Tahōtō

A tahōtō (多宝塔, lit. many-jewelled pagoda) is a form of Japanese pagoda found primarily at Esoteric Shingon and Tendai school Buddhist temples. It is unique among pagodas because it has an even number of stories (two). (The second story has a balustrade and seems habitable, but is nonetheless inaccessible and offers no usable space.)[1] Its name alludes to Tahō Nyorai, who appears seated in a many-jewelled pagoda in the eleventh chapter of the Lotus Sutra.[2][3] With square lower and cylindrical upper parts, a mokoshi 'skirt roof', a pyramidal roof, and a finial, the tahōtō or the larger daitō was one of the seven halls of a Shingon temple.[4] After the Heian period, the construction of pagodas in general declined, and new tahōtō became rare. Six examples, of which that at Ishiyama-dera (1194) is the earliest, have been designated National Treasures.[5] There are no examples in China, whether architectural or pictoral, of anything that resembles the tahōtō, although there is a Song dynasty textual reference to a 'tahōtō with an encircling chamber'.[6]

Tahōtō at Ishiyama-dera, dating to 1194 and a National Treasure; distinctive features are the square base; stupa mound; mokoshi or lower 'skirt' roof; upper pyramidal roof; and sōrin or finial
A hōtō
Floorplan of the daitō at Negoro-ji; many features are shared with the tahōtō; the daitō is larger, with five bays on each side rather than three
Stupa (仏舎利塔, busshari-tō) at Ryūkō-ji, Kanagawa Prefecture; without a protective roof, the plaster weathers rapidly
Four-stepped brackets at Sagami-ji, Hyōgo Prefecture
Bronze sōrin or finial at Iwawaki-dera, Ōsaka Prefecture; comprising an inverted bowl, lotus petals, nine rings, flame, and jewel

Hōtō

The hōtō (宝塔) or treasure pagoda is the ancestor of the tahōtō and dates to the introduction to Japan of Shingon and Tendai Buddhism in the ninth century.[2][6] No wooden hōtō has survived, albeit modern copies do exist, and stone, bronze, or iron specimen are always miniatures comprising a foundation stone, barrel-shaped body, pyramid roof, and a finial.[2][7]

Daitō

While the tahōtō is 3x3 ken (bays), a larger 5x5 ken version exists, known as daitō (大塔) or 'large pagoda'.[4] This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a row of pillars or a wall separating the corridor (hisashi) from the core of the structure, abolished in smaller pagodas.[7][8] Daitō used to be common but, of all those ever built, only a few are still extant. One is at Wakayama prefecture's Negoro-ji, another at Kongōbu-ji, again in Wakayama, another at Kirihata-dera, Tokushima prefecture, another at Narita-san in Chiba. (See the respective list entries.) Kūkai himself, founder of the Shingon school, built the celebrated daitō for Kongōbu-ji on Kōyasan; almost fifty metres high, chronicles relate that 'the mightiness of its single storey outdoes that of multi-storeyed pagodas'.[3][6][9] The specimen found at Negoro-ji (see photo above) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure.

Structure

Single-storey

Japanese pagodas have an odd number of stories.[10] While the tahōto may appear to be twin-storied, complete with balustrade, the upper part is inaccessible with no usable space.[1] The lower roof, known as a mokoshi, provides shelter and the appearance of an additional storey.[6][11]

Floor plan

Raised over the kamebara or 'tortoise mound' (亀腹), the ground floor has a square plan, 3x3 ken across, with a circular core.[7][12] Inside, a room is marked out by the shitenbashira or 'four pillars of heaven' (四天柱), a reference to the Four Heavenly Kings.[1][7] The main objects of worship are often enshrined within.[7][13]

Upper part

Above is a second 'tortoise mound', in a residual reference to the stupa.[6] Since exposed plaster weathers rapidly, a natural solution was to provide it with a roof, the mokoshi.[6][14] Above again is a short, cylindrical section and a pyramidal roof, supported on four-stepped brackets.[1][15]

