The Day the Music Died

On February 3, 1959, American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson.[1][2] The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died", after singer-songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 song "American Pie".

This article is about the plane crash. For other uses, see The Day the Music Died (disambiguation).

The Day the Music Died
The wreckage of the Bonanza at the crash site
Accident
DateFebruary 3, 1959 (1959-02-03)
SummarySpatial disorientation,
loss of control in near-IMC
SiteNear Clear Lake, Iowa, U.S.
43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBeechcraft Bonanza
OperatorDwyer Flying Service,
Mason City, Iowa
RegistrationN3794N
Flight originMason City Municipal Airport, Iowa
DestinationHector Airport, North Dakota
Passengers3
Crew1
Fatalities4
Survivors0
Location in the United States

At the time, Holly and his band, consisting of Waylon Jennings, Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch, were playing on the "Winter Dance Party" tour across the Midwest. Rising artists Valens, Richardson, and Dion and the Belmonts had joined the tour as well. The long journeys between venues on board the cold, uncomfortable tour buses adversely affected the performers, with cases of flu and even frostbite.

After stopping at Clear Lake to perform, and frustrated by such conditions, Holly chose to charter a plane to reach their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota. Richardson, suffering from flu, swapped places with Jennings, taking his seat on the plane, while Allsup lost his seat to Valens on a coin toss. Soon after takeoff, late at night and in poor, wintry weather conditions, the pilot lost control of the light aircraft, a Beechcraft Bonanza, which subsequently crashed into a cornfield, killing all four on board.

The event has since been mentioned in several songs and films. Various monuments have been erected at the crash site and in Clear Lake, where an annual memorial concert is also held at the Surf Ballroom, the venue that hosted the artists' last performances.

Background

Buddy Holly terminated his association with the Crickets in November 1958. For the start of the "Winter Dance Party" tour, he assembled a band consisting of Waylon Jennings (bass), Tommy Allsup (guitar), and Carl Bunch (drums), with the opening vocals of Frankie Sardo. The tour was set to cover 24 Midwestern cities in as many days. New hit artist Ritchie Valens, "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson, and Dion DiMucci (and his band The Belmonts) joined the tour to promote their recordings and make an extra profit.[3][4]

Winter Dance Party Tour schedule, 1959

The 1959 tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23 and the performance at Clear Lake on February 2 was the eleventh of 24 scheduled locations. The amount of travel soon became a logistical problem. The distances between venues had not been properly considered when the performances were scheduled; instead of "circling" around the Midwest to each town, the tour erratically meandered across the region, with distances between cities over 400 miles (640 km). General Artists Corporation, the organization that booked the tour, later received considerable criticism for their seemingly total disregard for the conditions they forced the touring musicians to endure:

They didn't care. It was like they threw darts at a map ... The tour from hell – that's what they named it – and it's not a bad name.

— Buddy Holly historian Bill Griggs[5]

The entire company of musicians traveled together in one bus, although the buses used for the tour were wholly inadequate, breaking down and being replaced frequently. Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first eleven days of the tour – "reconditioned school buses, not good enough for school kids."[5] The artists themselves were responsible for loading and unloading equipment at each stop, as no road crew assisted them. Adding to the disarray, the buses were not equipped for the weather, which consisted of waist-deep snow in several areas and varying temperatures from 20 °F (−7 °C) to as low as −36 °F (−38 °C). One bus had a heating system that malfunctioned shortly after the tour began, in Appleton, Wisconsin.

Later, Richardson and Valens began experiencing flu-like symptoms and drummer Bunch was hospitalized for severely frostbitten feet, after the tour bus broke down in the middle of the highway in subzero temperatures near Ironwood, Michigan. The musicians replaced that bus with another school bus, and kept traveling.[6] After Bunch was hospitalized, Carlo Mastrangelo of The Belmonts took over the drumming duties. When Dion and The Belmonts were performing, the drum seat was taken by either Valens or Holly. As Holly's group had been the backing band for all of the acts, Holly, Valens, and DiMucci took turns playing drums for each other at the performances in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Clear Lake, Iowa.[7]

On Monday, February 2, the tour arrived in Clear Lake, west of Mason City, having driven 350 miles (560 km) from the previous day's concert in Green Bay. The town in northern Iowa had not been a scheduled stop; tour promoters hoped to fill the open date and called the manager of the local Surf Ballroom, Carroll Anderson (1920–2006), and offered him the show. He accepted, and they set the show for that night. By the time Holly arrived at the venue that evening, he was frustrated with the ongoing problems with the bus. The next scheduled destination after Clear Lake was Moorhead, Minnesota, a 365-mile (590 km) drive north-northwest (and, reflecting the poor planning, a journey that would take them directly back through two towns they had already played within the last week.) No let up after that was in sight, as the following day, they were scheduled to travel back almost directly south to Sioux City, Iowa, a 325-mile (520 km) trip.

