Dashavatara

The Dashavatara (/ˌdæʃəˈvætərə/; Sanskrit: दशावतार, daśāvatāra) refers to the ten primary (i.e. full or complete) incarnations (avatars) of Vishnu, the Hindu god of preservation which has Rigvedic origins. Vishnu is said to descend in the form of an avatar to restore cosmic order. The word Dashavatara derives from daśa, meaning 'ten', and avatar (avatāra), roughly equivalent to 'incarnation'.

"Dashavatar" redirects here. For other uses, see Dashavatar (disambiguation).

Hindu god Vishnu surrounded by his Avatars
Part of a series on
Vaishnavism
 Hinduism portal
Dasavatar, Andhra Pradesh, 19th century. India.

The list of included avatars varies across sects and regions, particularly in respect to the inclusion of Balarama (brother of Krishna) or Gautama Buddha. Though no list can be uncontroversially presented as standard, the "most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is [...] Krishna, Buddha."[1][2][3][4][5][note 1] Most draw from the following set of figures, in this order:[6][7][8] Matsya; Kurma; Varaha; Narasimha; Vamana; Parashurama; Rama; Krishna or Balarama; Buddha[note 1] or Krishna; and Kalki. In traditions that omit Krishna, he often replaces Vishnu as the source of all avatars. Some traditions include a regional deity such as Vithoba[9] or Jagannath[6] in penultimate position, replacing Krishna or Buddha. All avatars have appeared except Kalki, who will appear at the end of the Kali Yuga.

The order of the ancient concept of Dashavataras has been interpreted to be reflective of modern Darwinian evolution.

Etymology

'Dashavatara' or 'daśāvatāra' (दशावतार) means 'ten avatars' or 'ten incarnations':

  • 'Dash' or 'Daśā' (दश) means 'ten'[10]
  • 'Avatara' (अवतार) means 'incarnation'[11]

List of Avatars

According to Swami Parmeshwaranand, although the avatars of Vishnu are countless in number and include hermits, Manus, sons of Manus, and other Devas (gods), due to the curse of a Rishi called Bhrgu most are only partial (i.e. incomplete) incarnations. The Dashavatara is a list of the ten complete (i.e. full) incarnations.[12]

Lists

Various versions of the list of Vishnu's avatars exist, varying per region and tradition.[13][7][8][6] Some lists mention Krishna as the eighth avatar and the Buddha as the ninth avatar,[13] while others – such as the Yatindramatadipika, a 17th-century summary of Srivaisnava doctrine[8] – give Balarama as the eighth avatar and Krishna as the ninth.[8] The latter version is followed by some Vaishnavas who don't accept the Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu.[14] Though no list can be uncontroversially presented as standard, the "most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is [...] Krishna, Buddha."[1][2][3][4][5][note 1]

The following table summarises the position of avatars within the Dashavatara in many but not all traditions:[7][8][6][9]

Position Krishna, Buddha
(common list)
[7][note 1][note 2]		 Balarama, Krishna
(Vaishnavites)
[7][8][note 3]		 Balarama, Buddha
[15][note 4][note 5]		 Krishna, Vithoba
[9][note 6]		 Balarama, Jagannatha
[16][note 7]		 Yuga[7]
1 Matsya[7][8] (fish) Satya Yuga[7]
2 Kurma[7][8] (turtle, tortoise)
3 Varaha[7][8] (boar, wild swine)
4 Narasimha[7][8] (man-lion)
5 Vamana[7][8] (dwarf-god) Treta Yuga[7]
6 Parashurama[7][8] (Brahman warrior)
7 Rama[7][8][note 8]
8 Krishna[7][note 4] Balarama[7][6][8] Balarama[15][note 4] Krishna[9] Balarama[16][6] Dwapara Yuga[7],
Kali Yuga in case of Buddha[7]
9 Buddha[7][note 1] Krishna[7][6][8] Buddha[15][note 1] Vithoba[9] Jagannatha[16][6]
10 Kalki[7][8] (prophesied 10th avatar who ends the Kali Yuga) Kali Yuga

In the Puranas
Main article: Puranas

The Agni, Padma, Garuda, Linga, Narada, Skanda and Varaha Puranas mention the common (Krishna, Buddha) Dashavatara list.[note 9] The Garuda Purana has two lists, one longer list with Krishna and Buddha, and a list with Balarama and Buddha, which substitutes Vamana for Rama.[note 10] The Shiva Purana has Balarama and Krishna.[note 11] The list with Krishna and Buddha is also found in the Garuda Purana Saroddhara, a commentary or ‘extracted essence’ of the Garuda Purana (i.e. not the Purana itself, with which it seems to be confused):

The Fish, the Tortoise, the Boar, the Man-Lion, the Dwarf, Parasurama, Rama, Krisna, Buddha, and also Kalki: These ten names should always be meditated upon by the wise. Those who recite them near the diseased are called relatives.

