Twelve Tribes communities

The Twelve Tribes, a Cult formerly known as the Vine Christian Community Church,[6] Northeast Kingdom Community Church,[1] the Messianic Communities,[1] and the Community Apostolic Order[7] is a new religious movement founded by Gene Spriggs (now known as Yoneq) that sprang out of the Jesus movement in 1972[3] in Chattanooga, Tennessee.[2] The group calls itself an attempt to recreate the 1st-century church in the Book of Acts;[3] the name "Twelve Tribes" is also derived from a quote of the Apostle Paul in Acts 26:7.[8] The group has also been referred to as The Yellow Deli People[9] and informally as The Community.

This article is about the Christian communities. For other uses, see Twelve Tribes (disambiguation).
Twelve Tribes
ClassificationMessianic Judaism[1]
Christian Fundamentalism[2]
Christian new religious movement[1]
StructureApostolic Council[3]
RegionNorth America, South America, Western Europe, Australia[4]
FounderElbert "Gene" Spriggs[1]
Origin1972[2]
Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
Members2,500–3,000[5]
Official websitehttp://www.twelvetribes.com

History

The origins of the Twelve Tribes movement can be traced to a ministry for teenagers called the "Light Brigade"[10] in 1972.[3] The ministry operated out of a small coffee shop called "The Lighthouse"[2] in the home of Gene Spriggs and his wife Marsha. The Light Brigade began living communally[11] and opened a restaurant called "The Yellow Deli" while attending several churches, before deciding on the First Presbyterian Church.[12] The Light Brigade, while at First Presbyterian, caused friction with the establishment by bringing in anyone who was willing to come with them, including members of different social classes and racial groups, a practice not engaged in at that time.[2] On January 12, 1975, the group arrived at First Presbyterian only to find out that the service had been cancelled for the Super Bowl,[2] this led the group to form The Vine Christian Community Church.[11] During this time, the church "planted" churches, each with its own Yellow Deli, in Dalton and Trenton, Georgia; Mentone, Alabama; and Dayton, Tennessee.[6]

Northeast Kingdom Community Church members leaving the courthouse with their children on June 22, 1984

Their withdrawal from the religious mainstream turned what had been a friction-filled relationship into an outcry against them.[1] They began holding their own services, which they called "Critical Mass" in Warner Park,[13] appointing elders[14][15] and baptizing people outside any denominational authority. The deteriorating relationship between the group and the religious and secular Chattanooga community attracted the attention of The Parents' Committee to Free Our Children from the Children of God and the Citizen's Freedom Foundation who labeled the church a cult and heavily attacked Spriggs as a cult leader.[1] This led to what the group refers to today as the "Cult Scare"[16] in the late seventies. A series of deprogrammings starting in the summer of 1976 that were carried out by Ted Patrick.[12] The group nevertheless largely ignored the negative press and the wider world in general, and continued to operate its businesses[1] opening the Areopagus and a second local Yellow Deli in downtown Chattanooga.[12][17] In 1978 an invitation was received from a small church in Island Pond, Vermont for Spriggs to minister there; the offer was declined but the group began moving in stages to the rural town, naming the church there The Northeast Kingdom Community Church.[13] One of Patrick's last deprogramming cases in Chattanooga occurred in 1980; it involved a police detective who, according to Swantko, had his 27-year-old daughter arrested on a falsified warrant in order to facilitate her deprogramming, with the support of local judges.[18] The group continued moving, closing down all of its Yellow Delis and associated churches except for the one in Dalton.[6] At one point, a leader conceded that the group was deeply in debt[15] before closing the Dalton church down and moving the last members to Vermont.[2]

Common Sense Cafe and Yellow Deli in Island Pond, Vermont; owned and operated by Twelve Tribes. Permanently closed, as of 2019

The move to Vermont, combined with an initial period of economic hardship, caused some members to leave.[2] The Citizen's Freedom Foundation conducted several meetings in Barton to draw attention to the group.[18] The Citizen's Freedom Foundation had made allegations of mind control in Chattanooga, but now it made accusations of child abuse.[18] In 1983, charges were brought against Charles "Eddie" Wiseman (an elder in the group) for misdemeanor simple assault; this, combined with multiple child custody cases, formed the basis for a search warrant. On June 22, 1984 Vermont State Police and Vermont Social Rehabilitation Services[19] seized 112 children;[2] all were released the same day because the raid was ruled unconstitutional.[20] Due to what the group perceived were a massive misunderstanding of the events and concerns leading up to and surrounding the raid, its members began formal relationships with their neighbors.[1] Two months after the raid, the case against Wiseman fell apart after the main witness recanted, saying he was under duress from the anticult movement.[1] The case was later dropped in 1985 after a judge ruled that Wiseman had been denied his right to a speedy trial. Eddie Wiseman's public defender, Jean Swantko, who had been present during the raid, later joined and married Wiseman.[21]

Peacemaker 1 bus at a June 22, 1984 Raid anniversary in Island Pond, Vermont.