Holly chartered a plane to fly himself and his band to Fargo, North Dakota, which is adjacent to Moorhead. The rest of the party would have picked him up in Moorhead, saving him the journey in the bus and leaving him time to get some rest.[6] They were going to Moorhead for a radio performance at the station KFGO with disk jockey Charlie Boone.

Flight arrangements
A V-tailed Bonanza similar to N3794N, the accident aircraft

Anderson called Hubert Jerry Dwyer (1930–2016), owner of the Dwyer Flying Service in Mason City, to charter the plane to fly to Fargo's Hector Airport, the closest one to Moorhead.[8] Flight arrangements were made with Roger Peterson, a 21-year-old local pilot described as a "young married man who built his life around flying."[9]

The flying service charged a fee of $36 per passenger for the flight on the 1947 single-engined, V-tailed Beechcraft 35 Bonanza (registration N3794N[10]), which seated three passengers plus the pilot.[11] A popular misconception, originating from Don McLean's eponymous song about the crash, was that the plane was called American Pie; no record exists of any name ever having been given to N3794N.[12]

The most widely accepted version of events was that Richardson had contracted flu during the tour and asked Jennings for his seat on the plane. When Holly learned that Jennings was not going to fly, he said in jest: "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up." Jennings responded: "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes," a humorous but ill-fated response that haunted him for the rest of his life.[13] Valens, who once had a fear of flying, asked Allsup for his seat on the plane. The two agreed to toss a coin to decide.[8] Bob Hale, a disc jockey with Mason City's KRIB-AM, was emceeing the concert that night and flipped the coin in the ballroom's side-stage room shortly before the musicians departed for the airport. Valens won the coin toss for the seat on the flight.

In contradiction to the testimony of Allsup and Jennings, Dion has since said that Holly approached him along with Valens and Richardson to join the flight, not Holly's bandmates. In a 2009 interview, Dion said that Holly called him, Valens, and Richardson into a vacant dressing room during Sardo's performance and said "I've chartered a plane, we're the guys making the money [we should be the ones flying ahead]...the only problem is there are only two available seats." According to Dion, it was Valens, not Richardson, who had fallen ill, so Valens and Dion flipped a coin for the seat. In his interview, no mention is made of Jennings or Allsup being invited on the plane. Dion said he won the toss, but ultimately decided that since the $36 fare (equivalent to $320 in 2019[14]) equaled the monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment, he could not justify the indulgence.[15]

Take-off and crash

After the show ended, Anderson drove Holly, Valens, and Richardson to nearby Mason City Municipal Airport,[16] whose elevation is 1,214 feet (370 m) AMSL. The weather at the time of departure was reported as light snow, a ceiling of 3,000 feet (900 m) AMSL with sky obscured, visibility six miles (10 km), and winds from 20 to 30 mph (32 to 48 km/h). Although deteriorating weather was reported along the planned route, the weather briefings Peterson received failed to relay the information.[17]

Mason City and Clear Lake, Iowa

The plane took off normally from runway 17 (today's runway 18) at 12:55 am CST on Tuesday, February 3.[18] Dwyer witnessed the northbound take-off from a platform outside the control tower. He was able to see clearly the aircraft's tail light for most of the brief flight, which started with an initial left turn onto a northwesterly heading and a climb to 800 feet (240 m) AGL. The tail light was then observed gradually descending until it disappeared. Around 1:00 am, when Peterson failed to make the expected radio contact, repeated attempts to establish communication were made, at Dwyer's request, by the radio operator, but they were all unsuccessful.[9]

Later that morning, Dwyer, having heard no word from Peterson since his departure, took off in another airplane to retrace Peterson's planned route. Within minutes, at around 9:35 am, he spotted the wreckage less than six miles (10 km) northwest of the airport.[9] The sheriff's office, alerted by Dwyer, dispatched Deputy Bill McGill, who drove to the crash site, a cornfield belonging to Albert Juhl.[19]

