Sumba

Sumba (Indonesian: Pulau Sumba) is an island in eastern Indonesia. It is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands and is in the province of East Nusa Tenggara. Sumba has an area of 11,059.6 square kilometres (4,270.1 square miles), and the population was estimated to be 755,849 in 2015. To the northwest of Sumba is Sumbawa, to the northeast, across the Sumba Strait (Selat Sumba), is Flores, to the east, across the Savu Sea, is Timor, and to the south, across part of the Indian Ocean, is Australia.

This article is about the Indonesian island. For the village in the Faroe Islands, see Sumba, Faroe Islands.
Sumba
Native name:
Pulau Sumba
Geography
LocationSouth East Asia
Coordinates9°40′S 120°00′E
ArchipelagoLesser Sunda Islands
Area11,059.6 km2 (4,270.1 sq mi)
Area rank73rd
Highest elevation1,225 m (4,019 ft)
Highest pointMount Wanggameti
Administration
Indonesia
ProvinceEast Nusa Tenggara
Largest settlementWaingapu (pop. 37,459[1])
Demographics
Population755,849 (2015 estimate[2])
Pop. density67.8/km2 (175.6/sq mi)
LanguagesKambera, Momboru, Anakalang, Wanukaka, Wejewa, Lamboya, Kodi, Indonesian
Ethnic groupsSumba, Austronesian and Melanesian descendants

History

Before colonization by western Europeans in the 1500s, Sumba was inhabited by Melanesian and Austronesian people.[3]

In 1522, through the Portuguese, the first ships from Europe arrived. By 1866 Sumba belonged to the Dutch East Indies, although the island did not come under real Dutch administration until the 20th century. The Dutch mission started in 1886. One of the missionary was Douwe Wielenga. Jesuits opened a mission in Laura, West Sumba.[4]

Historically, this island exported sandalwood and was known as Sandalwood Island,[5] or Sandel Island.

Despite contact with western cultures, Sumba is one of the few places in the world where megalithic burials are used as a 'living tradition' to inter prominent individuals when they die. Burial in megaliths is a practice that was used in many parts of the world during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. It has survived to this day in Sumba and has raised significant interest from scholars.[6] At Anakalang, for instance, quadrangular adzes have been unearthed.[7]

Another long-lasting tradition is the sometimes lethal game of pasola, in which teams of often several hundred horse-riders fight with spears.[8]

On August 19, 1977, an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale occurred and caused a tsunami.[9] 316 people were killed on the island and islands off the west coast.

Geography, climate and ecology
The Lesser Sunda Islands; Sumba is in the bottom centre

The largest town on the island is the main port of Waingapu, with a population of about 52,755.

The landscape is low, limestone hills, rather than the steep volcanoes of many Indonesian islands. There is a dry season from May to November and a rainy season from December to April. The western side of the island is more fertile and more heavily populated than the east.

Due to its distinctive flora and fauna Sumba has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as the Sumba deciduous forests ecoregion. Although generally thought to be originally part of the Gondwana southern hemisphere supercontinent, recent research suggests that it might have detached from the South East Asia margin. Sumba is in the Wallacea ecozone, having a mixture of plants and animals of Asian and Australasian origin. Most of the island was originally covered in deciduous monsoon forest while the south-facing slopes, which remain moist during the dry season, were evergreen rainforest.[10]

Fauna
A village in Sumba

There are a number of mammals, but the island is particularly rich in bird-life with nearly 200 birds, of which seven endemic species and a number of others are found only here and on some nearby islands. The endemic birds include four vulnerable species — the secretive Sumba boobook owl, Sumba buttonquail, red-naped fruit-dove, and Sumba hornbill — as well as three more common species: the Sumba green pigeon, Sumba flycatcher, and apricot-breasted sunbird.[10] Saltwater crocodiles can still be found in some areas.

