Mauretania

Mauretania (/ˌmɒrɪˈteɪniə, ˌmɔːrɪ-/)[4][5] is the Latin name for a region in the ancient Maghreb. It stretched from central present-day Algeria westwards to the Atlantic, covering northern Morocco, and southward to the Atlas Mountains.[6] Its native inhabitants, seminomadic pastoralists of Berber ancestry, were known to the Romans as the Mauri and the Masaesyli.[1]

This article is about the ancient Maghreb territory. For the modern country, see Mauritania. For other uses, see Mauretania (disambiguation).

Mauretania
3rd century BC – 44 AD[1]
Mauretania
Status	Tribal Berber kingdoms (3rd century BC – 40 AD) Provinces of the Roman Empire (44 AD – 7th century AD) Independent kingdoms (431 AD[1]-8th century)
Capital	Volubilis[2] Iol / Caesarea[3]
Common languages	Berber, Latin
Religion	Roman paganism, local beliefs, Christianity
King
• 110–80 BC	Bocchus I
• 25 BC - 23 AD	Juba II
• 23–40 AD	Ptolemy of Mauretania
Historical era	Classical Antiquity
• Established	before 200 BC
• client state of the Roman Empire	33 BC
• Division into Roman provinces	44 AD
• Disestablished	44 AD
Today part of	Algeria  Morocco  Spain  ∟ Ceuta  ∟ Melilla

In 27 BC, the kings of Mauretania became Roman vassals until about 44 AD, when the area was annexed to Rome and divided into two provinces: Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis. Christianity had spread there from the 3rd century onwards.[7] According to one view, it was extinguished when the Muslim Arabs subdued the region in the 7th century. Per another, it continued to exist.[1][8]

Mauri (Moorish) Kingdom

Further information: North Africa during Antiquity

Coin of Faustus Sulla, with the reverse depicting the Mauretanian king Bocchus I (left) offering Jugurtha (right) to Faustus' father Lucius Sulla.

Mauretania existed as a tribal kingdom of the Berber Mauri people. As Yevgenii Pospelov records, the Phoenicians (who explored the North African coast from about 900 BC) called the country at the extreme western edge of their known world Mauharim, meaning "Western land".[9]

In the early 1st century Strabo recorded Maûroi (Μαῦροι) as the native name of a people opposite the Iberian Peninsula. This appellation was adopted into Latin, whereas the Greek name for the tribe was Mauroúsii (Μαυρούσιοι).[10][11] The Mauri would later bequeath their name to the Moors on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, from at least the 3rd century BC. The Mediterranean coast of Mauretania had commercial harbours for trade with Carthage from before the 4th century BC, but the interior was controlled by Berber tribes, who had established themselves in the region by the Iron Age.

The tomb of Juba II and Cleopatra Selene II in Tipaza, Algeria

King Atlas was a legendary king of Mauretania credited with inventing the celestial globe.[12] The first known historical king of the Mauri, Baga, ruled during the Second Punic War of 218–201 BC. The Mauri were in close contact with Numidia. Bocchus I ([fl.] 110 BC) was father-in-law to the redoubted Numidian king Jugurtha.

Mauretania became a client kingdom of the Roman Empire in 33 BC. The Romans installed Juba II of Numidia as their client-king. When Juba died in AD 23, his Roman-educated son Ptolemy of Mauretania succeeded him. The Emperor Caligula had Ptolemy executed in 40.[13] The Roman Emperor Claudius annexed Mauretania directly as a Roman province in 44, placing it under an imperial governor (either a procurator Augusti, or a legatus Augusti pro praetore).

