Duryodhana

Duryodhana (Sanskrit: दुर्योधन, literally means Dur= Extremely hard, Yodhana= Yudh/action; the one with whom the fight is extremely hard,[1]) also known as Suyodhana, is a major antagonist in the Hindu epic Mahabharata and was the eldest of the Kauravas, the hundred sons of blind king Dhritarashtra and queen Gandhari. Being the firstborn son of the blind king, he was the crown prince of Kuru Kingdom and its capital Hastinapura along with his cousin Yudhishtra who was older than him. Karna was Duryodhana's closest friend. Notably, Duryodhana, with significant assistance from Karna, performs Vaishnava Yagna when the Pandavas are in exile.[2][3] Duryodhana used his greater skill in wielding the mace to defeat opponents. He was also an extremely courageous warrior and he was said to be a good ruler. Duryodhana's greed and arrogance, were the two qualities said to lead to his downfall in the Mahabharata.

Duryodhana
Mahabharata character
Duryodhana showing his army to Drona
In-universe information
AliasesSuyodhana
Title"Yuvaraja"(Crown Prince) of Kuru Kingdom
WeaponGada (mace)
FamilyDhritarashtra (father)
Gandhari (mother)
Dushasana, Vikarna and 97 more (brothers)
Dushala (sister)
Yuyutsu (step-brother)
SpouseBhanumati
ChildrenLaxman Kumara, Lakshmanaa
ReligionHinduism

Birth
Gandhari receiving boon from Vyasa

When Gandhari's pregnancy continued for an unusually long period of time, Her mother-in-law Ambika and Ambalika were very upset with her. Pandu and Kunti had a son before them named Yudhishthir. So she beat her womb in frustration. This caused a hardened mass of grey-colored flesh to issue from her womb. She implored Vyasa, the great sage who had blessed her as "Shata Putra Praptirasthu" (Sanskrit for "blessed with a hundred sons"), to redeem his words. Vyasa divided the ball of flesh into one hundred and one equal pieces and put them in pots of milk, which were sealed and buried into the earth for two years. At the end of the second year, the first pot was opened, and Duryodhana emerged.[4]

Early years
Duryodhana in Javanese Wayang

Although loved by his family, Duryodhana and most of his brothers were not seen on the same level as the Pandavas in their adherence to virtue, duty, and respect for elders. Duryodhana felt that the partiality everyone showed to the Pandavas was only due to the circumstances of their birth. Duryodhana was mentored by his maternal uncle Shakuni, who masterminded most of Duryodhana's plots to humiliate and kill the Pandavas.

Duryodhana's hatred for the Pandavas stemmed from his sincere belief that he being the son of the eldest brother and should be

heir apparent to the throne of Hastinapura. Because of his blindness, his father had to renounce the throne in favor of the younger brother, Pandu. Duryodhana deeply believed that what was rightfully his was being given away to his older cousin Yudhishthira. He also felt that the Pandavas were sons of Kunti and (devas/deities), not of Pandu. He never believed that their divine origin alone proved their superiority, on many occasions questioning their merits, and always calling them the 'Kaunteya' (sons of Kunti). He would never try to accept Pandavas as his brothers but always did his best to restrain them. He also bore a deep hatred of Bhima, who was older than him but much stronger and dominated his brothers in sport and skill with his immense physical power and strength. Out of anger and jealousy, he even tried to poison Bheem ,but was unsuccessful.

Training

Learning martial skills from his gurus Dronacharya, he proved to be extremely skilled with the mace. He then went to specialize in mace fighting under Balarama ,so as to gain sympathy from him and went on to become his favorite pupil. Balarama described Duryodhana's body to be "lightning made flesh" and declared him to be the greatest mace fighter of his generation.

Relationship with Karna

At the martial exhibition where the Kaurava and Pandava princes demonstrated their skills before their elders, their guru Drona and the people of that kingdom, Karna appeared and challenged an unsuspecting Arjuna, who is considered to be the best of the princes. But Karna was stopped when Kripa asked him to ascertain his lineage, as it would be inappropriate for unequal to compete. Karna, not being a kshatriya, hanged his head in shame.