The Sumba hornbill or Julang Sumba (Rhyticeros everetti) is under increasing threat of extinction. Indiscriminate deforestation is threatening their survival. The population is estimated at less than 4,000 with an average density of six individuals per square kilometer. A hornbill can fly to and from over an area of up to 100 square kilometers.[11]

Threats and preservation

Most of the original forest has been cleared for the planting of maize, cassava, and other crops so only small isolated patches remain. Furthermore, this clearance is ongoing due to the growing population of the island and this represents a threat to the birds.[12]

In 1998 two national parks were designated on the island for the protection of endangered species: the Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park and Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park.

Administration

Sumba is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province. The island and the very small islands administered with it are split into four regencies (local government regions), following re-organisation in 2007. These are Sumba Barat (West Sumba), Sumba Barat Daya (Southwest Sumba), Sumba Tengah (Central Sumba) and Sumba Timur (East Sumba). The island had 685,186 inhabitants at the 2010 Census,[13] which accounted for 14.6% of the provincial population in 2010. The provincial capital is not on Sumba Island, but in Kupang on West Timor.

NameCapitalEst.StatuteArea (km2)Population
2010 Census		Estimate
2014
West Sumba Regency
(Sumba Barat)		Waikabubak1958UU 69/1958709.90111,993120,162
East Sumba Regency
(Sumba Timur)		Waingapu1958UU 69/19587,000.50227,732246,544
Central Sumba Regency
(Sumba Tengah)		Waibakul2007UU 3/20071,868.7462,48567,647
Southwest Sumba Regency
(Sumba Barat Daya)		Tambolaka2007UU 16/20071,480.46284,903308,438
Sumba*11,059.60687,113742,791

Culture
Traditional Sumbanese houses near Bondokodi, West Sumba
Catholic church in Waingapu, East Sumba Regency

Sumba has a highly stratified society based on castes.[14] This is especially true of East Sumba, whereas West Sumba is more ethnically and linguistically diverse.[15]

The Sumbanese people speak a variety of closely related Austronesian languages and have a mixture of Austronesian and Melanesian ancestry. The largest language group is the Kambera language, spoken by a quarter of a million people in the eastern half of Sumba.

Twenty-five to thirty percent of the population practices the animist Marapu religion. The remainder are Christian, a majority being Dutch Calvinist with a substantial minority being Roman Catholic. A small number of Sunni Muslims can be found along the coastal areas.

Sumba is famous for ikat textiles, particularly very detailed hand-woven ikat. The process of dying and weaving ikat is labor-intensive and one piece can take months to prepare.[16]

Development and living standards

Sumba is one of the poorer islands of Indonesia.

Health

A relatively high percentage of the population suffers from malaria, although the illness is almost eradicated in the west part of the island. Infant mortality is high.

Water

Access to water is one of the major challenges in Sumba. During the dry season, many streams dry up and villagers depend on wells for scarce supplies of water.[17] Many villagers have to travel several kilometres several times a day to fetch water. It is mainly the women and children who are sent for water, while the men are at work. The Sumba Foundation has been active in raising sponsorship to drill wells in villages and attempting to reduce poverty on the island. As of February 2013, the Sumba Foundation were responsible for 48 wells and 191 water stations, a supplying 15 schools with water and sanitation, and reducing malaria rates by some 85%.[18]

Electricity

Electricity mainly comes from diesel generators.[19] New projects include 3 MW Bayu wind power plant (PLTB) in Kadumbul, East Sumba by PT Hywind. Another is the Bodo Hula Biomass Power Plant (PLTBm), West Sumba. 1 MW capacity. Other existing renewable electricity projects involve solar PV and micro-hydroelectricity.[20]

Tourism
Tanggedu Waterfall, East Sumba

Some places to visit
  • Tanggedu Waterfall, 26 kilometres from the East Sumba Regency's capital city of Waingapu.[21]
  • Puru Kambera Beach, 26 kilometres from Waingapu, a one-hour drive
  • Tarimbang Bay, 120 kilometres from Waingapu, a three-hour drive, is a surfers paradise with 2- to 3-meter tall waves between June and September.
  • Watu Mandorak Cove, a white sandy beach with cliffs, a two-hour drive, and 42 kilometers from Tambolaka in the dry season. It takes longer and is not recommended in the rainy season.[22]

