Transition-metal allyl complex

Transition-metal allyl complexes are coordination complexes with allyl and its derivatives as ligands. Allyl is the radical with the connectivity CH2CHCH2, although as a ligand it is usually viewed as an allyl anion CH2=CH−CH2−, which is usually described as two equivalent resonance structures.

Structure of allylpalladium chloride dimer

Examples and their syntheses

The allyl ligand is commonly in organometallic chemistry. Most commonly, allyl ligands bind to metals via all three carbon centers, the η3-binding mode. An example of a homoleptic allyl complex is Ir(η3-allyl)3.[1] More common are complexes with allyl and other ligands. Examples include (η3-allyl)Mn(CO)4 and CpPd(allyl).

Allyl complexes are often generated by oxidative addition of allylic halides to low-valent metal complexes. This route is used to prepare (allyl)2Ni2Cl2:[2][3]

2 Ni(CO)4 + 2 ClCH2CH=CH2 → Ni2(μ-Cl)2(η3-C3H5)2 + 8 CO

Other methods of synthesis involve addition of nucleophiles to η4-diene complexes and hydride abstraction from alkene complexes. Lastly allyl ligands are produced by salt metathesis reactions starting with allyl Grignard and allyl lithium reagents.

Chelating bis(allyl) complexes
General structure of a chelating bis(allyl) complex of Ru (L = alkene, phosphine).

1,3-Dienes such as butadiene and isoprene dimerize in the coordination spheres of some metals, giving chelating bis(allyl) complexes. Such complexes also arise from ring-opening of divinylcyclobutane. Chelating bis(allyl) complexes are intermediates in the metal-catalyzed dimerization of butadiene to give vinylcyclohexene and cyclooctadiene.[4]

Sigma-allyl

Complexes with η1-allyl ligands are also known. One example is CpFe(CO)2(η1-allyl) where only the methylene group is attached to the Fe centre. Such compounds often convert to the η3-allyl derivatives by dissociation of a ligand:

CpFe(CO)2(η1-allyl) → CpFe(CO)(η3-allyl) + CO

Benzyl complexes
Structure of tetrabenzylzirconium with H atoms omitted for clarity.[5]

Benzyl and allyl ligands often exhibit similar chemical properties. Benzyl commonly adopt either η1 or η3 bonding modes. The interconversion reactions parallel those of η1- or η3-allyl ligands:

CpFe(CO)2(η1-CH2Ph) → CpFe(CO)(η3-CH2Ph) + CO

In all bonding modes, the benzylic carbon is more strongly attached to the metal as indicated by M-C bond distances, which differ by ca. 0.2 Å in η3-bonded complexes.[6] X-ray crystallography demonstrate that the benzyl ligands in tetrabenzylzirconium are highly flexible. One polymorph features four η2-benzyl ligands, whereas another polymorph has two η1- and two η2-benzyl ligands.[5]

Applications

In terms of applications, a popular allyl complex is allyl palladium chloride.[7] Allyl ligands are susceptible to nucleophilic addition, which can be useful in organic synthesis.[8]

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References
  1. Kevin D. John; Judith L. Eglin; Kenneth V. Salazar; R. Thomas Baker; Alfred P. Sattelberger (2014). "Tris(Allyl)Iridium and -Rhodium". Inorganic Syntheses: Volume 36. Inorganic Syntheses. 36. p. 165. doi:10.1002/9781118744994.ch32. ISBN 9781118744994.
  2. Martin F. Semmelhack and Paul M. Helquist (1988). "Reaction of Aryl Halides with π-Allylnickel Halides: Methallylbenzene". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 6, p. 722
  3. Craig R. Smith, Aibin Zhang, Daniel J. Mans, T. V. Rajanbabu (2008). "(R)-3-methyl-3-phenyl-1-pentene Via Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrovinylation". Org. Synth. 85: 248–266. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.085.0248. PMC 2723857. PMID 19672483.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. Hirano, Masafumi; Sakate, Yumiko; Komine, Nobuyuki; Komiya, Sanshiro; Wang, Xian-qi; Bennett, Martin A. (2011). "Stoichiometric Regio- and Stereoselective Oxidative Coupling Reactions of Conjugated Dienes with Ruthenium(0). A Mechanistic Insight into the Origin of Selectivity". Organometallics. 30 (4): 768–777. doi:10.1021/om100956f.
  5. Rong, Yi; Al-Harbi, Ahmed; Parkin, Gerard (2012). "Highly Variable Zr–CH2–Ph Bond Angles in Tetrabenzylzirconium: Analysis of Benzyl Ligand Coordination Modes". Organometallics. 31pages=8208–8217. doi:10.1021/om300820b.
  6. Trost, Barry M.; Czabaniuk, Lara C. (2014). "Structure and Reactivity of Late Transition Metal η3-Benzyl Complexes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53: 2826–2851. doi:10.1002/anie.201305972.
  7. Tatsuno, Y.; Yoshida, T.; Otsuka, S. "(η3-allyl)palladium(II) Complexes" Inorganic Syntheses, 1990, volume 28, pages 342-345. ISBN 0-471-52619-3
  8. Hartwig, J. F. Organotransition Metal Chemistry, from Bonding to Catalysis; University Science Books: New York, 2010. ISBN 189138953X
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