Talodi–Heiban languages

The Talodi–Heiban languages are a branch of the Niger–Congo family spoken in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan. The Talodi and Heiban languages are thought to be distantly related by Dimmendaal,[3] though Glottolog 4.0 does not accept the unity of Talodi–Heiban pending further evidence.[4]

Talodi–Heiban
Geographic
distribution		Nuba Hills, Sudan
Linguistic classificationNiger–Congo
Subdivisions
  • Talodi
  • Heiban
GlottologNone
narr1279  (Talodi)[1]
heib1242  (Heiban)[2]

Classification

Roger Blench (2016) notes that the Talodi and Heiban branches share many typological similarities, but few lexical similarities. Blench (2016) considers Talodi and Heiban to each be separate, independent Niger-Congo branches that had later converged due to mutual contact.

Talodi and Heiban had each constituted a group of the Kordofanian branch of Niger–Congo that was posited by Joseph Greenberg (1963); Talodi has also been called Talodi–Masakin, and Heiban has also been called Koalib or Koalib–Moro. Roger Blench notes that the Talodi and Heiban families have the noun-class systems characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo core of Niger–Congo, but that the Katla languages (another putative branch of Kordofanian) have no trace of ever having had such a system, whereas the Kadu languages and some of the Rashad languages appear to have acquired noun classes as part of a Sprachbund, rather than having inherited them. He concludes that the Kordofanian languages do not form a genealogical group, but that Talodi–Heiban is core Niger–Congo, whereas Katla and Rashad form a peripheral branch (or perhaps branches) along the lines of Mande. The Kadu languages may be Nilo-Saharan.

Talodi–Heiban 
 Heiban 
 East 
 

Ko (Fungor, Kau, Nyaro)

 
 

Warnang (Werni)

 
 
 
 Central 
 

Kwalib (Koalib, Rere)

 
 
 

Logol (Lukha)

 
 

Laro–Ebang (Heiban)

 
 

Utoro (Otoro)

 
 
 
 

Shirumba (Shwai)

 
 West 
 

Tiro (Tira)

 
 

Moro

 
 
 
 
 Talodi 
 

Lumun, †Torona

 
Buram–Saraf
 

Jomang (Talodi), †Nding (Eliri)

 
 Tocho 

Tocho (Tacho), Acheron (Asheron)

 
 Masakin 

Ngile (Daloka), Dengebu (Dagik)

 
 
 
 
  • † = extinct

Lafofa (Tegem), sometimes classified as a divergent Talodi language, has a different set of cognates with other Niger–Congo and has been placed in its own branch of Niger–Congo.

Norton & Alaki (2015)

Norton & Alaki (2015: 76, 126)[5] classify the Talodi languages as follows. Proto-Talodi, Proto-Lumun-Torona, and Proto-Narrow Talodi have also been reconstructed by Norton & Alaki (2015).

Talodi 
Lumun‑
Torona 

Torona, Lumun

 
Narrow
 Talodi 
 

Tocho, Acheron

 
 

Dagik

 
 

Tuwal, Daloka-Aheimar

 
 

Tasomi-Tata (Talodi), Nding

 
 
 

Relationship

Lexical correspondences between Proto-Heiban and Proto-Talodi according to Blench (2016):[6]

GlossProto-HeibanProto-Talodi
belly*k-aaRi / ɲ-*C-a[a]rәk / kә-
dry*Ø-undu / k-*Øandu[k] / t~k
ear*k-ɛɛni / ɲ-*k-ɛ[ɛ]nu / Ø-
fire*iiga*t̪-ɪ[ɪ]k / ḷ-
give*N-d̪ɛ-d̪í*N-d̪í
guts*t̪-y / n̪-u*t-u[u]k / n-
hear*g-aani / n-*g-eenu / w-
hole*li-buŋul / ŋu-*t-ʊbʊ / n-
horn*l-uuba / ŋ-*t~C-uubʊk / n~m-
left side*t̪-agur*Ø-ʊgʊlɛ / C-
name*C-iriɲ*k-әḷәŋaŋ / N~Ø-
pull*uud̪i*aadu
red*k-ʊʊrɪ*ɔɔɽɛ
rope*d̪-aar / ŋw-*t̪-ɔ[ɔ]ḷәk / ḷ-
small*-itti(ɲ)*ɔt̪t̪ɛ(ŋ)
star*l-ʊrʊm / ŋ-*C-ɔ[ɔ]d̪ɔt̪ / m
stone*k-adɔl / y-*p-әd̪ɔk / m
tongue*d̪-iŋgәla / r-*t̪-ʊlәŋɛ / ḷ-
tooth*l-iŋgat / y-*C-әɲi[t] / k-
wing*k-ibɔ / ʧ-*k-ʊbɪ / Ø-

Noun class prefix comparison between Proto-Heiban and Proto-Talodi according to Blench (2016):[6]

Noun classProto-HeibanProto-Talodi
Persons*kʷ,gʷ-/l-*p,b-/Ø-
Trees and plants*k,g/y-*p-/k-
Round things, vital body parts*li-/ŋʷ-*ʧ-/m-
Symmetrical body parts*l-/j-*ʧ-/k-
Long thin objects, bushy objects*ð-/r-*t/n
Small objects, animals*ŋ-, t-/ɲ-*ŋ-/ɲ-
Liquids*ŋ-*ŋ-
Uncountables, [dust, grass]*k-*t-
gollark: People can ping themselves.
gollark: Who are THEY?
gollark: IFcoltransG
gollark: Dispatch apiary forms into beespace, ideally.
gollark: Start having them.

See also

Notes
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Narrow Talodi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Heibanic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:842.
  4. Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9.
  5. Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. 2015. The Talodi Languages: A Comparative-Historical Analysis. Occasional papers in the study of Sudanese languages 11:31-161.
  6. Blench, Roger. 2016. Do Heiban and Talodi form a genetic group and how are they related to Niger-Congo?.
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