— Garuda Purana Saroddhara by Navanidhirama (translated by E. Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam), Chapter VIII, Verses 10-11[30][31]

Description of the avatars
1st to 5th of the Dashavatars on Udupi temple gopuram, Karnataka.
  • 1 - Matsya, the fish. King Vaivasvata Manu finds a little fish in the palm of his hands when performing the tarpana (water-offering). Manu keeps the fish, which keeps growing, eventually releasing it into the ocean, realizing it is Vishnu. Vishnu informs Manu of the coming destruction of the world, by means of fires and floods, and directs Manu to collect "all creatures of the world" and keep them safe on a boat built by the gods. When the deluge (Pralaya) comes, Vishnu appears as a great fish with a horn, to which Manu ties the boat, which leads them into safety.[32]
  • 2 - Kurma, the giant tortoise. When the devas and asuras were churning the Ocean of milk in order to get Amrita, the nectar of immortality, the mount Mandara they were using as the churning staff started to sink and Vishnu took the form of a tortoise to bear the weight of the mountain.
  • 3 - Varaha, the boar. He appeared to defeat Hiranyaksha, a demon who had taken the Earth, or Prithvi, and carried it to the bottom of what is described as the cosmic ocean (much like in ether theory) in the story. The battle between Varaha and Hiranyaksha is believed to have lasted for a thousand years, which the former finally won. Varaha carried the Earth out of the ocean between his tusks and restored it to its place in the universe.
  • 4 - Narasimha, the half-man/half-lion. Jaya and his brother Vijaya are cursed by the sage Sanaka when they stop him from seeing Vishnu, and will be reborn three times as demons (asura) to be killed by Vishnu. In their first demonic birth they become Hiranyaksha and Hiranyakashipu. Hiranyakashipu persecuted everyone for their religious beliefs including his son who was a Vishnu follower. he was protected by Brahma, and could by no means be killed.[33] Vishnu descended as an anthropomorphic incarnation, with the body of a man and head and claws of a lion. He disemboweled Hiranyakashipu, and brought an end to the persecution of human beings including his devotee Prahlada.[33][34]
  • 5 - Vamana, the dwarf. The fourth descendant of Vishnu, Bali, with devotion and penance was able to defeat Indra, the god of firmament. This humbled the other deities and extended his authority over the three worlds. The gods appealed to Vishnu for protection and he descended as a boy Vamana.[35] During a yajna (यज्ञ) of the king, Vamana approached him and Bali promised him for whatever he asked. Vamana asked for three paces of land. Bali agreed, and the dwarf then changed his size to that of a giant Trivikrama form.[35] With his first stride he covered the earthly realm, with the second he covered the heavenly realm thereby symbolically covering the abode of all living beings.[35] He then took the third stride for the netherworld. Bali realized that Vamana was Vishnu incarnate. In deference, the king offered his head as the third place for Vamana to place his foot. The avatar did so and thus granted Bali immortality and making him ruler of Pathala, the netherworld. This legend appears in hymn 1.154 of the Rigveda and other Vedic as well as Puranic texts.[36][37]
  • 6 - Parashurama, the warrior with the axe. He is son of Jamadagni and Renuka and was granted as boon, an axe after a penance to Shiva. He is the first Brahmin-Kshatriya in Hinduism, or warrior-sage, who had to follow the Dharma of both, a Brahmin as well as a Kshatriya. Once, when king Kartavirya Arjuna and his hunting party halted at the ashrama of Jamadagni, the father of Parashurama, and the sage was able to feed them all with the aid of the divine cow Kamadhenu. The king demanded the cow, but Jamadagni refused. Enraged, the king took it by force and destroyed the ashram. Parashurama then killed the king at his palace and destroyed his army. In revenge, the sons of Kartavirya killed Jamadagni. Parashurama took a vow to kill every Kshatriya on earth twenty-one times over, and filled five lakes with their blood. Ultimately, his grandfather, Rishi Rucheeka, appeared before him and made him halt. He is a chiranjeevi (immortal), and believed to be alive today in penance at Mahendragiri. He also credited for creating coastal belt of Karnataka and Kerala throwing his mighty axe as per Hindu mythology. The place the axe landed in sea got its water displaced and the land which emerged thus came to be known as coast of Karnataka and whole of Kerala.
Anantashayana Vishnu with Lakshmi, his ten avatars above him (annotated), 6th – 8th century Badami, Karnataka
  • 7 - Rama, the prince and king of Ayodhya. He is a commonly worshipped avatar in Hinduism, and is thought of as the ideal model of a common prince without super powers, despite being an incarnation. His story is recounted in one of the most widely read scriptures of Hinduism, the Ramayana. While in exile from his own kingdom with his brother Lakshman and the God Hanuman, his wife Sita was abducted by the demon king of Lanka, Ravana. He travelled to Lanka, killed the demon king and saved Sita. Rama and Sita returned home and were crowned. The day of the return of Prince Rama to the kingdom of Ayodhya is celebrated in the form of festival Diwali all over India.
  • 8 - Krishna[13] (sometimes at 9 or "0") or Balarama:[8]
  • 8 - Krishna was the eighth son of Devaki and Vasudeva and the foster-son of Yashoda and Nanda. A frequently worshipped deity in Hinduism, he is the hero of various legends, particularly the Kansa-vadha and Mahabharata and embodies several qualities such as love, duty, compassion, and playfulness. Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on Krishna Janmashtami according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar. Krishna is usually depicted with a flute in his hand. Krishna is also a central character in Mahabharata, Bhagavata Purana, and the Bhagavad Gita.
  • [8] - Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna, is regarded generally as an avatar of Shesha an extension of Ananta, a form of Lord Vishnu. Balarama is included as the eighth avatar of Vishnu in the Sri Vaishnava lists, where Buddha is omitted and Krishna appears as the ninth avatar in this list.[8] He is particularly included in the lists where Krishna is removed and becomes the source of all.
  • 9 - Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, is commonly included as an avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism. Buddha is sometimes depicted in Hindu scriptures as a preacher who deludes and leads demons and heretics away from the path of the Vedic scriptures, but another view praises him a compassionate teacher who preached the path of ahimsa (non-violence).[13][8][note 1]
  • [9] - Krishna;[8] commonly at 8, sometimes at "0"
  • [9] - In Maharashtra and Goa, Vithoba's image replaces Buddha as the ninth avatar of Vishnu in some temple sculptures and Hindu astrological almanacs.[9]
  • [9] - In certain Odia literary creations from Odisha, Jagannath has been treated as the Ninth avatar, by substituting Buddha.[16]
  • 10 - Kalki is described as the final incarnation of Vishnu, who appears at the end of each Kali Yuga. He will be atop a white horse and his sword will be drawn, blazing like a comet. He appears when only chaos, evil and persecution prevails, dharma has vanished, and he ends the kali yuga to restart Satya Yuga and another cycle of existence.[38][39]

