Mbre language

Mbre
	Pere
	Pεrε
Native to	Ivory Coast
Region	Marabadiassa
Native speakers	30 (2019)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo (unclassified) Mbre; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mka
Glottolog	mbre1244[2]

Mbre or Pere, known as Pεrε among themselves and as Bεrε by the locally dominant Koro, also spelled Pre and Bre, is an moribund language of the Ivory Coast.

It was first described in an unpublished manuscript by Denis Creissels. As of 2019, a grammar, dictionary and texts are being published by Jeffrey Heath and Brahima Tioté, who is a native speaker of Mbre.[1]

Sociolinguistic situation

Pere is spoken in the village of Bondosso – and marginally in Niantibo – not far from the city of Bouaké, Ivory Coast. Until recently it was also spoken in the village of Kouakoudougou. The speakers are a numu (blacksmith) caste among the Mande.

It had 30 active speakers in 2019 out of an ethnic population that was 700 in the year 2000.

Speakers are shifting to the neighbouring Manding language Koro, and the language has large numbers of Manding loanwords.

Classification

Mbre does not appear to belong to any of the traditional branches of the Niger–Congo language family. It doesn't have the verb extensions or noun classes characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo languages. Roger Blench suspects it may form its own branch, though perhaps not far from the Kwa languages.

Phonology

The phonology section below is sourced from Heath & Tioté (2019).[1]

There are two tones, a /H/ and /L/, but phonetically /L/ may be realized as mid tone when followed by another /L/. Grammatical use of tone includes the distinction between perfective and imperfective aspect.

There are seven vowel qualities, with an ATR distinction in the mid vowels, but no vowel harmony. All seven may be long or short, nasal or oral. /CVɾV/ tends to be realized as [CəɾV] for any short vowel.

The consonant inventory is also typical for the area, with marginal /h/ and /ʔ/.

p	t	tʃ	k	kp
b	d	dʒ	ɡ	ɡb
m	n	ɲ	ŋ	ŋm
f	s~ʃ

Additionally, there are the phonemes /l/, /ɾ/, /w/, /j/. /CjV/ and /CwV/ sequences occur.

Grammar

Nouns have "absolute" suffix /a/ that appears at the end of a noun phrase and in citation form. Word order is SVOX. There are phrasal verbs with postpositions.[1]

gollark: Maybe higher crime rates AND death penalties are controlled by atmospheric bee levels.

gollark: Maybe higher crime rates CAUSES people to want death penalties.

gollark: Something something correlation causation.

gollark: Not forgetting Death 2.0a beta.

gollark: And then the Death 2.0.1 hotfix.

References

Jeffrey Heath & Brahima Tioté (2019) A Grammar of Pere (Bere, Mbre) of Côte d’Ivoire. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3346581
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mbre". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.