Tlaquepaque

Tlaquepaque (Spanish pronunciation: [tlakeˈpake]), historically San Pedro Tlaquepaque, is a city and the surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

For the stadium, see Estadio Tlaquepaque.

Tlaquepaque
City
San Pedro Tlaquepaque
San Pedro Tlaquepaque
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s):  Spanish: La villa alfarera (English: Potter's village)
Tlaquepaque
Coordinates: 20°37′N 103°19′W
Country	Mexico
State	Jalisco
Region	Centro
Municipality	Tlaquepaque
Foundation	25 March 1530
Government
• Mayor	María Elena Limón (Citizens' Movement (Mexico))
Area
• City	270 km^2 (100 sq mi)
Elevation	1,870 m (6,140 ft)
Population  (2010)
• City	575,942
• Density	2,100/km^2 (5,500/sq mi)
• Metro	4,424,252
• Metro density	1,583/km^2 (4,100/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Tlaquepaquense
Time zone	UTC−6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
Website	https://www.tlaquepaque.gob.mx/

Geography

During the 20th century, it was absorbed by the outward spread of the state capital, and is now a fully integrated part of the Guadalajara conurbation, lying only a few kilometers from the city center. The city had a 2010 census population of 575,942, making it the third largest city in the state, behind only Guadalajara proper, and Zapopan, another city in the metro area. The municipality's area is 270.88 km² (104.59 sq mi) and lies adjacent to the south side of Guadalajara. Its largest community besides Tlaquepaque is the town of Santa Anita, at the municipality's southwestern corner.

Climate

The climate of the municipality is semi-dry with dry winter and spring, semi-warm without defined winter season. The average annual temperature is 20.7 -C, and has an average annual rainfall of 919 millimeters with a rain regime in the months of June to August. The prevailing winds are in a southeasterly direction. The average number of frost days per year is 5.2.

Natural Resources

It currently has a few forest areas where species of acacia, palo dulce and granjeno predominate. The native fauna is composed of rabbits, hares, squirrels, reptiles, and various bird species in the region.

Hydrography

The municipality has no river, has streams with the most outstanding being El Seco, Sebastianito and New Spain. Previously there were the dams Las Lomas, La Ladrillera, Las Pintas and Las Rusias. Most of the land has an urban use and the is held as private property.

Geology

Lithologically, the municipality was formed in the Quaternary period and is composed of pumitic tobas (commonly known as pumice stone that are made up of explosion products such as lapillis, puzolanas and ash. The predominant soils belong to the type haplic feozem and planosol eútric. An associated soil is the planepeloic sun.

Economy

In the agricultural field the crops of maize, sorghum, sweet potato, onion, kale, lettuce and betabel stand out. In livestock, there are farms where meat and milk are reared, porcino-porcino cattle, sheep-sheep, goat-goat, poultry and posture, and beekeeping-beehives.

The main industrial branch is manufacturing, handicrafts, papier-mache, glass, brass, pottery, yarn, mud, leather and wood. Within the municipality are located several industrial parks, in which they house different national and transnational plants, such as:

• HP (printers and computers)
• Bimbo (breadmakers)
• Lala (milk and dairy products)
• José Cuervo (tequila)