Kings

Name	Reign	Notes	Image
Atlas	6th century BC	mythical king of Mauretania[14]
Bagas	fl. 225 BC
Bocchus I	c. 110 – c. 80s BC
Mastanesosus	c. 80s BC – 49
Bocchus II	49 – c. 33 BC	Co-ruler with Bogud
Bogud	49 – c. 38 BC	Co-ruler with Bocchus II
Juba II	25 BC – AD 23	Roman client king
Ptolemy	20–40	Last king of Mauretania Began reign as co-ruler with Juba II Assassinated by Caligula

Roman province(s)

Further information: Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis

In the 1st century AD, Emperor Claudius divided the Roman province of Mauretania into Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana along the line of the Mulucha (Muluya) River, about 60 km west of modern Oran:

• Mauretania Tingitana was named after its capital Tingis (now Tangier); it corresponded to northern Morocco (including the current Spanish enclaves).
• Mauretania Caesariensis was named after its capital Caesarea (Mauretaniae) and comprised western and central Algeria.

Mauretania gave the empire one emperor, the equestrian Macrinus. He seized power after the assassination of Caracalla in 217 but was himself defeated and executed by Elagabalus the next year.

Emperor Diocletian's Tetrarchy reform (293) further divided the area into three provinces, as the small, easternmost region of Sitifensis was split off from Mauretania Caesariensis.

The Notitia Dignitatum (c. 400) mentions themas still existing, two being under the authority of the Vicarius of the diocese of Africa:

• A Dux et praeses provinciae Mauritaniae et Caesariensis, i.e. a Roman governor of the rank of Vir spectabilis, who also held the high military command of dux, as the superior of eight border garrison commanders, each styled Praepositus limitis ..., followed by (genitive forms) Columnatensis, Vidensis, inferioris (i.e. lower border), Fortensis, Muticitani, Audiensis, Caputcellensis and Augustensis.
• A (civilian) Praeses in the province of Mauretania Sitifensis.

And, under the authority of the Vicarius of the diocese of Hispaniae:

• A Comes rei militaris of Mauretania Tingitana, also ranking as vir spectabilis, in charge of the following border garrison (Limitanei) commanders:
  • Praefectus alae Herculeae at Tamuco
  • Tribunus cohortis secundae Hispanorum at Duga
  • Tribunus cohortis primae Herculeae at Aulucos
  • Tribunus cohortis primae Ityraeorum at Castrabarensis
  • Another Tribunus cohortis at Sala
  • Tribunus cohortis Pacatianensis at Pacatiana
  • Tribunus cohortis tertiae Asturum at Tabernas
  • Tribunus cohortis Friglensis at the Fortress of Friglas or Frigias, near Lixus[15]
  and to whom three extraordinary cavalry units were assigned:
  • Equites scutarii seniores
  • Equites sagittarii seniores
  • Equites Cordueni
• A Praeses (civilian governor) of the same province of Tingitana

Late Antiquity

Further information: Diocese of Africa

Roman-Moorish kingdoms

Further information: Mauro-Roman Kingdom

During the crisis of the 3rd century, parts of Mauretania were reconquered by Berber tribes. Direct Roman rule became confined to a few coastal cities (such as Septem in Mauretania Tingitana and Cherchell in Mauretania Caesariensis) by the late 3rd century.[16]

Historical sources about inland areas are sparse, but these were apparently controlled by local Berber rulers who, however, maintained a degree of Roman culture, including the local cities, and usually nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Roman Emperors.[17]

The Western kingdom more distant from the Vandal kingdom was the one of Altava, a city located at the borders of Mauretania Tingitana and Caesariensis....It is clear that the Mauro-Roman kingdom of Altava was fully inside the Western Latin world, not only because of location but mainly because it adopted the military-religious-sociocultural-administrative organization of the Roman Empire...[18]

In an inscription from Altava in western Algeria, one of these rulers, Masuna, described himself as rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum (king of the Roman and Moorish peoples). Altava was later the capital of another ruler, Garmul or Garmules, who resisted Byzantine rule in Africa but was finally defeated in 578.[19]

The Byzantine historian Procopius also mentions another independent ruler, Mastigas, who controlled most of Mauretania Caesariensis in the 530s. In the 7th century there were eight Romano-Moorish kingdoms: Altava, Ouarsenis, Hodna, Aures, Nemenchas, Capsa, Dorsale and Cabaon.[20]

The last resistance against the Arab invasion was sustained in the second half of the 7th century mainly by the Roman-Moorish kingdoms -with the last Byzantine troops in the region- under the leadership of the Christian king of Altava Caecilius, but later ended in complete defeat in 703 AD (when the queen Kahina died in battle).