By 1989, the church had become widely accepted in Island Pond[22] and grew substantially during the 1980s and 1990s, opening branches in several different countries, including Canada, Australia, Brazil, Spain, Germany, Argentina, and the United Kingdom. During this expansion phase, the group used the name Messianic Communities, before deciding to rename itself The Twelve Tribes. Through the mid-2000s (decade), the group remained controversial, with accusations of child labor,[23] custodial interference,[18] and illegal homeschooling.[24] In 2006 the group held a reunion for members and friends of the Vine Christian Community Church and the former Yellow Deli in Warner Park, announcing a new community in Chattanooga.[25] The movement proceeded to open a new Yellow Deli in 2008, nearly 30 years after leaving Chattanooga.[12]

Beliefs and practices

The Twelve Tribes' beliefs resemble those of Christian fundamentalism, the Hebrew Roots movement, Messianic Judaism and the Sacred Name Movement; however, the group believes that all other denominations are fallen, and it therefore refuses to align itself with any denomination or movement.[2] They believe that in order for the messiah to return, the Church needs to be restored to its original form seen in Acts 2:38–42 and Acts 4:32–37. This restoration is not merely the restoration of the 1st-century church, but the creation of a new Israel consisting of Twelve Tribes in twelve geographic regions.[2][10] Part of this restoration is the return to observing the sabbath, maintaining some of the Mosaic law[26] including dietary laws, and the festivals.[26][27] This interpretation of the prophesied restoration of Israel,[3] combined with the perceived immorality[28] in the world leads the group to believe that the end times has arrived, though no date has been set.[29]

One noted aspect of the group is its insistence on using the name "Yahshua",[1] as opposed to Jesus.[2] Because the name "Yahshua" represents the nature of Jesus, the group similarly bestows upon each member a Hebrew name that is meant to reflect the personality of the individual.[30]

The group believes there are Three Eternal Destinies.[31] It believes that after the Fall of Man every person is given a conscience;[31] and that after dying every person goes to a state of being called death (in Hebrew Sheol and Greek Hades)[32] regardless of faith.[31] Upon the second coming, believers will be brought back for the thousand years to reign with "Yahshua" before the last judgment.[31] At the end of this millennium, all of the nonbelievers will be judged according to their deeds and put into one of two groups: the righteous and the filthy/unjust.[31] The filthy and the unjust will be sent to the Lake of Fire while the righteous will go on into eternity and fill the universe.[31]

"We Need Radical Change" an example of Twelve Tribes "free paper" commonly distributed at events as a form of Evangelism[3][26][33]

The leadership within is structured as a series of Councils which consists of local councils, regional councils, and a global Apostolic Council;[3] the group is also overseen within these councils by a fluid number of teachers, deacons, deaconesses, elders and apostles.[7] Gene Spriggs is highly regarded as the first person to open up his home to brothers and sisters, but members state that he is not regarded as a spiritual figurehead.[33]

The group operates as a 501(d) – "for-profit organization with a religious purpose and a common treasury." The community pays property taxes, but the 501(d) structure tends to result in no income tax liability.[3][12]

Courtship within the Community involves a "waiting period"[12][34] in which the man or woman expresses their desire to get to know the other person.[33] The couple then receives input from the community while spending time together.[33][34] The couple is betrothed (engaged) if their parents (or the entire community, if they are adults) confirm their love and compatibility;[7][33] the couple is then permitted to hold hands.[34] Weddings are dramatized pre-enactments[35] of what the group believes will happen at the end of time when "Yahshua" returns to earth for his bride.[12][33]

Children have been noted to play a central role in the group's eschatological beliefs,[7] because future generations of the group will be the "144,000" of Revelation 7.[7][33] Children are homeschooled.[3][7][26][24][29][33] Within the group, teenagers may take on apprenticeships in the group's industries to be taught trades complementing their education.[7][36][37] The group acknowledges using corporal punishment[1][2][7][18][33][37] with a "reed-like rod"[26] like a balloon stick (a minimum)[38] across the child's bottom, though many former members, including children raised in the group, say punishments can include far more severe implements.[7] Group members do not send their children to college, believing that, "college is [not] a healthy environment, either for learning or social development."[39]

Businesses

The twelve tribes attempts to support itself in means that allow its members to work together, without the need to seek outside employment. Businesses the group owns and operates include:

- Parchment Press. A printing company offering printing services, and also printing and selling the group’s literature.