Historical development
Vishnu Dashavatara inscription

Matsyah Kurmo Varahas-cha Narasimhas-cha Vamana
Ramo Ramas-cha Ramas-cha Buddha Kalki-cha te dasa

The Fish, the Tortoise, the Boar, the Man-lion, the Dwarf,
Parasurama, Dasarathi Rama, Balarama, Buddha and Kalki – thy ten.[40][41]

—Sanctum entrance, Adivaraha cave (7th century), Mahabalipuram;
earliest avatar-related epigraphy[42][43][note 12]

Buddha

The Buddha was included as one of the avatars of Vishnu under Bhagavatism by the Gupta period between 330 and 550 CE. The mythologies of the Buddha in the Theravada tradition and of Vishnu in Hinduism share a number of structural and substantial similarities.[45] For example, states Indologist John Holt, the Theravada cosmogony and cosmology states the Buddha covered 6,800,000 yojanas in three strides, including earth to heaven and then placed his right foot over Yugandhara – a legend that parallels that of the Vamana avatar in Hinduism. Similarly, the Buddha is claimed in the Theravada mythology to have been born when dharma is in decline, so as to preserve and uphold the dharma. These similarities may have contributed to the assimilation of the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu.[45]

The adoption of Buddha as an avatar in Bhagavatism was a catalyzing factor in Buddhism's assimilation into Vaishnavism's mythic hierarchy. By the 8th century CE, the Buddha was included as an avatar of Vishnu in several Puranas.[46][47] This assimilation is indicative of the Hindu ambivalence toward the Buddha and Buddhism,[48] and there is also a tradition that there were two Buddha's. According to this tradition, the first was the ninth avatar of Vishnu, while the second was the historical Buddha.[49][note 13] Conversely, Vishnu has also been assimilated into Sinhalese Buddhist culture,[52] and Mahayana Buddhism is sometimes called Buddha-Bhagavatism.[53] By this period, the concept of Dashavatara was fully developed.[54]

Temple door depicting Dashavatar with Vithoba, at Sree Balaji Temple, Goa. From leftmost upper corner, clock wise: Matsya, Narasimha, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Kalki, Vamana, Vithoba, Varaha and Kurma.

Krishna

Jayadeva, in his Pralaya Payodhi Jale from the Gita Govinda, includes Balarama and Buddha where Krishna is equated with Vishnu and the source of all avatars.[55]

In traditions that emphasize the Bhagavata Purana, Krishna is the original Supreme Personality of Godhead, from whom everything else emanates. Gaudiya Vaishnavas worship Krishna as Svayam Bhagavan, or source of the incarnations.[56][57][58] The Vallabha Sampradaya and Nimbarka Sampradaya, (philosophical schools) go even further, worshiping Krishna not only as the source of other incarnations, but also Vishnu himself, related to descriptions in the Bhagavata Purana. Mahanubhavas also known as the Jai Kishani Panth, considers Lord Krishna as the supreme God and don't consider the list of Dashavatara while consider another list of Panchavatara (5 Avatars). [59][60]

Thirty-nine avatars are mentioned in the Pañcaratra including the likes of Garuda[61]. [62] However, despite these lists, the commonly accepted number of ten avatars for Vishnu was fixed well before the 10th century CE.[63]

Jyotisha interpretation

The term 'Jyotisha' refers to Hindu or Vedic astrology, one of the six Vedangas or ancillary disciplines linked with the Vedas. The Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra mentions the Dashavatara as follows:

From the Sun God the Incarnation of Rama, from the Moon that of Krishna, from Mars that of Narasimha, from Mercury that of Buddha, from Jupiter that of Vamana, from Venus that of Parasurama, from Saturn that of Koorma (Tortoise), from Rahu that of Varaha [Boar] and from Ketu that of [Matsya] (fish) occurred. All other incarnations that these are through the Grahas. The beings with more Paramatmamsa [i.e. Rama, Krishna, Narasimha and Varaha] are called divine beings'.

— Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra, Translated by R. Santhanam (1984), Chapter 2, Verses 5-7[64]

Notably, according to the Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra - an important Smriti Sastra or compilation of Indian astrology for prediction (i.e. fortune telling) - although all ten of the Dashavatara have corresponding astrological symbols, only four are considered as divine beings (i.e. Rama, Krishna, Narasimha and Varaha).

The sun is the soul of all. The Moon is the mind. Mars is one's strength. Mercury is speech-giver while Jupiter confers knowledge and happiness. Venus governs semen (potency) while Saturn denotes grief.

Of royal status are the Sun and the Moon while Mars is the army chief. Prince-apparent in Mercury. The ministerial planets are Jupiter and Venus. Saturn is servant. Rahu and Ketu form the planetary army.

— Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra, Translated by R. Santhanam (1984), Chapter 3, Verses 12-15[65]

Evolutionary interpretation
Dasavatar, 19th century

Some modern interpreters interpret Vishnu's ten main avatars as an ascending order from simple life-forms to more complex life-forms, and see the Dashavataras as a reflection, or a foreshadowing, of the modern theory of evolution. Such an interpretation was first propounded by the Gaudiya Vaishnava saint Bhaktivinoda Thakura in his 1873 book Datta-kaustubha and again in his 1880 book Kṛṣṇa-saṁhita. Theosophist Helena Blavatsky also reiterated this in her 1877 opus Isis Unveiled. [66][67] Bhaktivinoda Thakura proposed the following ordering of the Dashavataras:

Blavatsky believed that the avatara-related Hindu texts were an allegorical presentation of Darwinian evolution.[68] Some Orientalists and reformist Hindus in India picked up this idea to rationalize Hinduism as being consistent with modern science. Keshub Chandra Sen[70] stated in 1882,[66]

The Puranas speak of the different manifestations or incarnations of the Deity in different epochs of the world history. Lo! The Hindu Avatar rises from the lowest scale of life through the fish, the tortoise, and the hog up to the perfection of humanity. Indian Avatarism is, indeed, a crude representation of the ascending scale of Divine creation. Such precisely is the modern theory of evolution.

Similarly Aurobindo regarded "Avataric Evolutionism" as a "parable of evolution", one which does not endorse evolutionism, but hints at "transformative phases of spiritual progress".[71] According to Nanda, the Dashavatara concept has led to some Hindus asserting that their religion is more open to scientific theories, and has not opposed or persecuted scientists midst them like the way Christianity and Islam has.[72] But, adds Nanda, Hinduism has many cosmological theories and even the Vaishnava one with Dashavatara concept does not explicitly teach evolution of species, rather it states an endless cycles of creationism.[72]

The Dashavatara concept appealed to other scholars. Monier Monier-Williams wrote "Indeed, the Hindus were ... Darwinians centuries before the birth of Darwin, and evolutionists centuries before the doctrine of evolution had been accepted by the Huxleys of our time, and before any word like evolution existed in any language of the world."[73] J. B. S. Haldane suggested that Dashavatara gave a "rough idea" of vertebrate evolution: a fish, a tortoise, a boar, a man-lion, a dwarf and then four men (Kalki is not yet born).[74] Nabinchandra Sen explains the Dashavatara with Darwin's evolution in his Raivatak.[75] C. D. Deshmukh also remarked on the "striking" similarity between Darwin's theory and the Dashavatara.[76]

Some Vaishnava Hindus reject this "Avataric Evolutionism" concept. For example, Prakashanand states that this apologeticism degrades the divine status of Rama and Krishna, unduly sequences Rama as inferior to Krishna, both to the Buddha. Rama and Krishna are supremely divine, each right and perfect for the circumstances they appeared in, states Prakashanand.[77]