Duryodhana immediately defended Karna, arguing that it is actions, and not birth, that defines a warrior. Using the boon granted to him by Dhritarashtra, Duryodhana made Karna king of Anga so that he was regarded as Arjuna's equal.[5] Karna pledged his allegiance and friendship to Duryodhana. Neither of them knew that Karna was in fact Kunti's oldest son, born to (sun god) Surya, before her marriage to Pandu.

In the Kurukshetra War, Karna was Duryodhana's greatest champion and served as commander from the fifteenth day. Duryodhana sincerely believed that Karna was superior to Arjuna, and would defeat his four brothers. When Karna was killed, Duryodhana mourned his death intensely, even more so than the death of his own brothers and was inconsolable. When Karna's identity was revealed to him, Duryodhana's love for Karna only grew and it is said to be he, and not the Pandavas, who performed Karna's last rites. Krishna confirmed that he had the highest right over Karna, as they loved and supported each other truly.

Tendencies and schemes

During their childhood Bhima used his brute strength to inflict injuries on the Kaurava brothers. As Bhima was gluttonous, Duryodhana, guided by Shakuni attempted to kill Bhima by feeding him poison, but Bhima survived the trap and emerged even stronger than before. Duryodhana then participated in a plot by Shakuni to burn the Pandavas in a house of wax at Varnavata; however, they managed to escape the trap having been warned by Vidura.

Usurping the Kingdom

After the Pandavas revealed that they had survived the wax house, with a new wife to boot, Bhishma suggested that the kingdom be divided in order to ease the obvious tension. Yudhishthira is given half the kingdom and made king of Khandavprastha, so as to avoid a clash with the Kaurava princes over the whole Kuru Kingdom. Duryodhana became the crown prince of Hastinapura, and owing to the age and blindness of his father, he accumulated much control and influence, managing the state affairs himself with a group of his advisers that included his uncle Shakuni, brother Dushasana, Bhishma, Vidura, and Karna.

But Duryodhana remained jealous of Yudhishthira, especially after the Pandavas along with Krishna transformed Khandavaprastha to Indraprastha. Moreover, Yudhishthira performed the Rajasuya Yagna and gained the authority over several other kingdoms; Indraprastha's prosperity and fame appeared to exceed Hastinapura's. Duryodhana was unable to contain his anger, which was intensified when Bhima, Arjuna, the twins, and the servants laughed at him when he slipped into a pool of water during a visit to Indraprastha.

In popular culture, television shows and post-modern novels on Mahabharata attribute this blame to Draupadi with an added statement "the son of the blind man also is blind", but the scene in the canonical text of Vyasa's Sanskrit epic is different. As per original scripture written by Ved Vyasa Draupadi didn't taunt Duryodhana.[6]This enraged Duryodhana and increases his hostility towards the Pandavas.

The dice plot, and Draupadi's humiliation
Draupadi is presented to a pacheesi game

Duryodhana's jealousy of the prosperity and fame of Indraprashta and being humiliated by the Pandavas, made him furious and he wished to throw down the Pandavas. To support his will, Shakuni devised a scheme to rob Yudhishthira of his kingdom and wealth by defeating him in a Pakida or game of dice, in which Shakuni couldn't lose as he had dices which he could control.

Unable to resist the challenge, Yudhishthira gambled away his entire kingdom, his wealth, his four brothers and even his wife, in a series of gambits to retrieve one by staking another. After Yudhishthira lost Draupadi, Duryodhana encouraged his brother Dushasana to drag her into the court as she was now his property. Dushsana pulled Draupadi's hair and dragged her into the court. Duryodhana ordered Draupadi to sit on his left thigh, showing and patting it to insult her for revenge. Draupadi refused and Duryodhan ordered Dushashan to disrobe her. Following his brother's orders, Dushashan laughed and started pulling Draupadi's saree. Duryodhan, Shakuni, Karna and the other Kauravas (except Vikarna) also started laughing. However, by Krishna's grace, Draupadi's amount of clothing remained the same. [7]

Due to this action, Bhima pledged that he would break Duryodhana's thigh.