History

The name Tlaquepaque derives from Nahuatl and means "place above clay land". The area is famous for its pottery and blown glass. Before the Spaniards arrived on these lands, the Toluquilla, Zalatitán, Coyula, Tateposco, Tlaquepaque, Tapechi (Tepetitlán), and Tequepexpan, formed with Tonalá a kingdom, ruled by a woman named Cihualpilli Tzapotzinco. It was inhabited by Tonalteca Indians and later by the tecos that were in place at the arrival of the Spaniards. It was a pre-Hispanic town settled on a hill where they built houses of grass, reaching 500 inhabitants. In March 1530 he arrived in these lands Nuño de Guzmán and his people, entering San Martín de las Flores, formerly called Tlaxicoltzingo. Knowing the natives of the approach of the Spaniards, they were divided into two sides, because while Queen Cihualpilli and some gentlemen opted to give them a peaceful reception given their invincible power, others pretended to be resisted. The supporters of peace sent to the meeting of the Spaniards a delegation composed of nobles and rulers of the various peoples of the kingdom. From the town of Tlaquepaque were Coyotl, Chitacotl and Tonatl, Xonatic, Cuauhuntin and Oceotl, from the town of Tetlán, Coyopitzantli from Tzalatitán, Timoac and Oxatl, from Atemaxac, Ipac, from Ichcatlán, and Tzacamitl from Xocatic gift of chickens, eggs, honey, ahuacates, onions and some fruits to tell them that they already had news of their coming and that they were waiting for them amicably Guzmán well received by the Queen of Tonalá, being baptized with the name of Juana Bautista Danza. This name was the winner of a raffle that made names such as Petra, Micaela and Juana. Dance was chosen because it arranged a dance in honor of the Spaniards. Before entering the city, it sent several of its men to require the rebels who obtained in response a great shouting and a rain of arrows. Those who opposed confronted Guzman's army; The result of the meeting was unfavorable for the natives of the earth. All the rebels were captained by the lord of Tetlan, Tlaquitehuitli, and also by the Indian nobles Cuautipizahuac, and Catipamatac. On 25 March 1530, Nuño de Guzmán took possession of the kingdom of Tonalá and the subject peoples, including Tlaquepaque. In 1548, the town received the name of San Pedro, at the suggestion of Fray Antonio de Segovia, and during the colonial era and throughout the nineteenth century, he was only known by that name. From the second half of the sixteenth century it acquired the character of corregimiento subject to the jurisdiction of the city of Guadalajara. Once the Spaniards settled in Guadalajara, they began to exercise political and religious control in the surrounding towns, and the authorities of the incipient Pearl Tapatia ordered that San Pedro deliver a tribute according to the number of inhabitants and in accordance with their occupations. In that way, in 1551 they came and made the order clear to the encomendero that this tribute be fulfilled. San Pedro, according to the same census that was taken for the tax transaction, had 1416 inhabitants living in 177 jacales. The tribute they imposed was four loads of grass a day, ten chickens from Castile, ten loads of firewood and five service Indians a week, thirty blankets, forty tapatios, twenty pairs of quills, six loaves of salt and two jugs of honey, every two months, and four hundred hanegas of corn and twenty hanegas of chili every year. In the year 1600, San Pedro had fewer inhabitants than Toluquilla, which today belongs to Tlaquepaque. Alonso de la Mota and Escobar said:

Leaving, then, from Guadalajara on the road that falls further to the east, one goes to the town of San Pedro of one hundred Indian neighbors

By 1621, San Pedro was a doctrine of Franciscan religious from the convent of Guadalajara. On the morning of 26 November 1810, Hidalgo made his entrance to San Pedro where he was presented with a feast, and in the afternoon he entered the capital triumphantly.

Municipal presidential balcony

The priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla arrives in San Pedro Tlaquepaque, on Sunday, 25 November, from Atequiza jal. It was arranged to take for your best comfort, the most comfortable house, you will be served a great banquet at noon, and at night a refreshment with all visitors, from the church and the government. Making preparations to leave San Pedro Tlaquepaque towards the capital today Guadalajara with around 7,000 men. Arriving around noon at the gates of the cathedral. In 1821, San Pedro Tlaquepaque was the cradle of the proclamation of the 'Independence of Jalisco' by the brigadier Pedro Celestino Negrete, since the document is signed in the town on 13 June of the same year . According to the decree of 27 March 1824, San Pedro became a member of the Guadalajara Department. In 1825, San Pedro is registered as a town.