Notes
  1. Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu:
    Krishna, Buddha
    Printed sources
    • Bansal, Sunita Pant, Hindu Gods and Goddesses, p.27, "Vishnu Dashavatara";
    • Dalal, Roshen (2010), Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143414216, p.112, "Dashavatara". Dalal: "The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: [...] Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki";
    • Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy (1994), Hindu Myths, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780144000111, p.175. Doniger: "Visnu is generally said to have had ten incarnations [...] Krsna [...] the Buddha."
    • Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0, p.116. Flood: "...by the eight century the standard number of descent-forms in the Vaisnava Puranas is ten. These are [...] Krsna, Buddha."
    • Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007), Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, Oneworld Publications, "Visnu Avataras". Klostermaier: "The most common tradition speaks of ten such avataras [...] Krsna [...] Buddha."
    • Krishna, Nanditha (2010), The Book of Vishnu, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143067627, p.28-29. Krishna: "Krishna [...] Buddha [...] There is a difference of opinion as to whether Buddha was an incarnation of Vishnu [...] The alternative then is Balarama, Rama of the plough and elder brother of Krishna, who is listed after Rama, thereby removing Buddha and making Krishna the ninth incarnation."
    • Leeming, David Adams, A Dictionary of Asian Mythology, p. 19, "Avatar"
    • Lochtefeld, James G. (2001), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, ISBN 9780823931798, p.73, "Avatar". Lochtefeld: "Although there is some variation in the list of Vishnu's Avatars, the gnerally accpeted list is as follows [...] Krishna, Buddha."
    • Vaswani, J.P. (2017), Dasavatara, Jaico Publishing House, ISBN 9789386867186, p.12-14;
    • Wuaku, Albert (11 July 2013). Hindu Gods in West Africa: Ghanaian Devotees of Shiva and Krishna. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25571-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link), p.148.
    Balarama, Buddha
    • Nagaswamy, N. (2010), Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram), Oxford University Press, p.27
    Web-sources
    • Encyclopedia Britannica, Avatar
    Unspecified
    • Holt, John Clifford (2008), The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture, p.14-15; p.372 note 9 refers to four Purana's which mention the Buddha in 9th position: Varaha Purana 4.2; Matsya Purana 285.6-7; Agni Purana 49.8; Bhagavata Purana X.40.22 and I.3.
    Krishna/Balarama, Buddha
  2. Leyden: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra.[6]
  3. Leyden: Southern Deccan, Mysore.[6]
  4. The Hare Krsnas, Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations. The Hare Krsnas refer to the eight avatar both as Krsna and as Balarama.
  5. Leyden: Rajasthan, Nepal, Northern Deccan.[6]
  6. Maharashtra, Goa.[9]
  7. prabhat Mukherjee: Orissa;[16] Leyden: West Bengal
    Orissa.[6]
  8. Donald J. LaRocca, Metropolitan Museum of Art, describes a katar with Rama-Krishna-Buddha, referring to Rama as Ramachandra, or alternately Balarama.[17] Yet, Hoiberg specifically states that Rama, as an avatar of Vishnu, is Ramachandra.[18]
  9. In the Puranas:
    • Agni, Chapter 49[19]
    • Garuda (list 1), Volume 1, Chapter 86, Verses 10-11[20] (one of two lists)
    • Linga, Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31-32[21]
    • Narada, Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14-19[22]
    • Padma, Part 7: 66.44-54; 71.23-29;[23] Part 9: 229.40-44[24]
    • Varaha, Chapter 4, Verses 2-3; Chapter 48, Verses 17-22;[25] and Chapter 211, Verse 69[26]
    • Skanda, Part 15: Reva Khanda: Chapter 151, Verses 1-7[27]
  10. Garuda list 2, Volume 3, Chapter 30, Verse 37[28]
  11. Shiva, Part 4: Vayaviya Samhita: Chapter 30, Verses 56-58 and Chapter 31, verses 134-136[29]
  12. This 7th century (or early 8th century) inscription is significant for several reasons. It is the earliest known stone inscription about the ten avatars of Vishnu, and prior to that they are found in older texts. The stone inscription mentions the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu in a Hindu temple. It also does not mention Krishna, but Balarama consistent with old Hindu and Jain texts of South India, the former equating Krishna to be identical to Vishnu.[42][44]
  13. some contemporary Hindus also argue that there were two Buddhas, a Puranic Buddha mentioned in Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24[subnote 1] who was the incarnation of Vishnu, and the historical Buddha, who according to them was not an incarnation of Vishna. They also argue that sugata is not an ephitet for Gautama Buddha, and that "Sugata Buddha" refers to the Buddha-avatar of Vishnu. In this view, Sugata Buddha and Gautama Buddha were two different persons. This way, "There is no evidence whatsoever that Sugata Buddha, Lord Vishnu's incarnation, was in any way connected with atheism."[50][51] See also A Joint Declaration: Buddha Is NOT an Avatar of Vishnu.
Subnotes
  1. Bhagavata Purana 1.3.24, Bhagavata Purana 1 Chapter 3: Krishna is the Source of All Incarnations, line 24
gollark: I'm just saying there might be.
gollark: There's probably another, even weirder, way.
gollark: So no operator precedence then, right.
gollark: Wait, if putting something in brackets will tupulifise it, how do you go around writing stuff like `(1 + 2) * 3`?
gollark: So... that 1 returned there... is *that* a tuple?