Vandal kingdom

The Vandals conquered the Roman province beginning in the 420s. The city of Hippo Regius fell to the Vandals in 431 after a prolonged siege, and Carthage also fell in 439. Theodosius II dispatched an expedition to deal with the Vandals in 441, which failed to progress farther than Sicily. The Western Empire under Valentinian III secured peace with the Vandals in 442, confirming their control of Proconsular Africa. For the next 90 years, Africa was firmly under the Vandal control. The Vandals were ousted from Africa in the Vandalic War of 533–534, from which time Mauretania at least nominally became a Roman province once again.

The old provinces of the Roman Diocese of Africa were mostly preserved by the Vandals, but large parts, including almost all of Mauretania Tingitana, much of Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Sitifensis and large parts of the interior of Numidia and Byzacena, had been lost to the inroads of Berber tribes, now collectively called the Mauri (later Moors) as a generic term for "the Berber tribes in the province of Mauretania".

Praetorian prefecture of Africa

Main article: Praetorian prefecture of Africa

In 533, the Roman army under Belisarius defeated the Vandals. In April 534, Justinian published a law concerning the administrative organization of the newly acquired territories. Nevertheless, Justinian restored the old administrative division, but raised the overall governor at Carthage to the supreme administrative rank of praetorian prefect, thereby ending the Diocese of Africa's traditional subordination to the Prefecture of Italy (then still under Ostrogoth rule).

Exarchate of Africa

The emperor Maurice sometime between 585 and 590 AD created the office of "Exarch", which combined the supreme civil authority of a praetorian prefect and the military authority of a magister militum, and enjoyed considerable autonomy from Constantinople. Two exarchates were established, one in Italy, with seat at Ravenna (hence known as the Exarchate of Ravenna), and one in Africa, based at Carthage and including all imperial possessions in the Western Mediterranean. The first African exarch was the patricius Gennadius.[21]

Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Sitifensis were merged to form the new province of Mauretania Prima, while Mauretania Tingitana, effectively reduced to the city of Septem, was combined with the citadels of the Spanish coast (Spania) and the Balearic islands to form Mauretania Secunda. The African exarch was in possession of Mauretania Secunda, which was little more than a tiny outpost in southern Spain, beleaguered by the Visigoths. The last Spanish strongholds were conquered by the Visigoths in 624 AD, reducing "Mauretania Seconda" opposite Gibraltar to only the fort of Septem.

Religion

Christianity is known to have existed in Mauretania as early as the 3rd century.[7] It spread rapidly in these areas despite its relatively late appearance in the region.[22] Although it was adopted in the urban areas of Mauretania Caesariensis, the hinterlands retained the Romano-Berber religion.[23]

Ancient episcopal sees of the late Roman province of Mauretania Sitifensis, listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees:[24]

• Acufida (Cafrida)
• Arae in Mauretania (Ksar-Tarmounth)
• Assava (Hammam-Guergour)
• Asuoremixta
• Castellum in Mauretania (ruins of Aïn-Castellou?)
• Cedamusa (near the Fdoulès mountains)
• Cellae in Mauretania (Kherbet-Zerga)
• Cova (Ziama Mansouriah)
• Eminentiana
• Equizetum (Lacourbe, Ouled Agla)
• Ficus (in the region of El-Ksar or Djemâa-Si-Belcassem)
• Flumenpiscense (ruins of Kherbet-Ced-Bel-Abbas?)
• Gegi
• Horrea (ruins of Sidi-Rehane or of Aïn-Zada?)
• Horrea Aninici (ruins of Aïn-Roua)
• Ierafi (in the valley of Bou-Sellam?)
• Lemellefa (Bordj-Redir)
• Lemfocta (between Tiklat and Mlakou)
• Lesvi
• Macri
• Macriana in Mauretania
• Maronana (ruins of Aïn-Melloud?)
• Medjana (Medianas Zabuniorum)
• Molicunza (ruins of Makou?)
• Mons in Mauretania (ruins of Henchir-Casbalt?)
• Mopta (ruins of El-Ouarcha?)
• Murcona
• Novaliciana (Kherbet Madjouba or Beni-Fouda)
• Oliva (ruins of Drâa-El-Arba?, ruins of Tala, Mellal?)
• Parthenia
• Perdices (ruins of Aïn-Hamiet?)
• Privata (near Safiet-El-Hamra Mountain)
• Saldae
• Satafis (Aïn El Kebira)
• Sertei (Kherbet-Guidra)
• Sitifis, Metropolitan Archdiocese
• Socia
• Surista
• Tamagrista (near Mount Magris)
• Tamallula (Ras El Oued)
• Tamascani (Kerbet-Zembia-Cerez?)
• Thibuzabetum (Aïn-Melloul?)
• Thucca in Mauretania
• Tinista
• Vamalia (ruins of Biar-Haddada?)
• Zabi (Bechilga)
• Zallata