As an enraged Draupadi was about to curse the Kuru clan, Gandhari intervened. Fearing retribution by the Pandavas, their allies, and history, Dhritarashtra and Gandhari reversed all of Yudhishthira's losses. But then (either through Duryodhana forcing his father to command the Pandavas to play again, or through Shakuni's vicious tricks) the game was repeated. For this game of dice Shakuni set the condition that upon losing, Yudhishthira and his brothers must spend thirteen years in exile in the forest and one year of Agyatavasa (remain unknown to others possibly by a disguise) before they reclaim their kingdom. The thirteenth year must be passed incognito, or else the term of exile would be repeated. The Pandavas lost and began their exile.

The Kurukshetra War

Peace Talks and Buildup

At the end of the exile term, Duryodhana refused to return Yudhishthira's kingdom, despite the counsel of Bhishma, Dronacharya, and Vidura. Although Dhritarashtra openly criticized his son, he tacitly desired that Duryodhana retain his throne. In a final attempt at securing peace, Krishna returned with the Pandavas' final proposal: the Pandavas would give up all claims to Indraprastha and Hastinapura in exchange for five villages. Scoffing, Duryodhana said he will not even give even a needlepoint of land to the Pandavas. Egged on by Krishna, Duryodhana attempted to arrest him. Krishna revealed his Vishvarupa form. The entire Kaurava court, saved for Bhishma, Drona, Vidura, and Dhritarashtra (who was granted divine vision in order to see that by supporting his son, he was going against God), was temporarily blinded by the form. This confirmed to those present that Krishna was indeed an avatar of Vishnu. Duryodhana, being vastly egoistic (in some versions of the story an outright atheist), brushed off the incident, not convinced of Krishna's divinity, and believing that strength of arms, not philosophy, would win him a war.

Gathering the army

With war inevitable, Duryodhana gathered support from his powerful vassals. The most legendary warriors – Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Kripa, Ashwatthama, Shrutyudha, even those who were critical of him were forced to fight for Duryodhana due to their previous commitments. He ended up amassing a larger army than his rivals.

Shakuni also advised Duryodhana to seek Krishna's help. Duryodhana rushed to Dwarika only to find Krishna sleeping; he waited at the head of Krishna's bed when suddenly, Arjuna arrived with the same goal in mind. Arjuna waited at the foot of Krishna's bed. When Krishna woke up, both Duryodhana and Arjuna appealed for his alliance. Krishna offered a choice of himself, completely unarmed or the entire Vrishni army. Duryodhana proclaimed that because he arrived first, he should get first-pick. However, Krishna said that because he saw Arjuna first and because Arjuna was younger, that Arjuna gets first choice. Duryodhana became worried but was overjoyed when Arjuna elected to reject Krishna's army in favor of Krishna alone. Joyously, Duryodhana returned to Hastinapura with the Vrishni army in hand, only to be rebuked by Shakuni, who comments that Krishna is worth many armies by himself.

Duryodhana also managed to win the army of Shalya, the maternal uncle of Nakula and Sahadeva. Duryodhana intercepted Shalya's army as it came to Kurukshetra and offered hospitality; Shalya accepted thinking Yudhishthira had made the offer. After Shalya had enjoyed Duryodhana's comforts, Duryodhana revealed the duplicity and indicated that Shalya is now indebted to him. He used this indebtedness to extract Shalya's army and support. Duryodhana wanted Shalya mainly so that Karna would have an equivalent charioteer to Arjuna's Krishna.

4th day

Bhima attacked Duryodhana, pierced him and cut of his bow. In return, Duryodhana pierced Bhima, his Charioteer and cut of his bow. Duryodhana pierced Bhima with shafts on his breast. Bhima feeling great pain fled away from the battlefield.[8]

8th day

On 8th day, Rakashasaas of Ghatotkacha's army attacked Duryodhana. Duryodhana slew many rakshasas like Vegavat, Maharudra, Vidyujihva and Pramathin.[9] Duryodhana attacked Bhima and pierced him with many arrows. Ghatotkacha, Abhimanyu and other Pandavas warriors saved him. Later, he killed Visharada, son of Kunti-Bhoja.[10]

14th day

Uttamauja and Yudhamanyu (sons of Drupad)[11] attacked Duryodhana and Duryodhana defeated them in mace fighting.[12] After the death of Jayadratha, Duryodhana became very angry and he started killing Pandava army. However he is later defeated by Yudhishthira, who in turn starts massacring the Kaurava army.

