Tillodontia

Tillodontia is an extinct suborder of eutherian mammals known from the Early Paleocene to Late Eocene of China, the Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene of North America where they display their maximum species diversity, the Middle Eocene of Pakistan, and the Early Eocene of Europe. Leaving no descendants, they are most closely related to the pantodonts, another extinct group. The tillodonts were medium- to large-sized animals that probably feed on roots and tubers in temperate to subtropical habitats.[1]

Tillodontia
Temporal range: 65–40 Ma Early Paleocene- Late Eocene
Tillodon skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Cimolesta
Suborder:
Tillodontia

Genera

See text

Description

Tillodonts had rodent-like incisors, clawed feet and blunt, cusped teeth. They were mostly medium-sized animals, although the largest of them (such as Trogosus) could reach the size of a large bear.[2]

The cranium ranged in length from 5 to 37 cm (2.0 to 14.6 in) and had a characteristic elongated rostrum, an elongated mandibular symphysis, and a shortened basicranial region. The second upper and lower incisors are large in most species, the first upper and lower premolars are small or absent, the fourth upper and lower premolars are molariform (molar-like).[1]

When Marsh first named and described the tillodonts, he explained:[3]

These animals are the among the most remarkable yet discovered in American strata, and seem to combine characters of several distinct groups, viz: Carnivores, Ungulates, and Rodents. In Tillotherium (=Trogosus), the type [specimen] of the order, the skull has the same general form as in the Bears, but its structure resembles that of Ungulates. The molar teeth are of the ungulate type, the canines are small, and in each jaw there is a pair of large scalpiform incisors faced with enamel, and growing from persistent pulps, as in Rodents.

When naming his new "pachyderm" species Trogosus castoridens ("beaver-toothed gnawing-hog"), Leidy added that it was a fossil "which would appear to have pertained to the stock from which diverged the Rhinoceros and Mastodon, the Peccary, and perhaps the Beaver."[4]

Classification

Franchaius from the early Eocene of Europe, Benaius, Lofochaius, Meiostylodon, and Huananius from the early Paleocene of China, and Yuesthonyx from the late Paleocene of China are primitive forms. Interogale from the late Paleocene of China, and Anchilestes probably from the middle Paleocene of China, were once assigned to Anagalida, but may also be primitive tillodonts.[5]

The monophyly of the subfamily Trogosinae is unchallenged, but Esthonychines most likely includes the ancestors of Trogosinae and therefore is probably paraphyletic. Tillodontia is mostly known from dentaries and teeth. The cranium is best known from Trogosinae and the postcranium from Trogosus.[6]

Azygonyx and Esthonyx from North America, Franchaius and Plesiesthonyx from Europe, and possibly Basalina from Pakistan (to the extent anything can be said about it) and an unassigned specimen from India are all morphologically closely related but obviously geographically quite widespread. In contrast, Asian tillodonts tend to be smaller and less derived. This possible link between specimens from the Indian subcontinent and those from Europe and America adds evidence to a faunal interchange between these continents during the early Eocene.[7]

Suborder Tillodontia[8]

Genus †Azygonyx (Gingerich 1989), dentary, postcranial fragments
Genus †Basalina (Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958), poorly preserved jaw fragment with incomplete cheek tooth
Genus †Benaius (Wang & Jin 2004), left lower jaw
Genus †Dysnoetodon (Zhang 1980), maxilla and lower jaw
Family †Esthonychidae (Cope 1883) (Syn. Anchippodontidae, Tillotheriidae)
Genus †Adapidium (Young 1937), right lower jaw
Subfamily †Esthonychinae (Zittel & Schlosser 1911)
Genus †Esthonyx (Cope 1874), lower mandibles, teeth
Genus †Megalesthonyx (Rose 1972), left mandible, teeth, feet bones
Subfamily †Trogosinae (Gazin 1953) (Syn. Anchippodus)
Genus †Tillodon (Gazin 1953), skull
Genus †Trogosus (Leidy 1871) (Syn. Tillotherium), skull, lower jaws, teeth, vertebrae, ilium, limb bones, feet bones
Genus †Franchaius (Baudry 1992; synonymized with Plesiesthonyx, Hooker 2010), less than 20 isolated teeth[7]
Genus †Higotherium (Miyata & Tomida 1998),[9] fragmentary right mandible, teeth
Genus †Interogale (Huang & Zheng 1983), well-preserved mandible
Genus †Kuanchuanius (Chow 1963), partial mandible, teeth
Genus †Lofochaius (Chow et al. 1973), poorly preserved skull with few teeth
Genus †Meiostylodon (Wang 1975), three isolated teeth
Genus †Plesiesthonyx (Lemoine 1891), isolated molars
Genus †Plethorodon (Huang & Zheng 1987), partial skull with upper cheek teeth
Genus †Simplodon (Huang & Zheng 2003), right upper jaw with cheek teeth
Family †Yuesthonychidae (Tong, Wang & Fu 2003)
Genus †Yuesthonyx (Tong, Wang & Fu 2003), left mandibles, partial skull, teeth

Notes
  1. Lucas & Schoch 1998, p. 268
  2. "Tillodontia". Answers.com. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  3. Marsh 1875, p. 221
  4. Leidy 1871, p. 115
  5. Rose 2006, p. 113
  6. Rose 2006, p. 111
  7. Rose et al. 2009, pp. 353–4
  8. Tillodontia: Relationships in the Paleobiology Database Retrieved July 2013.
  9. "†Higotherium". Taxonomicon. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
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References
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