- BOJ Construction - a general contractor based in Plymouth MA and operating Nationally[40]

- Commonwealth Construction - construction contracting, primarily in the Southeastern US[41][42]

- Greener Formulas - A soap and bodycare research and development firm with ties to its other business, Common Sense Farm[43]

- Common Sense Farm - A soap and bodycare products manufacturing and distribution facility located on the group's farm in Cambridge NY[44]

- Simon The Tanner - a chain of shoe stores/outdoor outfitters, currently with locations in New Hampshire and Vermont.

The group also runs several chains of restaurants.

- Yellow Deli Restaurants

- Common Ground Cafe Restaurants

Controversies

Since its inception, the group has ignited controversy[35] and garnered unfavorable attention from the media,[19] the anti-cult movement and governments.[18]

New England Institute of Religious Research's Executive Director the Rev. Bob Pardon[45] warns in his report that "Messianic Communities, under the leadership of Spriggs, has tended towards an extreme authoritarianism" and a "Galatian heresy."[46] The Tribes have responded with a line-by-line response to the report and they continue to contest its large "errors, distortions, misunderstandings, and misjudgments", while criticizing the heavy use of apostates in his report.[47] In France, the group was listed on the 1995 Governmental Report by the Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France under the name "Ordre apostolique – Therapeutic healing environment."[48]

Twelve Tribes members Jean Swantko and husband Ed Wiseman have made efforts to combat social stigma and the anti-cult movement by engaging in dialogue with hostile ex-members, the media and government authorities.[49] Swantko has presented at scholarly conferences[49] including CESNUR[50] Communal Studies Association[51] and Society for the Scientific Study of Religion[52] as well as a chapter in James T. Richardson's Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe.

The Twelve Tribes has been cited by Stuart A. Wright as a group suffering from "front-end/back-end disproportionality" in media coverage.[19] According to Wright, the media often focuses on unsubstantiated charges against the group, but as charges are investigated and as cases fall apart, the media covers them significantly less at the end than it does at the beginning.[19] Wright then asserts that this leaves the public with the impression that the group was guilty of the disproven charges.[19]

Commentary on the Island Pond raid

The Island Pond raid has remained prominent in Vermont legal history; it was the subject of a Vermont Bar Association seminar in 2006.[53] The group held anniversary events in both 1994[54] and 2000;[55] and produced a 75-minute documentary.[56] The Vermont Chapter of the ACLU also criticized the raid, calling it "frightening" and "the greatest deprivation of civil liberties to have occurred in recent Vermont history."[57] The then-Governor of Vermont, Richard Snelling, who had authorized the raid, reportedly drew the "hottest political fire of his career" in the weeks after;[58] Vermont Attorney General John J. Easton, Jr. attributed the raid to assisting his campaign for governorship.[59] In 1992, John Burchard, who had been the State Commissioner of Social and Rehabilitation Services, and Vanessa L. Malcarne, published an article in Behavioral Sciences and the Law, encouraging changes in the law that would have allowed the raid to succeed.[60][61]

Teachings about Jews

It teaches that the Jews were guilty of the blood of Christ, quoting Matthew 27:25.[62][63] Although often labelled antisemitic, the group repeatedly denies this accusation. Its members keep the Sabbath and the Jewish festivals of Pesach, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot. Youth have Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah celebrations, and they regularly perform Israeli folk dances.[64]