15th day

Nakula attacked Duryodhana. Duryodhana fought with him and Nakula had to turn back.[13]

17th day

Nakula and Sahadeva attacked Duryodhana. Duryodhana pierced them and nearly killed them. Later, Dhrishtadyumna saved them. Then many Pandava warriors, including Yudhishthira, Bhima, Dristadyumna, Satyaki, etc. all together attacked Duryodhana. However Duryodhana alone managed to resist all the Pandavas and he repelled the Pandavas' group attack single-handedly[14].

18th day

On the 18th day, the Pandavas together had attacked Duryodhana but they were unsuccessful as Duryodhana alone resisted all of them[15]. On that day there was another time where Duryodhana alone defeated all the Pandavas including Yudhishthira, Bhima, the twins, Dristadyumna, Satyaki and the Uppandavas[16]. Duryodhana had also killed a Yadava warrior named Chekitana on that day[17].

Gada-yuddha
The final battle between Bhima and Duryodhana
Duryodana was defeated by Bhima – A scene from Razmanama

On the eighteenth day of the war, with his army reduced to himself, Ashwatthama, Kripa and Kritvarma, Duryodhana went to meditate in a lake. When the Pandavas and Krishna eventually found him, Duryodhana told them that he wanted to gift the kingdom to them, and retire to the forest. Yudhishthira rejected at the offer, telling him that Hastinapur is not Duryodhana's to gift. Instead, he offered that Duryodhana may pick any of the Pandava brothers to fight against one-to-one with a weapon of his choice, with the winner of the conflict the victor of the war.

Despite his proposed advantage over Yudhishthira, Arjuna, Nakula, or Sahadeva with the gada, Duryodhana picked his nemesis Bhima. Despite Bhima's physical advantage, Duryodhana had the better technique due to his devotion to his craft. After a long and brutal battle between the two disciples of Balarama, Duryodhana began to exhaust Bhima, and nearly made Bhima faint.

At this point, Krishna, observing the fight, called out to Bhima and signalled him by repeatedly clapping his own thigh with his hand. As intended, Bhima was reminded of an oath he had taken after the game of dice to crush Duryodhana's thighs. Bhima victoriously attacked Duryodhana with his mace and struck his thigh, mortally wounding Duryodhana. After having his face insultingly kicked by Bhima, Duryodhana bemoaned that he was slain by unfair means, given that it was illegal to attack below the waist in a mace fight.

Infuriated at the violation, Balarama, the brother of Lord Krishna, raised his weapon to attack. Lord Krishna consoled Balarama, by reminding him of Duryodhana's evil deeds, and reprimanded him for trying to influence a war he refused to participate in.[18]

Lying defeated, Duryodhana boasted to the Pandavas about how he would die a glorious death, about how he got to enjoy Hastinapur while the Pandavas were in exile, and about how he would now spend the afterlife in the company of his friends and relatives. He again eviscerated the Pandavas for all their chicanery during the war and decried their legacy. Venerating his own character, Duryodhana proclaimed he will die happily.

Death

When the coast was clear, Ashwatthama, Kripacharya, and Kritvarma, having witnessed the fight and not wanting to interrupt so as to rob Duryodhana of his honor, came to Duryodhana's broken body. Duryodhana commanded them to take revenge on the Pandavas, and to specifically kill all the five Pandava brothers and he then specified, "only after seeing their blood on your sword shall i pass away peacefully, ashwatthama." Hence Ashwatthama was now ready to murder all five pandavas even though the war was over. Using the blood from his body, Duryodhana appointed Ashwatthama as the army's supreme commander.