The Bonanza had impacted terrain at high speed, estimated to have been around 170 mph (270 km/h), banked steeply to the right and in a nose-down attitude. The right wing tip had struck the ground first, sending the aircraft cartwheeling across the frozen field for 540 feet (160 m), before coming to rest against a wire fence at the edge of Juhl's property.[9] The bodies of Holly and Valens had been ejected from the fuselage and lay near the plane's wreckage. Richardson's body had been thrown over the fence and into the cornfield of Juhl's neighbor Oscar Moffett, while Peterson's body was entangled in the wreckage.[9] With the rest of the entourage en route to Minnesota, Anderson, who had driven the party to the airport and witnessed the plane's takeoff, had to identify the bodies of the musicians.[20] County coroner Ralph Smiley certified that all four victims died instantly, citing the cause of death as "gross trauma to brain" for the three artists and "brain damage" for the pilot.[21][22]

Aftermath

Holly's pregnant wife, María Elena, learned of his death via a television news report. A widow after only six months of marriage, she suffered a miscarriage shortly after, reportedly due to "psychological trauma". Holly's mother, on hearing the news on the radio at home in Lubbock, Texas, screamed and collapsed.[3]

Despite the tragedy, the "Winter Dance Party" tour continued. Fifteen-year-old Bobby Vee was given the task of filling in for Holly at the next scheduled performance in Moorhead, in part because he "knew all the words to all the songs".[23] Jennings and Allsup carried on for two more weeks, with Jennings taking Holly's place as lead singer.[24]

Meanwhile, funerals for the victims were held individually. Holly and Richardson were buried in Texas, Valens in California, and Peterson in Iowa.[25] Holly's widow, María Elena, did not attend the funeral.[26] She later said in an interview: "In a way, I blame myself. I was not feeling well when he left. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. It was the only time I wasn't with him. And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane."[27]

Official investigation

The official investigation was carried out by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB, precursor to the NTSB). It emerged that Peterson had over four years of flying experience, of which one was with Dwyer Flying Service, and had accumulated 711 flying hours, of which 128 were on Bonanzas. He had also logged 52 hours of instrument flight training, although he had passed only his written examination, and was not yet qualified to operate in weather that required flying solely by reference to instruments. He and Dwyer Flying Service itself were certified to operate only under visual flight rules, which essentially require that the pilot must be able to see where he is going. However, on the night of the accident, visual flight would have been virtually impossible due to the low clouds, the lack of a visible horizon, and the absence of ground lights over the sparsely populated area.[9] Furthermore, Peterson, who had failed an instrument checkride nine months before the accident, had received his instrument training on airplanes equipped with a conventional artificial horizon as a source of aircraft attitude information, while N3794N was equipped with an older-type Sperry F3 attitude gyroscope. Crucially, the two types of instruments display the same aircraft pitch attitude information in graphically opposite ways.[9] Another contributing factor was the "seriously inadequate" weather briefing provided to Peterson, which "failed to even mention adverse flying conditions which should have been highlighted."[9] The CAB concluded that the probable cause of the accident was "the pilot's unwise decision" to attempt a flight that required skills he did not have.[9]

Subsequent investigations

On March 6, 2007, in Beaumont, Texas, Richardson's body was exhumed for reburial. This was due to the State of Texas Historical Sign being awarded to the Big Bopper, and a bronze statue would subsequently be erected at his grave. Forest Lawn cemetery did not allow above-ground monuments at that specific site, and his body was moved at the cemetery's expense to another area that would be better suited. As the body was to be placed in a new casket while above ground, the musician's son, Jay Perry Richardson, took the opportunity to have his father's body re-examined to verify the original coroner's findings, and asked forensic anthropologist William M. Bass to carry out the procedure. A longstanding rumor surrounding the accident, which this re-examination sought to confirm or dispel, asserted that an accidental firearm discharge took place on board the aircraft and caused the crash. Another longstanding theory surmised that Richardson initially survived the crash and subsequently crawled out of the wreckage in search of help before succumbing to his injuries, prompted by the fact that his body was found farther from the plane than the other victims. Bass and his team took several X-rays of Richardson's body and eventually concluded that the musician had indeed died instantly from extensive, unsurvivable fractures to virtually every bone in his body. No traces of lead were found from any bullet, nor any indication that he had been shot. Coroner Smiley's original 1959 report was, therefore, confirmed as accurate.[28][29]

In March 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) received a request to reopen the investigation into the accident.[30] The request was made by L. J. Coon, a retired pilot from New England who felt that the conclusion of the 1959 investigation was inaccurate. Coon suspected a possible failure of the right ruddervator, or a problem with the fuel system, as well as a possible improper weight distribution. Coon also argued that Peterson may have tried to land the plane and that his efforts should be recognized.[31][32] The NTSB declined the request in April 2015, saying that the evidence presented by Coon was insufficient to merit the reconsideration of the original findings.[33][34]

Legacy
Monument in front of the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa
Signpost east of the crash site

Notification of victims' families

Following the miscarriage suffered by Holly's wife and the circumstances in which she was informed of his death, a policy was later adopted by authorities not to disclose victims' names until after their families have been informed.[3]

Memorials

A memorial service for Peterson was held at Redeemer Lutheran Church in Ventura, Iowa, on February 5. A funeral was held the next day at St. Paul Lutheran Church in his hometown of Alta; Peterson was buried in Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery in nearby Storm Lake.