Child labor and homeschooling controversies

In 2001, The New York Post ran an article accusing the group of child labor violations;[65][66] and later attributed itself as having prompted the investigation.[67] The Twelve Tribes responded with a press conference at the "Commonsense Farm" where the alleged child labor had taken place.[65][66][68] The Twelve Tribes reported that during a random inspection by Estée Lauder Companies, the company discovered that several 14-year-olds had been found assisting their fathers in their cottage industry;[66] this report was later confirmed by Estée Lauder who terminated their contract with Common Sense products.[68] The group's official statement at the press conference stated that they believed that it was a family-owned business, and children ought to be able to help their parents in the business while making "no apology" for it.[67][68] The New York State Department of Labor stated that they intended to visit all five of the Twelve Tribes' businesses. State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer asserted that apprenticeships amounted to indentured servitude and were illegal. Robert Redford's Sundance Catalog, who had contracted with Common Wealth Woodworks (another of the group's cottage industries that made furniture), also terminated their contract as a response to the allegations.[68] The Labor Department found no violations at Common Sense Farm or Commonwealth Woodworks. They did propose a fine on fine two other industries: $2,000 for allegations of child labor law violations that the group's spokesperson, Jean Swantco Wiseman, was quoted in a news article as saying were for a 15-year-old pushing a wheelbarrow and another 15-year-old changing a lightbulb.[37]

In June 2018, another New York State investigation into the Common Sense Farm was launched, yielding allegations of child labor, after an Inside Edition article revealed children working in the group's soap factory. Twelve Tribes owned business Greener Formulas had contracted with brands including Acure and Savannah Bee to manufacture its private label bodycare products and was using the facilities of Common Sense Farm (also owned by the group) for production. Both Acure and Savannah Bee have since terminated their contracts with Greener Formulas.[69] [70]

In Germany and France, the controversies centered on the issues of homeschooling, health, child abuse, and religious freedom. The group has several times been in conflict with authorities in Germany and France over homeschooling their children, with a particularly long and protracted dispute between the community in Klosterzimmern, in the municipality of Deiningen, Bavaria, and Bavarian education authorities.[71][72] Homeschooling is illegal in Germany, with rare exceptions.[71] When fines and arrests failed to have an effect on the community, authorities granted the group the right to operate a private school on the commune's premises, under state supervision.[72][73] The agreement entailed that the school would not teach sex education and evolution.[72][73]

Other Issues:

In July 2019, the FBI released a 40 page summary of the results of a closed preliminary investigation stemming from allegations of child abuse at the group's Hiddenite NC Property. The documents revealed the existence of other investigations over the years to include suspicions of child abuse in other compounds. There were also more bizarre allegations including deaths that were thought to be suspicious, allegations of oddities during spiritual rituals, as well as unsubstantiated allegations involving Founder Yoneq's conduct during his time in the Military. The documents also reveal the existence of a (now closed) Federal investigation into whether the State of Vermont had violated the group's civil rights in the 1984 raid. [74]

On February 19th 2020, Police in New South Wales Australia executed a search warrant as part of Strike Force Nanegai, on the group's Peppercorn Creek Farm property, seizing documents and other evidence in what has been a prolonged investigation into allegations of child abuse in the group.[75]

On March 3rd 2020, police in New South Wales Australia returned for a more extensive search operation for stillborn babies buried on the property at Peppercorn Creek Farm and another of the groups properties. However, no bodies were reported to have been discovered and no arrests were made.

Police raids in Germany

On September 5, 2013, German police raided two communities belonging to the Twelve Tribes and removed 40 children to protect them from continued abuse.[76] The reasons for the raid were the film shootings of a TV reporter, Wolfram Kuhnigk, who managed to secretly record how the sect beat their children. The group admits that they use a "reed-like rod" for discipline, but denies abusing their children.[77]

Sociologist of religion Susan Palmer pointed out that the doctors found no evidence of mistreatment in September 2013 following the police raids.[78] In 2018 the European Court of Human Rights upheld the German move to take away the children from the sect.[79]

Outreaches
'Hippie Bus' in California

The Twelve Tribes utilizes mobile operations and vehicles to evangelize at various events.

  • Peacemaker Marine — a Class-A barquentine sailing ship bought and restored by the group sailing on the Eastern coast of the United States. The group now gives tours and evangelizes at ports.[80]
  • Peacemaker I&II Buses [4]
  • A First Aid tent is set up at various events by the group.[81]
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See also