Government

Mayors

Term	Mayor	Political Party	Note
1857-1861[1]	Santiago García
1861	Luis Hernández
1862	Luciano Martínez
1862	Reyes García
1862-1863	Martín Manzano
1863	Reyes García
1863	Martín Manzano
1863-1867	Julián González
1868	José María Zúñiga
1869	Eligio Zúñiga
1869-1870	Exiquio Cortés
1870	Andrés Martínez
1870	Apolonio Ramírez
1870	Andrés Martínez
1870	Faustino Preciado
1870	Andrés Martínez
1870	Fausto Preciado
1871-1873	Regino Guillén
1874-1876	Brigido Rosales
1876	José G. Azco
1876	Mateo Gómez
1877	Jorge Tiznado
1877	Brígido Rosales
1877	Amado Goche
1878	Enrique V. Loza
1878	José Alemán
1878-1879	Ramón Gómez
1880	José Hernán
1880	Trinidad Hernández
1880-1881	José María Ivanz Alatorre
1881	Trinidad Hernández
1881-1883	José Guarro
1883	Francisco Muñoz Gutiérrez
1883	Donato Rosales
1887	Guadalupe Serratos
1887	Juan N. Curiel
1887-1888	Guadalupe Serratos
1888	Luis Medina
1888	Ramón A. Alatorre
1888-1890	J. Macías Gutiérrez
1890	J. Hernández
1890-1891	L. G. Degollado
1891	R. Y. Navarro
1892	Antonio Ortiz Gordoa
1892-1893	Ignacio G. Ruvalcaba
1893	Cruz Gómez Bordón
1893	Adolfo Baldomero Riestra
1893	José P. Jarero
1893	Dávalos
1893	Bernardo Topete
1894	Cruz Gómez Bordón
1894	Bernardo Topete
1894	Manuel Rodríguez
1895	Antonio Muñana
1895	Bernardo Topete
1895	José González
1895-1896	Antonio Muñana
1896-1897	Luciano J. Gallardo
1897	Mariano Jiménez
1897-1898	Carlos Marrón
1898-1899	Miguel Y. Morales
1899-1900	Pedro Zúñiga
1900	Enrique Barrios de los Ríos
1900	Roberto Robles
1902	Luis Navarrete
1902	Anastasio Gallo
1902-1905	B. Gómez Cruz
1905-1907	Rafael del Castillo
1907-1908	O. Jiménez
1908	Pedro Cantú
1908-1910	J. López Portillo Camarena
1910-1911	Manuel Argaiz
1911	Maximino Campos
1911-1912	Jesús Álvarez del Castillo
1912	Mateo de León
1912	Egberto de la Mora
1912-1914	Luis Rubio Luquín
1914	Alberto Corona
1914	J. López Portillo Camarena
1914	Anastasio Gallo
1914	Jerónimo Sahagún Campos
1914-1915	Alejandro Aviña
1915	Samuel Acuña
1915	Mariano Castellano
1915	Pedro Patiño Navarro
1915	Galindo Flores
1915-1917	Leocadio Muñoz
1918-1919	Félix G. Acosta
1919	Fernando Rosas Merino
1919-1920	Eleuterio Plascencia
1920	Emilio Trujillo
1920	Luis Álvarez del Castillo
1920	Salvador Farías
1920	¿?
1921	Gerónimo Sahagún
1921	Fernando Rosas Merino
1922-1924	Antonio Sánchez
1924	I. M. Salcedo
1924	Juan Panduro
1924	Ochoa
1925-1926	Adrián Morales
1927-1928	Antonio Sánchez
1929	N. Ramírez	PNR
1930	Gerónimo Sahagún	PNR
1931	Roberto Gómez Vallejo	PNR
1932	C. G. Rodríguez	PNR
1933	Gerónimo Sahagún	PNR
1934	Ignacio Orozco	PNR
1935-1936	David Mendoza	PNR
1937	Ignacio Orozco	PNR
1938-1939	Roberto Gómez Vallejo	PRM
1940	Fernando Silva	PRM
1941-1942	Manuel Talamantes	PRM
1943-1944	Manuel Izquierdo	PRM
1945	Aurelio G. Ramírez	PRM
1945	Francisco Talamantes	PRM
1946	J. Jesús Castellanos	PRI
1946	J. Cruz Valencia	PRI
1947-1948	José Loza Sánchez	PRI
1949-1952	J. Jesús Ruvalcaba	PRI
1953-1955	Jerónimo Sahagún	PRI
1956-1957	Anastasio Salas	PRI
1958	Antonio Gutiérrez Ortiz	PRI
1959-1961	Rubén Casillas Ramírez	PRI
1962-1964	Javier Valdivia Hernández	PRI
01/01/1965-31/12/1967	Simón Sánchez	PRI
01/01/1968-1970	Lauro Vadillo Díaz	PRI
1970-31/12/1970	J. Guadalupe Gómez de la Torre	PRI
01/01/1971-31/12/1973	Roberto Neri Rodríguez	PRI
01/01/1974-31/12/1976	Javier Valdivia Hernández	PRI
01/01/1977-1979	Marcos Montero Ruiz	PRI
1979-31/12/1979	Pedro Martínez López	PRI
01/01/1980-31/12/1982	Salvador Orozco Loreto	PRI
01/01/1983-1985	Porfirio Cortés Silva	PRI
1985-31/12/1985	José Isiordia Fierros	PRI	Acting Mayor
01/01/1986-31/12/1988	Arturo Franco Lozano	PRI
01/01/1989-1991	Alfredo Barba Hernández	PRI
1991-1992	Salvador Casillas Tostado	PRI
1992-1995	Eduardo Riverón Gámez	PRI
1995-1997	Marcos Rosas Romero	PAN
01/01/1998-31/12/2000	José María Robles Díaz	PAN
01/01/2001-31/12/2003	José Antonio Álvarez Hernández	PAN
01/01/2004-31/12/2006	Miguel Castro Reynoso	PRI
01/01/2007-31/12/2009	José Hernán Cortés Berumen	PAN
01/01/2010-30/09/2012	Miguel Castro Reynoso	PRI
01/10/2012-30/09/2015	Alfredo Barba Mariscal	PRI
01/10/2015-	María Elena Limón García	MC	She was reelected on 01/07/2018. Her second triennium started 01/10/2018