Films
  • The accident is mentioned in the biographical film The Buddy Holly Story (1978).
  • The run-up to the accident and its aftermath are also depicted in the Ritchie Valens biopic La Bamba (1987).

Memorial concerts

Fans of Holly, Valens, and Richardson have been gathering for annual memorial concerts at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake since 1979.[35] The 50th-anniversary concert took place on February 2, 2009, with Delbert McClinton, Joe Ely, Wanda Jackson, Los Lobos, Chris Montez, Bobby Vee, Graham Nash, Peter and Gordon, Tommy Allsup, and a house band featuring Chuck Leavell, James "Hutch" Hutchinson, Bobby Keys, and Kenny Aronoff. Jay P. Richardson, the son of the Big Bopper, was among the participating artists, and Bob Hale was the master of ceremonies, as he was at the 1959 concert.[36][37]

Monuments
Memorial at crash site, 2003

In June 1988, a 4-foot (1.2 m) tall granite memorial bearing the names of Peterson and the three entertainers was dedicated outside the Surf Ballroom with Peterson's widow, parents, and sister in attendance; the event marked the first time that the families of Holly, Richardson, Valens, and Peterson had gathered together.

In 1989, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, made a stainless-steel monument that depicts a guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of the three performers killed in the accident.[38] The monument is on private farmland, about 1⁄4 mi (400 m) west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, five miles (8 km) north of Clear Lake. At that intersection, a large plasma-cut steel set of Wayfarer-style glasses, similar to those Holly wore, marks the access point to the crash site.[34]

Paquette also created a similar stainless-steel monument to the three musicians located outside the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay, Wisconsin, where Holly, Richardson, and Valens played their penultimate show on February 1. This second memorial was unveiled on July 17, 2003.[39] In February 2009, a further memorial made by Paquette for Peterson was unveiled at the crash site.[40]

Roads

A road originating near the Surf Ballroom, extending north and passing to the west of the crash site, is now known as Buddy Holly Place.[41]

Songs
  • Tommy Dee recorded "Three Stars" (1959), commemorating the musicians.[42]
  • In 1961, Mike Berry recorded "Tribute to Buddy Holly", which describes the night of the flight.[43] It reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart and was notoriously banned by the BBC for being "too morbid"[44][45]
  • Don McLean, a fan of Buddy Holly, later addressed the accident in his song "American Pie" (1971), dubbing it "the Day the Music Died",[46] which for McLean symbolized the "loss of innocence" of the early rock-and-roll generation.[47]
  • Dion recorded "Hug My Radiator" which references the “broken down bus” and the chilling cold the performers experienced on the tour. The song does not directly reference the three performers who died, but Dion has said, in interviews, [48] that the song is a memory of the tour and that he also almost got on the airplane that crashed, but it was too expensive.

Fiction

Howard Waldrop's short story "Save a Place in the Lifeboat for Me" (collected in Howard Who?) describes a fictional attempt by a sextet of famous slapstick characters to prevent the accident from occurring.[49]

gollark: Yes.
gollark: Well, mine has a GPU.
gollark: If you want a tablet comparable to your actual computer thing™, you'll pay more for it.
gollark: Tablets are generally worse in various ways because people are used to that (and use it more for media consumption than anything heavier).
gollark: Oh, I guess that's maybe also a thing.

