0
2003 Akiko Morigami
Saori Obata		 Alina Jidkova
Bryanne Stewart		6–1, 6–1
2004 Åsa Svensson
Meilen Tu		 Maria Sharapova
Vera Zvonareva		6–4, 7–6(7–0)
2005 Miho Saeki
Yuka Yoshida		 Laura Granville
Abigail Spears		6–3, 6–4
2006 Lisa Raymond (2)
Samantha Stosur		 Victoria Azarenka
Caroline Wozniacki		7–6(7–2), 6–3
2007 Nicole Pratt
Bryanne Stewart		 Jarmila Gajdošová
Akiko Morigami		7–5, 4–6, [10–5]
2008 Lindsay Davenport
Lisa Raymond (3)		 Angela Haynes
Mashona Washington		6–3, 6–1
2009 Victoria Azarenka
Caroline Wozniacki		 Yuliana Fedak
Michaëlla Krajicek		6–1, 7–6(7–2)
2010 Vania King
Michaëlla Krajicek		 Bethanie Mattek-Sands
Meghann Shaughnessy		7–5, 6–2
2011 Olga Govortsova
Alla Kudryavtseva		 Andrea Hlaváčková
Lucie Hradecká		6–3, 4–6, [10–8]
2012 Andrea Hlaváčková
Lucie Hradecká		 Vera Dushevina
Olga Govortsova		6–3, 6–4
2013 Galina Voskoboeva
Kristina Mladenovic		 Sofia Arvidsson
Johanna Larsson		7–6(7–5), 6–3
gollark: There's cuberite and stuff too, I think.
gollark: Neat.
gollark: Not even that, I mean that most modpacks will probably have a few machines which, say, magically materialize ores from the void.
gollark: So you mostly just sell to new players for funlolz or buy/sell items which are hard/annoying to make somehow.
gollark: Anyway, in average modded things I think you don't really get much of a complex economy because you can make everything yourself using a succession of magic boxes.

See also

References
  1. "Miscellaneous Sport". Boston Evening Transcript. Mar 21, 1898.
  2. Robertson, Max (1974). The Encyclopedia of Tennis. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 338, 339. ISBN 9780047960420.
  3. Bill Shannon, ed. (1981). Official Encyclopedia of Tennis (3rd, Revised and updated ed.). New York [u.a.]: Harper & Row. pp. 272–277. ISBN 9780060148966.
  4. Frank Murtaugh (February 8, 2016). "40 Years of Tennis at The Racquet Club". Memphis.
  5. Big Changes For Tennis in Memphis
  6. Tennis - ATP World Tour - ATP Approves Event In Rio de Janeiro From 2014
  7. "New York Evening Post article" (PDF). Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  8. "The Brooklyn Daily Eagle". Retrieved 16 February 2015.

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