Cultural Center El Refugio

In 1859, Fray Luis Argüello Bernal was given the task of designing, sponsoring and building a hospital and house of spiritual exercises that was named "El Refugio" and "Casa de la Salud Josefina", (since it was administered by the Religious Josefinas until 1935), this with the financing of the Brotherhood of San Vicente de Paul, in addition to the contributions of the neighborhood of San Pedro, as well as the wealthy families of Guadalajara who had their summer homes in San Pedro Tlaquepaque. Its construction is colonial style of approximately 10,000 m².

In the year of 1979 it was closed, and after being abandoned for a long time, the construction was acquired by the Municipal Administration of Tlaquepaque of Mr. Porfirio Cortés Silva in 1983; and rescued, renovated and modified in 1984 by the Architect Alejandro Zhon, in order to carry out the Cultural Center "The Refuge" who was responsible for carrying out the rehabilitation work, which retained the original architecture of the building, highlighting its lengths corridors and large patios, making it a Cultural, Commercial, Craft and Tourist Center. [2]

Tourism

It is a resort focused on the crafts of pottery, textiles and [blowing glass]. Its streets and walkers are adorned with various Casonas of the last century, in addition to colonial constructions, the Tapatío Tour arrives at the municipality on one of its routes. The main attractions in the municipal head are:

• St. Peter's Parish - enclosure built by the Franciscan Order, which receives the category of Parish in 1845, constitutes one of the spiritual pillars of San Pedro Tlaquepaque. Its construction is a mixture of styles, including: Byzantine, Baroque and Roman. At the front is the terminus of St. John Paul II.
• Hidalgo Garden - with its square and kiosk surrounded by fresh palms, ash and roses
• Municipal Palace - this colonial building dates from the nineteenth century. Currently, it is used as administrative and government offices of San Pedro Tlaquepaque. On the second floor is the mural "Historia de Fuego" by the artist Camilo Ramírez and the large format painting "Yolotl" by Eusebio Sánchez Benítez; worthy of admiration.
• El Parián - This famous and typical building that characterizes San Pedro Tlaquepaque is a place of family gathering and recreation and place for civic and social festivities. It currently has 18 restaurants and bars.
• Andador Independencia. - Andador with art galleries, artisan shops, old houses, the Regional Ceramics Museum, bars and restaurants.
• Centro Cultural el Refugio.- in 1885, Fray Argoello began the construction of this building, which functioned as a general and psychiatric hospital and was built in various stages. Currently, it is the Center for Congresses, Conventions, Exhibitions and Special Events. In its facilities are the School of Plastic Arts, Crafts and Crafts "Angel Carranza" and the Museum of the National Prize for Ceramics "Pantaleón Panduro".
• El Refugio Cultural Center.
• Panduro Pantaleon Museum. - Museum of the National Prize for Ceramics "Pantaleón Panduro".- The museum is located on the premises of the Cultural Center el Refugio. It houses the winning pieces of the National Prize for Ceramics, the same from different states of the Mexican Republic.
• Regional Ceramics Museum - The Museum has eight exhibition halls, containing pieces from different regions of Jalisco and Mexico; including the miniatures of the Tlaquepanse Angel Carranza. In addition, an extra room, is dedicated to art and culture exhibitions.
• Parish of San Pedro Tlaquepaque
• Juarez Street.
• Sanctuary of the Holy Mexican Martyrs - The martyrs gave their lives for Christ and for Our Lady, so this sanctuary fulfills the mission of remembering those who with their blood fed the faith of the Mexican people. In fact, most of these martyrs were from Guadalajara or passed through this city during the persecution of the 1920s. Today, recalls Héctor Castellanos, the Guadalajara seminary has about 1,000 seminarians and is one of the most important in the world. The origin of the construction has a double slope, on the one hand because of the needs of the Diocese when it comes to mass acts, and on the other of a desire of St. John Paul II to investigate and give value to the Mexican victims of religious persecution.