Ashwatthama charged toward the pandava camp, since the war was now over, the pandavas were now completing the post war warrior rituals and celebrations with their wife Draupadi, while their five sons Upapandavas, children of Draupadi, had peacefully gone to bed. Draupadi had been having a bad feeling about leaving the upapandavas alone, but the Pandavas were insistent upon making her join the winning rituals, because they believed that the reason the war happened and was won in the first place, was Draupadi. And so they convinced her to join them, by reminding her that even the Upapandavas were brave warriors.

Ashwatthama killed many soldiers making his way to the "Vijay Tent" a tent where the royal family rests. But he was unaware that the Pandavas were not present in the vijay tent. On his way, he encountered the prince of Panchal, Draupadi's brother, Drishtadyumn. Drishtadyumn made an attempt to stop Aswatthama but since the war had been won, Drishtadyumn wasn't prepared or alert enough to fight back successfully, and besides, Drishtadyumn was the one who had killed Ashwatthama's father, Dronacharya, hence Ashwatthama, already angry at the deceitful killing of his father, killed Drishtadyumn.

He then proceeded to the vijay tent killing yet more soldiers, and slayed all the Five sleeping Entities that he thought were the Pandavas, but were actually the Sons of the Pandavas. Draupadi rushed back to the tent as her sixth sense alerted her, but by then it was too late.

After killing the Upapandavas, Ashwatthama proceeded toward Duryodhana.

Ashwatthama believed he has killed the Pandavas and told this to Duryodhana, who was elated at the news. He showed Duryodhana the blood on his sword claiming that it belonged to the pandavas, hearing this Duryodhana peacefully left his body satisfied with revenge. The consequences Ashwatthama faced were worse than anyone in history, one of the reasons being that he killed the warriors in their sleep and after the war was over. However, when Ashwatthama was carrying out the Duryodhana's funeral, he was stopped by the Pandavas right before he lit the pyre. They told him that he had no right to do so, since he had committed a sin by brutally killing the Upapandavas. Ashwatthama did not care and lit the pyre as told them that Duryodhana never liked you all and he said that Karna and Ashwatthama had the only right to lit his pyre. Karna was already dead so he only had the right. Then ashwatthama called upon the weapon 'Brahmastra' to kill the unborn grandson of Arjun in Uttara's womb. Later, Krishna cursed ashwatthama and at last, the Pandavas respectfully carried out the funeral of the Upapandavas, Dhristdyuman and Duryodhana.

Concomitant with Duryodhana's death, Sanjaya loses his divine sight, which he had been using to update Duryodhana's father Dhritarashtra. This symbolizes the conclusion to the war.

According to the Mahabharata, after entering the Svarga (heaven) with a human body on Indra's invitation, Yudhishthira witnessed that Duryodhana "was seated on a beautiful throne and he shone with the splendour of the sun and around him stood in attendance the goddess of heroism and other entities of righteousness". Yudhishthira found this insufferable and reminded the dwellers of Svarga about his sinful deeds.

Following that, Narada smiled at Yudhishthira and explained that Duryodhana had suffered for his sins, and that ultimately, Duryodhana was a warrior who had defended his dharma and fought bravely and valiantly, having been a great ruler, a true friend, and a terrible foe.[19]

Duryodhana’s dilemmas

Duryodhana lay in the battlefield, awaiting death, badly bruised by the wounds inflicted by Bhima.

He kept his three fingers in a raised position and was unable to speak. All the efforts made by his men to understand the meaning proved to be futile. Seeing his plight Krishna approached him and said "I know what issues occupy your mind. I will address them". Krishna identified the issues as:

  • Not building a fort around Hastinapura,
  • Not persuading Vidura to become the chief-advisor, and
  • Not making Ashwatthama the commander-in-chief after the death of Drona.

On hearing this Duryodhana closed all the fingers and rested. Duryodhana concluded that these three factors should have surely brought him victory. Had he built a fort around Hastinapura, he could have totally avoided the war in the first place.

If Vidura had fought on his side, he would have had the best strategist, even better than Krishna. At last, Duryodhana came to the conclusion that Krishna was, in fact, the avatar of Lord Vishnu.