Finial
Main article: Sōrin

Like all Japanese pagodas, the tahōtō is topped by a vertical shaft known as the sōrin (相輪).[16] This comprises the base or 'dew basin'; an inverted bowl with attached lotus petals; nine rings; 'water flame'; and jewel.[16] The finial's division in sections has a symbolic meaning and its structure as a whole itself represents a pagoda.[17]

Miniature versions

A number of smaller versions of the tahōtō are known, of stone, bronze, iron, or wood, and similar to the hōtō.[18][19]

Meaning

A number of mandala show the Iron Stupa in southern India, where the patriarch Nāgārjuna received the Esoteric scriptures, as a single-storey pagoda with a cylindrical body, a pyramidal roof, and a spire.[6] The forms used in the tahōtō, namely the square, circle, triangle, semi-circle, and circle, may represent the Five Elements or the Five Virtues.[3][6] The egg-shaped stupa mound or aṇḍa may represent Mount Sumeru, with the finial as the axis of the world; or, by a folk interpretation, the square base may represents a folded robe, the dome an overturned begging bowl, and the spire a walking staff.[3] The tahōtō served not as a reliquary tower but often as an icon hall.[7]

Examples
Image Property Date Municipality Prefecture Comments Designation
Raigō-in tahōtō (来迎院多宝塔)[20][21]1556RyūgasakiIbaraki Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Rakuhō-ji tahōtō (楽法寺多宝塔)[22]1684SakuragawaIbaraki Prefecture3 ken; originated in a three-storey pagoda of 1254, later ruined and rebuiltPrefectural
Banna-ji tahōtō (鑁阿寺多宝塔)1692AshikagaTochigi Prefecture3 ken
Kanasana Jinja tahōtō (金鑽神社多宝塔)[23]1534KamikawaSaitama Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Kita-in tahōtō (喜多院多宝塔)[24]1639KawagoeSaitama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Nago-dera tahōtō (那古寺多宝塔)[25]1761TateyamaChiba Prefecture3 ken, copper roofPrefectural
Ishidō-ji tahōtō (石堂寺多宝塔)[26]1548MinamibōsōChiba Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Narita-san daitō (新勝寺大塔)1984NaritaChiba Prefecture5 ken
Gokoku-ji tahōtō (護国寺多宝塔)[27]1938BunkyōTōkyō3 ken, tiled roof; modelled on that of Ishiyama-dera
Ikegami Honmon-ji hōtō (池上本門寺宝塔)[28]1828ŌtaTōkyōICP
Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū daitō (鶴岡八幡宮大塔)KamakuraKanagawa Prefecture5 ken; destroyed
Nichiryūbu-ji tahōtō (日竜峯寺多宝塔)[29][30]1275-1332SekiGifu Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofICP
Kannon-ji tahōtō (観音寺多宝塔)[31][32]1536NagoyaAichi Prefecture3 ken, copper roofICP
Shōkai-ji tahōtō (性海寺多宝塔)[33][34]1393-1466InazawaAichi Prefecture3 ken, copper roofICP
Mantoku-ji tahōtō (万徳寺多宝塔)[35][36]1467-1572InazawaAichi Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofICP
Senjō-in tahōtō (泉浄院多宝塔)1962InuyamaAichi Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Daiju-ji tahōtō (大樹寺多宝塔)[37][38]1535OkazakiAichi Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofICP
Chiryū Jinja tahōtō (知立神社多宝塔)[39][40]1509ChiryūAichi Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Tōkannon-ji tahōtō (東観音寺多宝塔)[41][42]1528ToyohashiAichi Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Mitsuzō-in tahōtō (密蔵院多宝塔)[15][43][44]1393-1466KasugaiAichi Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof; dismantled for repairs in 1953, roof repairs in 1977ICP
Ishiyama-dera tahōtō (石山寺多宝塔)[45][46][47][48]1194ŌtsuShiga Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof; four painted pillars of the Kamakura period (ICP); inside are a Heian period and a Kamakura period wooden seated statue of Dainichi Nyorai, both (ICP)National Treasure
Kontai-ji tahōtō (金胎寺多宝塔)[49]1298WazukaKyōto Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Jōjakō-ji tōba (常寂光寺塔婆(多宝塔))[49]1620KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofICP
Yoshimine-dera tahōtō (善峰寺多宝塔)[50]1621KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofICP
Hōtō-ji tōba (寶塔寺塔婆(多宝塔))[51]1438KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Honpō-ji tahōtō (本法寺多宝塔)[52]1808KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Hōrin-ji tahōtō (法輪寺多宝塔)1942KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Jingo-ji tahōtō (神護寺多宝塔)[53][54]1935KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; inside are five Heian period wooden seated statues of Kokuzō Bosatsu (National Treasures)
Chion-in tahōtō (知恩院多宝塔)1958KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Eikan-dō tahōtō (永観堂多宝塔)[55]1928KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken
Daikaku-ji hōtō (大覚寺宝塔)[56]1967KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Kurama-dera tahōtō (鞍馬寺多宝塔)[57]1960KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken; the previous tahōtō was destroyed in the late Edo period
Sanmyō-in tahōtō (三明院多宝塔)1961KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Seiryō-ji tahōtō (清凉寺多宝塔)[58]1702KyōtoKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Anao-ji tahōtō (穴太寺多宝塔)[59]1804KameokaKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Daifukukō-ji tahōtō (大福光寺多宝塔)[15][60]1275-1332KyōtambaKyōto Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof; dismantled for repairs in 1918, roof repairs in 1955ICP
Enryū-ji tahōtō (円隆寺多宝塔)[61]1751MaizuruKyōto Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Chion-ji tahōtō (智恩寺多宝塔)[62]1500MiyazuKyōto Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Shōman-in tōba (勝鬘院塔婆)[63]1597ŌsakaŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Iwawaki-dera tahōtō (岩湧寺多宝塔)[64][65]1467-1572KawachinaganoŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, copper roof; inside is a Heian period seated wooden statue of Dainichi Nyorai (ICP)ICP
Kongō-ji tahōtō (金剛寺多宝塔)[66]1086-1184KawachinaganoŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Jigen-in tahōtō (慈眼院多宝塔)[67]1271IzumisanoŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofNational Treasure
Daiitoku-ji tahōtō (大威徳寺多宝塔)[68]1515KishiwadaŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Katsuō-ji tahōtō (勝尾寺多宝塔)[69]1987MinōŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, copper roof
Hōdō-ji tahōtō (法道寺多宝塔)[15][70]1368SakaiŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1921, roof repairs in 1969ICP
Eifuku-ji tahōtō (叡福寺多宝塔)[71]1652TaishiŌsaka Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Sagami-ji tahōtō (酒見寺多宝塔)[72]1662KasaiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled lower roof, hinoki upper roofICP
Okusan-ji tahōtō (奥山寺多宝塔)[73]1709KasaiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Chōkō-ji tahōtō (奥山寺多宝塔)[73]1710KatōHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Tokkō-in tahōtō (徳光院多宝塔)[74]1478KobeHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Gaya-in tahōtō (伽耶院多宝塔)[75]1648MikiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Renge-ji tahōtō (蓮花寺多宝塔)[73]1812MikiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofPrefectural
Tōkō-ji tahōtō (蓮花寺多宝塔)[73]mid-Muromachi periodMikiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, iron upper roof, tiled lower roofPrefectural
Shōkon-ji tahōtō (荘厳寺多宝塔)[73]1715NishiwakiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofPrefectural
Chōon-ji tahōtō (長遠寺多宝塔)[76]1607AmagasakiHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Onsen-ji tahōtō (温泉寺多宝塔)1767ToyookaHyōgo Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Kichiden-ji tahōtō (吉田寺多宝塔)[77]1463IkarugaNara Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Kume-dera tahōtō (久米寺多宝塔)[78]1615-1660KashiharaNara Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Chōgosonshi-ji tahōtō (朝護孫子寺多宝塔)late Edo periodHeguriNara Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Hōzan-ji tahōtō (宝山寺多宝塔)1957IkomaNara Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Tōnan-in tahōtō (東南院多宝塔)[79]early Meiji periodYoshinoNara Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof
Jison-in tahōtō (慈尊院多宝塔)[80]1624KudoyamaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, copper roofPrefectural
Kōyasan Danjō Garan daitō (大塔)[3][9]1937KōyaWakayama Prefecture5 ken; five Buddhas of the Diamond Realm enshrined inside, with bodhisattva painted on the columns, in a form of mandala; the first daitō was completed in 837; it and four successors were destroyed by fire
Kongōbu-ji Saitō (金剛峯寺西塔)[9]1834KōyaWakayama Prefecture5 ken, tiled roof; five Buddhas of the Womb Realm enshrined inside
Kongōbu-ji Tōtō (金剛峯寺東塔)1984KōyaWakayama Prefecture3 ken
Kongō Sanmai-in tahōtō (金剛三昧院多宝塔)[81][82]1223KōyaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roof; inside are Kamakura period wooden seated statues of the Five BuddhasNational Treasure
Kimii-dera tahōtō (護国院多宝塔)[83]1449WakayamaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Kaizen-in tahōtō (海禅院多宝塔)[84]1653WakayamaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Negoro-ji tahōtō (daitō) (根来寺多宝塔(大塔))[85]1492-1554IwadeWakayama Prefecture3 ken, hinoki roofNational Treasure
Jōmyō-ji tahōtō (浄妙寺多宝塔)[15][86]1275-1332AridaWakayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1935ICP
Chōhō-ji tahōtō (長保寺多宝塔)[15][87]1357KainanWakayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1927National Treasure
Henshō-ji tahōtō (遍照寺多宝塔)[88]1606KasaokaOkayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofICP
Rendai-ji tahōtō (蓮台寺多宝塔)[89]1670KurashikiOkayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; rebuilt after a storm in 1843Prefectural
Anjū-in tahōtō (安住院多宝塔)[90]1688-1703OkayamaOkayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Shōen-ji tōba (tahōtō) (静円寺塔婆(多宝塔))[91]1690SetouchiOkayama Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Mitaki-dera tahōtō (三瀧寺多宝塔)[92][93]1526HiroshimaHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; originally part of a Hachiman shrine in Wakayama Prefecture; relocated in 1951 in honour of the victims of the atomic bombPrefectural
Itsukushima Jinja tahōtō (厳島神社多宝塔)[94][95]1523HatsukaichiHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, shingle roofICP
Jōdo-ji tahōtō (浄土寺多宝塔)[15][96][97]1319-28OnomichiHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1935, repainted in 1973National Treasure
Kōsan-ji tahōtō (耕三寺多宝塔)[98]1942OnomichiHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, copper roof; modelled on that of Ishiyama-deraRegistered
Buttsu-ji tahōtō (佛通寺多宝塔)[99]1927MiharaHiroshima Prefecture3 ken, copper roofRegistered
Akaibō tahōtō (閼伽井坊多宝塔)[100][101]1560KudamatsuYamaguchi Prefecture3 ken, shingle roof; inscription with date found in 1928ICP
Kirihata-ji daitō (切幡寺大塔)[4][102]1618AwaTokushima Prefecture5 ken, twin-storey, tiled roof; pillars unusually arranged in a concentric square; relocated from Sumiyoshi Taisha in Ōsaka during the Meiji periodICP
Yakuō-ji yugitō (薬王寺瑜祇塔)[103]1963MinamiTokushima Prefecture
Kumadani-ji tahōtō (熊谷寺多宝塔)[104]1774AwaTokushima Prefecture3 ken, tiled roofPrefectural
Yoda-ji tahōtō (與田寺多宝塔)1984HigashikagawaKagawa Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Ōkubo-ji tahōtō (大窪寺多宝塔)1954SanukiKagawa Prefecture3 ken
Dōryū-ji tahōtō (道隆寺多宝塔)1980TadotsuKagawa Prefecture3 ken, tiled roof
Yakuri-ji tahōtō (八栗寺多宝塔)1984TakamatsuKagawa Prefecture3 ken
gollark: And sanely designed functions.
gollark: TJ09's employment contract requires that he not design anything sensibly lest it compete with fasebooq.
gollark: It's madness.
gollark: And someone's probably been banned for something not even against the rules-as-written-in-one-sentence or rules-as-TJ09d.
gollark: It's crazy.

See also

References
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