Andador indepedencia

Main sights

Tlaquepaque features El Parián, a large plaza flanked by columned arcades and surrounded by restaurants and bars. The main square in the city centre is known as El Jardín Hidalgo ("Hidalgo Garden"), named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the "Father of Mexican Independence." A larger-than-life statue of Hidalgo dominates the square. Other main features include the two important churches, El Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Solitude) and San Pedro (Saint Peter), and the Benito Juárez market.

Culture

Tlaquepaque is known for its mariachi bands. During the annual San Pedro festivities, El Jardín is filled with stalls and street sellers. On the day of San Pedro itself, towering firework-festooned structures known as the Castillo ("castle") and Toro ("bull") are set alight.

Etymology

The native name has its etymology in the same land. The word "Tlaquepaque" means "Place on knolls of clay land," although there are other versions that are inclined to "men who craft clay pieces ("Tlacapan")". For others the word "Tlaquepaque" comes from the word "Tlalipac", "on mud knolls". Yet another etymology says that it means "place of mud."

Tlaquepaque Entrance Gate

El Parian in Tlaquepaque

Recovery of the original name

as established in the initiative that the municipal president sent to the State Congress, in 1843 San Pedro Tlaquepaque was granted the category of Villa, a name he kept until 1917, when by decree of the then governor Manuel Aguirre Berlanga, prohibited in Jalisco using the name of saints in streets, squares, parks, as well as "living people, animals or other frivolous designations". The ban did not include municipalities, but San Pedro Tlaquepaque lost the first part of its original name. Currently, the municipality of Tlaquepaque recovered its full name San Pedro Tlaquepaque, an initiative carried out by the municipal president, Miguel Castro Reynoso. Before seeking recovery, the City Council of Tlaquepaque carried out a consultation between residents of the municipality, both the head and other delegations. The polls were available to citizens from 20 September to 8 October 2010 and 13,043 people participated. The result was that 62.4 percent of the people consulted are in favor of the municipality being renamed San Pedro Tlaquepaque; 37.2 percent to stay as is and 0.4 percent did not answer. The results of the consultation were the basis for the agreement that the plenary session of the City of Tlaquepaque took on 11 November 2010, through which the municipal president was authorized to present to the State Congress an initiative to request the name change, as well as the modification of article 4 of the Law of Government and Municipal Public Administration, which establishes the list of municipalities that make up Jalisco. On 21 June 2011, the Constitutional Points Commission of the State Congress approved the opinion through which the name change is authorized, so on 27 September 2011 the State Congress approved that the municipality of Tlaquepaque return to its original name, that is, San Pedro.

Tlaquepaque is also known for its famous tepache, a partially fermented drink made with pineapple, brown sugar and water.

Sister cities

• Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala
• Atwater, California, United States
• Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico
• Glendale, California, United States[3]
• Metepec, State of Mexico, Mexico
• Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
• Old Havana, Cuba
• San Joaquín, Querétaro, Mexico
• San Miguel de Cozumel, Quintana Roo, Mexico[4]
• Springfield, Missouri, United States[3]
• Zapotiltic, Jalisco, Mexico

References

1. "Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. Estado de Jalisco. Tlaquepaque" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20110405125729/http://www.tlaquepaque.gob.mx/site/node/ 218
3. "Interactive City Directory". Sister Cities International. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
4. Se unen Tlaquepaque y Cozumel..., Retrieved 25 January 2015

• Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
• Jalisco Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

External links

• Media related to Tlaquepaque Municipality at Wikimedia Commons
• Municipio de Tlaquepaque Official website
• Directorio de artesanos y artesanias Handcraft producers