International hotels

The island's most popular resort is the Nihi Sumba[23]), which has been ranked as one of the world's five best eco-hotels and was awarded the world's best hotel of 2016 and 2017 from Travel + Leisure for its native ambiance and authentic local experience.[24] Despite its expensive rates, the resort has been fully booked.[25]

Map
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See also

Notes
  1. "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Kecamatan dan Jenis Kelamin, 2004-2013". BPS Kabupaten Sumba Timur (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  2. "Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dalam Angka 2016" (PDF). BPS Provinsi NTT (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  3. Lansing, J. S.; Cox, M. P.; Downey, S. S.; Gabler, B. M.; Hallmark, B.; Karafet, T. M.; Norquest, P.; Schoenfelder, J. W.; Sudoyo, H.; Watkins, J. C.; Hammer, M. F. (3 October 2007). "Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (41): 16022–16026. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704451104.
  4. Barker, Joshua (1 July 2009). State of Authority: The State in Society in Indonesia. SEAP Publications. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-87727-780-4. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  5. Goodall, George (editor) (1943) Philips' International Atlas, London, George Philip and Son map 'East Indies' pp.91-92
  6. Richter, Anne; Carpenter, Bruce W.; Carpenter, Bruce; Sundermann, Jorg (16 May 2012). Gold Jewellery of the Indonesian Archipelago. Editions Didier Millet. p. 119. ISBN 978-981-4260-38-1. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  7. Simanjuntak, Truman (2006). Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 288. ISBN 978-979-26-2499-1. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  8. Müller, Kal (1997). East of Bali: From Lombok to Timor. Tuttle Publishing. p. 168. ISBN 978-962-593-178-4. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  9. Hall, Robert; Cottam, Michael A.; Wilson, M. E. J. (15 July 2011). The SE Asian Gateway: History and Tectonics of the Australia-Asia Collision. Geological Society. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-86239-329-5. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  10. Wikramanayake, Eric D. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-1-55963-923-1. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  11. "Sumba Hornbills under increasing threat of extinction". Antara News. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  12. "Sumba deciduous forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  13. Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  14. Forshee, Jill (2006). Culture and Customs of Indonesia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-313-33339-2. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  15. Müller, Kal (1997). East of Bali: From Lombok to Timor. Tuttle Publishing. p. 170. ISBN 978-962-593-178-4. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  16. Trisha Sertori, 'Sumba on show in Bali', The Jakarta Post, 30 August 2012.
  17. Maren Hoepfner, 'Taking Sumba by surprise', The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2010.
  18. "The Sumba Foundation". Sumba Foundation. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  19. {{cite web|url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65458.pdf/ | Oswal et.al "System Impact Study of the Eastern Grid of Sumba Island, Indonesia Steady-State and Dynamic System Modeling for the Integration of One and Two 850-kW Wind Turbine Generators", US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),Technical Report, NREL/TP-5D00-65458, January 2016, at p.1
  20. "100%Renewable energy Atlas: Sumba Island, Indonesia". 100-percent.org. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  21. Asnida Riani (9 March 2017). "Air Terjun Tanggedu, Menemukan Pesona Lain Sumba". Bintang.com. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  22. Sylviana Hamdani (January 23, 2014). "In Sumba, a Beach Day All Year".
  23. Once in a Lifetime Journey. "Nihi Sumba Hotel Review, the Best Hotel in the World".
  24. Intan Tanjung, 2015 (July 12, 2016). "Indonesia home to 'world's best hotel' of 2016".
  25. Asti Atmodjo, 'Sumba will be the next Bali: Association, The Jakarta Post, 18 July 2012. Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

References
  • Paccou-Martellière, Véronique; Hinterseer, Thomas H. (2016). Arts and traditions of Sumba. Paris: Le Livre D Art. ISBN 978-2-355-32241-9.


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