Taisha-zukuri

Taisha-zukuri or Ōyashiro-zukuri (大社造) is the oldest Shinto shrine architectural style. Named after Izumo Taisha's honden (sanctuary), like Ise Grand Shrine's shinmei-zukuri style it features a bark roof decorated with poles called chigi and katsuogi, plus archaic features like gable-end pillars and a single central pillar (shin no mihashira).[1] The honden's floor is raised above the ground through the use of stilts (see photo). Like the shinmei-zukuri and sumiyoshi-zukuri styles, it predates the arrival in Japan of Buddhism.

Kamosu Jinja's honden and a granary at Toro

History

Ancient shrines were constructed according to the style of dwellings (Izumo Taisha)[2][3] or storehouses (Ise Grand Shrine).[2][4] The buildings had gabled roofs, raised floors, plank walls, and were thatched with reed or covered with hinoki cypress bark.[4] Such early shrines did not include a space for worship.[2] Three important forms of ancient shrine architectural styles exist: taisha-zukuri, shinmei-zukuri and sumiyoshi-zukuri.[5] They are exemplified by Izumo Taisha, Nishina Shinmei Shrine and Sumiyoshi Taisha[6] respectively and date to before 552.[7] According to the tradition of Shikinen sengū-sai (式年遷宮祭), the buildings or shrines were faithfully rebuilt at regular intervals adhering to the original design. In this manner, ancient styles have been replicated through the centuries to the present day.

Structure

Reconstruction model of the ancient Izumo-taisha honden, based on remains of old pillars found on the site.

Reconstruction of Izumo Taisha's honden somewhat later, during the Kamakura period

Izumo Taisha's honden over time has gone through profound changes that have greatly decreased its size and changed its structure.[8] In its present form, it is a gabled building 2x2 ken[9] in size, with an entrance on the gabled end (a characteristic called tsumairi-zukuri (妻入造). Like Ise Grand Shrine's, it has purely ornamental poles called chigi (vertical) and katsuogi (horizontal) on a cypress bark-covered roof, plus archaic features like gable-end pillars and a single central pillar (shin no mihashira (心の御柱)).[8] This pillar has a diameter of 10.9 cm, has no obvious structural role and is believed to have had a purely religious significance.[10] The external stairway is covered by an independent bark-covered roof (see illustration in the gallery).

Izumo Taisha's honden

The honden's interior is a square divided into four identical sections, each covered by fifteen tatami (straw mats). The floor plan has therefore the shape of the Chinese character for rice field (田), an element which suggests a possible connection with harvest propitiation rites.[10]

Because its floor is raised above the ground, the honden is believed to have its origin in raised-floor granaries like those found in Toro, Shizuoka prefecture.[10]

The oldest extant example of taisha-zukuri is the honden at Kamosu Shrine in Matsue, Shimane prefecture, built in 1582 and now declared a National Treasure.[8] Smaller than Izumo Taisha's, it nonetheless has thick supporting pillars. It is deeper, has a higher floor, and differs significantly from Izumo Taisha's. It probably represents an older style of construction.[8]

Gallery

• 
  Front and side view of Izumo Taisha's honden
• 
  The honden is visible in the background
• 
  Roofs at Izumo Taisha

Notes

1. Encyclopedia of Shinto
2. Young & Young (2007:50)
3. Kishida (2008:33)
4. Fletcher and Cruickshank (1996:724)
5. Kishida (2008:34)
6. Kishida (2008:35)
7. Kishida (2008:126)
8. Fujita, Koga (2008:24)
9. A ken is the distance between one supporting pillar and another, a quantity which can vary from shrine to shrine and even within the same building. In this case, a ken is 6.32 m, well above its standard value of just below 2 m.
10. JAANUS, Taisha-zukuri, accessed on December 1, 2009

References

• History and Typology of Shrine Architecture, Encyclopedia of Shinto accessed on November 29, 2009
• Fujita Masaya, Koga Shūsaku, ed. (April 10, 1990). Nihon Kenchiku-shi (in Japanese) (September 30, 2008 ed.). Shōwa-dō. ISBN 4-8122-9805-9.
• Kishida, Hideto (2008). Japanese Architecture. READ BOOKS. ISBN 1-4437-7281-X. Retrieved 2009-11-11.,
• Young, David; Young, Michiko (2007) [2004]. The art of Japanese architecture. Architecture and Interior Design (illustrated, revised ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3838-0. Retrieved 2009-11-11.