See also

References
  1. "Rock 'n' roll singers die in air crash". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. February 3, 1959. p. 1A.
  2. "Stars of rock 'n' roll troupe die in crash which claims 4 lives". Bend Bulletin. (Oregon). UPI. February 3, 1959. p. 1.
  3. Suddath, Claire (February 3, 2009). "The Day the Music Died". Time. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
  4. Everitt 2004, p. 10.
  5. "Buddy Holly: The tour from hell". Star Tribune.
  6. Everitt 2004, p. 13.
  7. "Connection to Buddy Holly Death". WeGoNews.com. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
  8. Everitt 2004, p. 14.
  9. Durfee, James R.; Gurney, Chan; Denny, Harmar D.; Minetti, G. Joseph; Hector, Louis J. (September 23, 1959). Aircraft Accident Report (PDF) (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
  10. "FAA Registry (N3794N)". Federal Aviation Administration.
  11. Schuck, Raymond 2012, p. 16.
  12. "American Pie". Snopes.com. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  13. Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 70.
  14. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  15. DiMucci, Dion (1988). The Wanderer. Beech Tree Books. p. 89.
  16. Everitt 2004, p. 15.
  17. Everitt 2004, p. 16.
  18. Everitt 2004, p. 17.
  19. Everitt 2004, p. 18.
  20. Everitt 2004, p. 21.
  21. "Death certificates" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  22. "Coroner's investigation" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  23. "Bobby Vee Biography". bobbyvee.net. Paragraph 3. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  24. Carr & Munde 1997, p. 155.
  25. "Burial place of Roger A. Peterson". www.findagrave.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  26. McLean, Craig (February 1, 2019). "'He knew he was going to die': Buddy Holly's widow on keeping his memory alive". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  27. Kerns, William (August 15, 2008). "Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
  28. Griggs, Bill. "Big Bopper Exhumation". Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  29. "Autopsy of 'Big Bopper' to Address Rumors About 1959 Plane Crash". The Washington Post. January 18, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
  30. "Board considers reopening investigation into plane crash that caused the death of Buddy Holly". KITV. March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  31. Kilen, Mike (March 4, 2015). "NTSB considers reopening Buddy Holly crash case". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  32. Pilkington, Ed (March 5, 2015). "Buddy Holly plane crash: officials consider reopening 1959 probe". The Guardian. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  33. "Buddy Holly crash investigation will not be reopened". The Des Moines Register. Associated Press. April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  34. Munson, Kyle (February 4, 2016). "RIP Jerry Dwyer, a man haunted by the Buddy Holly crash". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  35. "Winter Dance Party History". Surf Ballroom. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
  36. Bream, Jon (February 3, 2009). "Fans Pack Surf Ballroom for Tribute to Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper". CMT News. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  37. Coffey, Joe (February 5, 2009). "Holly, Valens, Richardson Remembered: 50 Winters Later". Premier Guitar. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  38. Lehmer, Larry (2004). The day the music died: the last tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens (pbk. ed.). New York: Schirmer Trade Books. ISBN 0825672872. OCLC 58734509.
  39. Jordan, Jennifer (April 11, 2007). "The Day the Music Died". Articles Tree. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
  40. Jordan, Jennifer (February 2, 2009). "Memorial to Buddy Holly pilot dedicated at crash site". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  41. "Clear Lake, Iowa: Buddy Holly Crash Site". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
  42. Three Stars by Tommy Dee
  43. Cleveland, Barry; Meek, Joe (2001). Creative Music Production: Joe Meek's Bold Techniques. Mix Books. ISBN 978-1-931140-08-9.
  44. "a tribute to buddy holly | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  45. Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 55. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
  46. Crouse 2012, p. 86.
  47. Thimou, Theodore (December 28, 2006). "Preview: The Twice-Famous Don McLean Plays Rams Head". Bay Weekly. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
  48. "DION: THE WANDERER PETURNS". Record Collector. December 28, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  49. Waldrop, Howard (1986). "Notes on Stories". Howard Who?. Doubleday. pp. 241. ISBN 0-385-19708-X.

Books
  • Carr, Joseph; Munde, Alan (1997). Prairie Nights to Neon Lights: The Story of Country Music in West Texas. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-365-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Crouse, Richard (2012). Who Wrote The Book of Love?. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-0-385-67442-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Everitt, Rich (2004). Falling Stars: Air Crashes That Filled Rock and Roll Heaven. Harbor House. ISBN 978-1-891799-04-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon: An Autobiography. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Schuck, Raymond (2012). Do You Believe in Rock and Roll? Essays on Don Mclean's American Pie. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-0036-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
  • Lehmer, Larry (2004). The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens (illustrated ed.). Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-8256-7287-2.
  • Rabin, Staton (2009). Oh Boy! The Life and Music of Rock 'n' Roll Pioneer Buddy Holly (illustrated ed.). Van Winkle Publishing (Kindle). ASIN B001OQBLLG.
  • Schinder, Scott; Huxley, Martin; Skinner, Quinton (2000). The Day the Music Died (illustrated ed.). Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-03962-8.
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