References
  1. Dalal 2010, p. 112.
  2. Lochtefeld 2002, p. 73.
  3. Doniger O'Flaherty 1994, p. 175.
  4. Klostermaier 2007.
  5. Krishna 2010, p. 28-29.
  6. Leyden 1982, p. 22.
  7. Vaswani 2017, p. 12-14.
  8. Carman 1994, p. 211-212.
  9. Pathak, Dr. Arunchandra S. (2006). "Junnar". The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1885). Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
  10. "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'Ten'". spokensanskrit.org. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  11. "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit". spokensanskrit.org. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  12. Swami Parmeshwaranand (1 January 2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas. unknown library. Sarup & Sons. pp. 131–132.
  13. Wuaku 2013, p. 148.
  14. Krishna 2009.
  15. Nagaswamy 2010, p. 27.
  16. Mukherjee 1981, p. 155.
  17. LaRocca 1996, p. 4.
  18. Hoiberg 2000, p. 264.
  19. J. L. Shastri, G. P. Bhatt (1 January 1998). Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal (vol 1.). pp. 1–38.
  20. N.A. (1957). THE GARUDA-PURANA PART. 1. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. DELHI. pp. 1–6.
  21. J.L.Shastri (1951). Linga Purana - English Translation - Part 2 of 2. p. 774.
  22. N.A (1952). THE NARADA-PURANA PART. 4. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI. p. 1486.
  23. N.A (1952). THE PADMA-PURANA PART. 7. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI.
  24. N.A (1956). THE PADMA-PURANA PART. 9. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI.
  25. N.A (1960). THE VARAHA PURANA PART. 1. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, DELHI. p. 13.
  26. N.A (1960). THE VARAHA PURANA PART. 2. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, DELHI. p. 652.
  27. N.A. (1957). THE SKANDA-PURANA PART.15. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. DELHI.
  28. N.A (1957). THE GARUDA-PURANA PART. 3. MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI.
  29. J.L.Shastri (1950). Siva Purana - English Translation - Part 4 of 4.
  30. Subrahmanyam, S. V. (1911). The Garuda Purana. p. 62.
  31. "The Garuda Purana: Chapter VIII. An Account of the Gifts for the Dying". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  32. Lochtefeld 2001, p. 228-229.
  33. Deborah A. Soifer (1991). The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. State University of New York Press. pp. 73–88. ISBN 978-0-7914-0800-1.
  34. Lochtefeld 2001, p. 318.
  35. Deborah A. Soifer (1991). The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. State University of New York Press. pp. 33–36. ISBN 978-0-7914-0800-1.
  36. Wendy Doniger (1988). Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism. Manchester University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7190-1866-4., Wikisource of Griffith's translation
  37. Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.
  38. Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  39. Wendy Doniger; Merriam-Webster, Inc (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
  40. Rao Bahadur H. Krishna Sastri (1926), Two Statues of Pallava Kings and Five Pallava Inscriptions in a Rock temple at Mahabalipuram, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Volume 26, pages 5-6
  41. D. Kiran Kranth Choudary; C. Udayalakshmi (2006). Rāmāyaṇa in Indian Art and Epigraphy. Harman. p. 19. ISBN 978-81-86622-76-6.
  42. K R Srinivasan (1964), Cave temples of the Pallavas, Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 166-175
  43. Michael Dan Rabe; G. John Samuel (2001). The Great penance at Māmallapuram: deciphering a visual text. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-87892-00-7.
  44. Nagaswamy, R (2008). Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram). Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-19-569373-7.
  45. Holt 2013, pp. 14-15.
  46. Holt 2013, pp. 14-18.
  47. Flood 1996, p. 116.
  48. Holt 2013, p. 18.
  49. Almond 1988, p. 16-18.