References
  1. Palmer, Susan J. Apostates and Their Role in the Construction of Grievance Claims Against the Northeast Kingdom/Messianic Communities article in the book The Politics of Religious Apostasy: The Role of Apostates in the Transformation of Religious Movements edited by David G. Bromley Westport, CT, Praeger Publishers, (1998). ISBN 0-275-95508-7
  2. Palmer, Susan J.; Bozeman, John M. (May 1997). "The Northeast Kingdom Community Church of Island Pond, Vermont: Raising Up a People for Yahshua's Return". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 12 (2): 181–190. doi:10.1080/13537909708580798.
  3. Barna, Mark (2009-07-29). "Twelve Tribes living as one". Colorado Spring Gazette. Freedom Communications. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  4. Wallgren, Christine (2006-07-23). "A festival of peace Twelve Tribes opens its Plymouth home to curious neighbors". Boston Globe. Globe Newspaper Company. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  5. Legere, Christine (2009-06-04). "Sect to increase holdings Plan would link harbor, downtown". Boston Globe. Globe Newspaper Company. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  6. "Church to sell Yellow Delis, other properties and relocate". Chattanooga Times. WEHCO Media. 1979-03-26.
  7. Palmer, Susan J. (1999-06-01). Children in New Religions. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 153–171. ISBN 978-0-8135-2620-1.
  8. Twelve Tribes (Summer 2004). "Our Twelve Tribes: a Manifesto". The Voice: Call to Restoration. Parchment Press. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  9. Shultz, Wes (2008-05-07). "Remembering the Yellow Deli People". Chattanoogan. Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  10. Warth, Gary (2009-10-03). "The 12 Tribes at a glance". North County Times. Lee Enterprise. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  11. Hunt, Stephen (2001). Christian Millennialism. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 209–223. ISBN 978-0-253-21491-1.
  12. Garret, Joan (2008-05-03). "Chattanooga: Yellow Deli hosts reunion, betrothal". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-03-05. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  13. Palmer, Susan J. (February 2010). "The Twelve Tribes: Preparing a Bride for Yahshua's Return". Nova Religio. 13 (3): 59–80. doi:10.1525/nr.2010.13.3.59.
  14. Murray, Alan (1978-01-19). "Vine elders concede church has authoritarian character". Chattanooga Times. Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.
  15. Castel, Bill (1980-12-01). "Elder: "We have no money"". Chattanooga Times. Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.
  16. Wiseman, Eddie (Spring–Summer 2009). "Cult Scare in Chattanooga" (PDF). In the Vine House Days. Parchment Press. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  17. "Yellow Deli In Comeback Popular Christian Eatery From 1970s To Be Revived". Chattanoogan. John Wilson. 2006-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
  18. Swantko, Jean (2000). "The Twelve Tribes' Communities, the Anti-Cult Movement, and Government's Response" (PDF). Social Justice Research. 12 (4): 341–364. doi:10.1023/A:1022021125576. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  19. Wright, Stuart A. (December 1997). "Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths?". Review of Religious Research. 39 (2): 101–115. doi:10.2307/3512176. JSTOR 3512176.
  20. "Children of Sect Seized in Vermont". The New York Times. 1984-06-24. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  21. Wheeler, Scott (2009). "The Raid on Island Pond 25 Years Later – A Personal Look". Northland Journal. Scott Wheeler. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
  22. "Vt. Village Warms to Church". The Hartford Courant. Tribune Company. 1989-07-05. p. 17.
  23. Lovett, Kenneth (2001-10-04). "Upstate 'Soap' Cult fined for Child Labor". New York Post. News Corporation. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
  24. "Fundamentalist Christian Group Gets School of Their Own". Deutsche Welle. 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  25. Nash, Robert T. (2006-04-16). "Chattanooga Yellow Deli Reunion Draws Crowd". Chattanoogan. Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  26. Stephenson, Heather (2000-09-10). "A church of their own". Rutland Herald. Herald Association.
  27. Warth, Gary (2009-10-04). "VALLEY CENTER: Twelve Tribes Christian community lives as an example of its faith". North County Times. Lee Enterprise. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
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  29. Folstad, Kim (2000-12-02). "Life on the Farm". Palm Beach Post. Cox Enterprises. pp. 9–12.
  30. Stearns, Matt (2002-01-06). "Disciples maintain a life of simplicity – Despite controversy, – group lives quietly". The Kansas City Star. The McClatchy Company. pp. B1.
  31. Twelve Tribes (June 2001). "Three eternal Destinies of Man" (PDF). The Three Eternal Destinies. Parchment Press. pp. 9–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  32. Twelve Tribes (Spring 2004). "The Passion of the Christ The Rest of the Story" (PDF). Parchment Press. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-30. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