If Duryodhana had named Ashwatthama the commander of the army after the death of Drona, victory would have surely have been his as Ashwatthama was born from "Ansha" of Lord Shiva.[20] This would have countered Krishna. The thought that he had under-utilized Ashwatthama prompted Duryodhana to rethink and make him the commander of his army after his defeat.[21] These events led to the complete destruction of the Pandavas' army, destroying almost their whole clan.

After the night raid of Ashwatthama on the Pandava camp, Duryodhana died in peace and glory, considering victory as his own, as he would die valiantly and peacefully and be reunited with his brothers, relatives and dearest friend Karna, whereas the Pandavas would live a misery-filled life, having lost everyone they cared about.

Evaluation

Duryodhana is a popular choice of analysis. His merits, flaws, symbolism, and relevance are widely discussed.

Urubhangam is a Sanskrit play written by Bhasa in the 2nd or 3rd century AD with Duryodhana as its primary protagonist. Written as a tragedy, the drama focuses on his point of view of the events of Mahabharata. His portrayal as a tragic hero is an especially unique within body of works in Sanskrit drama.

Many Hindus believe that Duryodhana was the personification of Kali. Many critics argue that he is not without positives; many consider Duryodhana as a fair king and there are temples dedicated to him and the Kauravas. Scholars believe that like most other characters of the Mahabharata, the true picture is not black and white. His name is often mistaken to mean bad ruler, however his name is actually coined from the Sanskrit words "du"/"duh" which means "difficult" and "yodhana" which means "fight"/"war". So Duryodhana actually means someone who is extremely difficult to fight/defeat or wage war against.

Duryodhana is viewed, by some, as the product of Dhritarashtra's ambition and also in a metaphorical sense, his "blindness". He is also praised for his adherence to his duties as a Kshatriya, and even in his last combat, fights bravely. He chooses to face Bhima in combat over all the other Pandavas, with whom he has an advantage in mace fighting. His skills in the mace are also praised; many stories call him the greatest mace-fighter of the age after Balarama, Krishna and Bheema.

Friendship with Karna

The friendship between Karna and Duryodhana is considered to be a great one, and is used as an example of friendship and loyalty.[5][22] A lesser known story is told about Karna, Duryodhana, and his wife Bhanumati, as an example of honest friendship. With the help of karna, Duryodhana married Bhanumathi. According to the Mahabharata, Duryodhana abducted Bhanumati, the maiden of the fairest complexion, from her swayamvara with the help of his best friend Karna in the wake of having been rejected by her.

It is said that, when Duryodhana had recently wedded Bhanumati, one day, he requested Karna to take care of her and entertain her for the evening as he had duties to be taken care of. To pass time, Karna and Bhanumati began playing a game of dice. The game soon got very interesting, engrossing the two of them completely. Gradually, Karna started winning. Meanwhile, Duryodhana had returned early, and entered the room. Seeing her husband come in, Bhanumati immediately stood up as a mark of respect. Karna, whose back was facing the door, did not realize this and misconstrued her intent, thinking that she was leaving because she was on the losing side.

He immediately reached for her pearl-trimmed shawl, and accidentally pulled so hard that the trimming broke, and the pearls were scattered all over the floor. Her veil also slipped along with the shawl, so she was half-dressed. Bhanumati, who was as yet, not so familiar with Karna, froze at the thought of how her husband would react. She had heard of his ego, and had personally been present the last time he was insulted, that had resulted in her own abduction.

Karna, following Bhanumati's stunned gaze, turned around to see Duryodhana observing them both carefully. He stood in shame, embarrassment and guilt, considering the wrath and inevitable punishment he was going to face from his friend. He was sure Duryodhana would immediately accuse them of impropriety. However, much to both their surprise, Duryodhana looked past Karna, and addressed his wife, “Should I just collect the beads, or would you like me to string them, as well?”

Bhanumati and Karna could only look at each other in shock, mutely, feeling ashamed at the way they had both severely misjudged him. He had implicit faith and great love for his queen, and even greater was his faith on his friend Karna. Not for a moment did he suspect that the man he had considered his brother would ever betray him, and only quietly picked up the pearls trustfully. This story is not present in the Vyasa Mahabharata, but is often commonly told when discussing Karna and Duryodhana's genuine friendship.[23]

Coronation of Karna

Modern Worship

Lakshmanaa and Lakshman

Lakshmanaa was the daughter of Duryodhana and Bhanumati.[26]

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Laxmanaa is the daughter of Duryodhana and Bhanumati.[27] She had a twin brother named Laxman Kumara. Little is revealed about Laxmanaa in the Mahabharata other than her marriage to Krishna's son Samba.