  50. Hughes & unknown, p. 97.
  51. Stephen Knapp, Were There Two Buddhas?
  52. Holt 2013, p. 3.
  53. Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1994). Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh: Up to 8th Century A.D. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-81-85182-99-5.
  54. Indian, History. "(Prabha IAS-IPS Coaching Centre - Indian History 2003 exam - "The crystallization Of the Avatara Concept and the worship of the incarnations of Vishnu were features of Bhagavatism during the Gupta period"". Arumbakkam, Chennai. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
  55. Orissa Review
  56. Religion of the Hindus By Kenneth W Morgan, D S Sarma p.55
  57. Iconography of Balarama By N.P. Joshi p.25
  58. Kennedy, M.T. (1925). The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal. H. Milford, Oxford university press.
  59. Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 341. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Retrieved 21 April 2008. gavin flood."Early Vaishnava worship focuses on three deities who become fused together, namely Vasudeva-Krishna, Krishna-Gopala and Narayana, who in turn all become identified with Vishnu. Put simply, Vasudeva-Krishna and Krishna-Gopala were worshiped by groups generally referred to as Bhagavatas, while Narayana was worshipped by the Pancaratra sect."
  60. Essential Hinduism S. Rosen, 2006, Greenwood Publishing Group p.124 ISBN 0-275-99006-0
  61. Sullivan 2001, p. 32.
  62. Schrader, Friedrich Otto (1916). Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā. Adyar Library. p. 42.
  63. Mishra, Vibhuti Bhushan (1973). Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period, Volume 1. BRILL. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-90-04-03610-9.
  64. Santhanam, R. Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra With English Translation (Volume 1). p. 23.
  65. Santhanam, R. Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra With English Translation (Volume 1). p. 28.
  66. Nanda, Meera (19 November 2010). "Madame Blavatsky's children: Modern Hinduism's encounters with Darwinism". In James R. Lewis; Olav Hammer (eds.). Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science. BRILL. pp. 279–344. ISBN 978-90-04-18791-7.
  67. Brown, C. Mackenzie (June 2007). "The Western roots of Avataric Evolutionism in colonial India". Zygon. 42 (2): 423–448. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2007.00423.x.
  68. C. Mackenzie Brown (2012). Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design. Routledge. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-1-136-48467-4.
  69. Brahmo Samaj, Encyclopedia Britannica
  70. Sen was a leader of the colonial era monotheistic Brahmo Samaj reform movement of Hinduism that adopted ideas from Christianity and Islam.[69]
  71. C. Mackenzie Brown (2012). Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design. Routledge. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-1-136-48467-4.
  72. Nanda, Meera (19 November 2010). "Madame Blavatsky's children: Modern Hinduism's encounters with Darwinism". In James R. Lewis; Olav Hammer (eds.). Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science. BRILL. pp. 279–344. ISBN 978-90-04-18791-7.
  73. Brown, C Mackenzie (19 November 2010). "Vivekananda and the scientific legitimation of Advaita Vedanta". In James R. Lewis; Olav Hammer (eds.). Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science. BRILL. p. 227. ISBN 978-90-04-18791-7.
  74. "Cover Story: Haldane: Life Of A Prodigious Mind". Science Reporter. 29: 46. 1992.
  75. Amiya P. Sen (2010). Explorations in Modern Bengal, C. 1800-1900: Essays on Religion, History, and Culture. Primus Books. p. 196. ISBN 978-81-908918-6-8.
  76. Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh (1972). Aspects of Development. Young Asia Publication. p. 33.
  77. C. Mackenzie Brown (2012). Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design. Routledge. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-136-48467-4.