  33. Palmer, Susan J. (1994). Moon Sisters, Krishna Mothers, Rajneesh Lovers. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 133–153. ISBN 978-0-8156-0382-5.
  34. Filipov, David (2009-06-28). "Forgiven and free". Boston Globe. Globe Newspaper Company. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
  35. Palmer, Susan J. (1998). "Messianic Communities/North East Community Church". In James R. Lewis (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects and New Religions. 1 (1st ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 334–335.
  36. Staff Writer (2001-04-13). "Tribes speak, but don't apologize". Bennington Banner. MediaNews Group.
  37. Bernstein, Fred A. (2005-07-24). "Healing Buildings and Healing Souls in the Catskills". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  38. Pokorny, Brad (1985-02-24). "Island Pond has message for Media: Paint Brighter Picture or Get Lost". Boston Globe. New York Times Company. p. 32.
  39. Twelve Tribes. "Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  40. https://www.boston25news.com/news/fox25-investigates-kids-working-on-local-construction-site/417099843/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. https://www.savannahnow.com/article/20080404/NEWS/304049859. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  42. https://www.connectsavannah.com/savannah/meet-me-at-the-matandeacute-factor/Content?oid=2525457. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. https://www.timesunion.com/business/article/Inside-Edition-airs-video-alleging-child-labor-12965339.php. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. https://twelvetribes.org/community/common-sense-farm. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. The New England Institute of Religious Research. "About NEIRR". The New England Institute of Religious Research Website. The New England Institute of Religious Research. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  46. "My Analysis of the Twelve Tribes". New England Institute of Religious Research website. Retrieved 2005-10-23.
  47. "Our Response to the NEIRR Analysis" (PDF). Twelve Tribes: Controversies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  48. "French National Assembly: On Sects". Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  49. Palmer, Susan J. (2005). "Twelve Tribes". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. 14 (2 ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 9409.
  50. Swantko-Wiseman, Jean (2009). "State-Sanctioned Raids and Government Violations of Religious Freedom: Revealing Similarities of Constitutional Errors in Both the 1984 Island Pond Raid and the 2008 FLDS Raid". Salt Lake City, Utah: The 2009 CESNUR Conference. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  52. "Society for Scientific Study of Religion and Religious Research Association Annual Meeting 2010" (PDF). Society for Scientific Study of Religion and Religious Research Association Annual. 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
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  56. Freyne, Peter (2005-07-27). "When Big Brother Ran Vermont". Seven Days. Seven Days. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
  57. Smith, Colin (1984-06-26). "ACLU: Raid on Sect was Lawless act by Vermont". Boston Globe. New York Times Company.
  58. Nickerson, Colin (1989-07-25). "Island Pond Case: How Much Latitude Does the Church have?". Boston Globe. New York Times Company.
  59. Kranish, Michael (1984-06-26). "Governor's Race a nail biter, Legislature Might Decide winner". Boston Globe. New York Times Company.
  60. Buchard, John D.; Malcarne, Vanessa L. (1992). "Investigation of Child abuse/Neglect in Religious Cults". Behavioral Sciences and the Law. 10: 75–88. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370100108.
  61. "Father, son & holy toast". Boulder Weekly. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  62. Vasagar, Jeevan (2000-07-03). "Racist sect digs in at rock festivals". The Guardian. London.
  63. "Who Does the Pope Think He Is?".
  64. Goswami, Neal. "Let Us Pray: Twelve Tribes, honoring the past". Bennington Banner. Bennington, VT.
  65. Moeller, Katy (2001-04-15). "Worshippers of Yahshua as savior weather storm – Cambridge farm counters criticism". Daily Gazette. John E.N. Hume III. pp. A–01.
  66. Associated Press (2001-04-14). "Twelve Tribes sect opens farm to Press group Denies Charges of Child Labor, Racism". Watertown Daily Times. p. 29.
  67. MacIntosh, Jeane (2001-04-09). "State probes cult in Child Labor Scandal on heels of post report". New York Post. News Corporation. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
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  69. "Undercover Investigation Exposes Child Labor in New York Compound". Inside Edition. 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  70. "State finds 'multiple' child labor law violations at Twelve Tribes Farm". Times Union. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  71. Jean A. Swantko (2004). "The Twelve Tribes Communities, the Anti-Cult Movement, and Governmental Response". In James T. Richardson (ed.). Regulating religion: case studies from around the globe. Springer. pp. 197–199. ISBN 978-0-306-47886-4. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
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