In media

Television & films
YearProjectPlayed byCountryLanguage
1964KarnanS. A. AshokanIndiaTamil
1977Daana Veera Shura KarnaN. T. Rama RaoTelugu
1988Mahabharat (1988 TV series)Puneet IssarHindi
1989The MahabharataGeorges CorrafaceBelgium Australia U.S.
Sweden Portugal
Norway Netherlands Japan
Ireland Iceland Finland
Denmark UK France		English
1993Krishna (TV series)Kumar HegdeIndiaHindi
2002Maharathi KarnaNimai BaliHindi
2008Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat KiAryan VaidHindi
2013Mahabharatham (TV series)Vetri VelTamil
2013MahabharatArpit RankaHindi
2013Mahabharat (2013 film)Jackie Shroff (voice)Hindi
2015Suryaputra KarnShaleen BhanotHindi
2018Karn SanginiParas ChhabraHindi
2019KurukshetraDarshanKannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi
gollark: p a r s e r c o m b i n a t o r !
gollark: Haskell. You can tell.
gollark: Did you know that CSS can position elements in 3D space?
gollark: https://esolangs.org/wiki/User_talk:Osmarks
gollark: https://esolangs.org/wiki/User_talk:Osmarks

See also

Notes
  1. Gandhi, Maneka (1993). The Penguin Book of Hindu Names. Penguin Books India. p. 125. ISBN 9780140128413.
  2. Ganguli, Kisari Mohan. The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva. Netlancers Inc, 2014.
  3. Kisari Mohan Ganguli (1896). "Mahabaratha, Digvijaya yatra of Karna". The Mahabharata. Sacred Texts. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  4. "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXV". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  5. Vignesh, Inba. "The Greatest friends ever lived - Karna and Duriyoudan". India - The Land Of Hearts. India - The Land Of Hearts. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  6. "The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section XLVI".
  7. Raya, Pratapacandra (1884). The Mahabharata. Рипол Классик. ISBN 9785875963933.
  8. "The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section LXIV". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  9. "The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section LXIV". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  10. "The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XCV". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  11. "The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Jayadratha-Vadha Parva: Section CXXIX". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  12. "The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Jayadratha-Vadha Parva: Section CXXIX". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  13. "Defeat of Nakula by Duryodhana".
  14. "The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 3". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  15. "The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 17". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  16. "The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 22". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  17. "The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 12". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  18. K M Ganguly(1883-1896) Balarama curses Bhima and came to aid of Duryodhana October 2003, Retrieved 2015-03-08
  19. The Mahabharata, Book 18: Svargarohanika Parva: Section 1.
  20. J.L Shastri. "The Siva Purana - The Complete Set in 4 Volumes". Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd; 2008 Edition
  21. K M Ganguly(1883-1896). The Mahabharatha Book 9: Shalya Parva section 65 Duryodhana speaking to Asvathama, Kripa, and Kritavarma, October 2003, Retrieved 2015-04-17
  22. "Friendship". The Hindu. The Hindu. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  23. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/93789/5/05_chapter%203.pdf
  24. "Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada | The one and only one Duryodhana Temple in South India". Malanada.com. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  25. "Shrine for Duryodhana!". The Hindu. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  26. Vanamali (22 May 2012). The Complete Life of Krishna: Based on the Earliest Oral Traditions and the Sacred Scriptures. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781594776908. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  27. "Indian Myth and Legend: Chapter XVIII. The Battle of Eighteen Days". Sacred-texts.com.
  28. R, Narendran. "Vintage Movie Review: A Review on Thalapathi". Behindwoods.com. Behindwoods.com. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  29. World, Republic. "Ranbir Kapoor's 'Raajneeti' is a modern-day retelling of Mahabharata; read to know". Republic World. Retrieved 5 July 2020.

References
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.