Sources
  • Almond, Philip C. (1988), The British Discovery of Buddhism, Cambridge University Press
  • Carman, John Braisted (1994), Majesty and Meekness: A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
  • Dalal, Roshen (2010), Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143414216
  • Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy (1994), Hindu Myths, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780144000111
  • Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0
  • Hoiberg, Dale (2000), Students' Britannica India: M to S : (Miraj to Shastri) - Volume 4, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 9780852297605
  • Holt, John C. (2013), The Buddhist Visnu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-02311-3-3234
  • Hughes, David Bruce (0000), Śrī Vedānta-sūtra, Adhyāya 2
  • Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007), Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, Oneworld Publications
  • Krishna, Nanditha (2009), Book of Vishnu, Penguin UK, ISBN 978-01430-6-7627
  • Krishna, Nanditha (2010), The Book of Vishnu, Penguin Books India, ISBN 9780143067627
  • LaRocca, Donald J. (1996), The Gods of War: Sacred Imagery and the Decoration of Arms and Armor, Metropolitan Museum of Art
  • Leyden, Rudolf von (1982), Ganjifa: The Playing Cards of India, The Victoria and Albert Museum, ISBN 978-09052-0-9173
  • Lochtefeld, James G. (2001), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Volume 1: A-M, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, ISBN 9780823931798
  • Mukherjee, Prabhat (1981), The history of medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa, Asian Educational Services
  • Nagaswamy, N. (2010), Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram), Oxford University Press
  • Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India since 1947: Islamic perspectives on inter-faith relations. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-415-31486-2.
  • Sullivan, Bruce M. (2001), The A to Z of Hinduism, 2nd Edition, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-08108-4-0706
  • Vaswani, J.P. (2017), Dasavatara, Jaico Publishing House, ISBN 9789386867186
  • Wuaku, Albert (11 July 2013). Hindu Gods in West Africa: Ghanaian Devotees of Shiva and Krishna. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25571-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.