See also

• Gaetuli tribe (namesake of Getulia)
• Mauretania Caesariensis
• Mauretania Tingitana
• Syphax
• Victor Maurus, a Christian Mauretanian martyr and saint
• Zeno of Verona

References

1. "region, North Africa". Encyclopedia Britannica. August 9, 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
2. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/836
3. "Iol - ancient city, Algeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. 28 Aug 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
4. The Classic Latin Dictionary, Follett, 1957, only gives "Mauritania"
5. Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
6. Phillip C. Naylor (7 May 2015). Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-8108-7919-5.
7. Early Christianity in Contexts: An Exploration across Cultures and Continents
8. Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition By David E. Wilhite, page 332-334
9. Pospelov, Yevgenii Mikhailovich (1998). "Mavritania". Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira: toponymicheskii slovar' [Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary] (in Russian) (2 ed.). Moscow: Russkie slovari (published 2002). p. 251. ISBN 5170013892.
10. Strabo, Geographica 17.3.2 (English translation): "Here dwell a people called by the Greeks Maurusii, and by the Romans and the natives Mauri, a populous and flourishing African nation, situated opposite to Spain" (οἰκοῦσι δ᾽ ἐνταῦθα Μαυρούσιοι μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων λεγόμενοι, Μαῦροι δ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων, Λιβυκὸν ἔθνος μέγα καὶ εὔδαιμον, ἀντίπορθμον τῇ Ἰβηρίᾳ.).
11. Lewis and Short, Latin Dictionary, 1879, s.v. "Mauri".
12. Diodorus Siculus; Bib. IV, 27 ; Alexander Polyhistor, fr. 3, F.G.H. III, p. 212; John of Antioch, fr. 13, F.H.G. IV, p. 547.
13. Anthony A. Barrett, Caligula: The Corruption of Power (Routledge, 1989), pp. 116–117.
14. Rabasa, José (1993). Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentrism. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780806125398. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
15. Villaverde Vega, Noé Tingitana en la antigüedad tardía, siglos III-VII: autoctonía y romanidad en el extremo occidente mediterráneo. Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 2001 ISBN 8489512949, 9788489512948 p. 275 (spanish)
16. Wickham, Chris (2005). Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400 - 800. Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-921296-5.
17. Wickham, Chris (2005). Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400 - 800. Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-19-921296-5.
18. Noé Villaverde, Vega: "El Reino mauretoromano de Altava, siglo VI" (The Mauro-Roman kingdom of Altava) p.355
19. Aguado Blazquez, Francisco (2005). El Africa Bizantina: Reconquista y ocaso (PDF). p. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07.
20. "Map showing the eight romano-berber kingdoms". Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
21. Julien (1931, v.1, p.273)
22. Peasant and Empire in Christian North Africa, Leslie Dossey, page 25
23. Early Christianity in Contexts: An Exploration across Cultures and Continents
24. Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013

Further reading

• Aranegui, Carmen; Mar, Ricardo (2009). "Lixus (Morocco): from a Mauretanian sanctuary to an Augustan palace". Papers of the British School at Rome. 77: 29–64. doi:10.1017/S0068246200000039.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Papi, Emanuele (2014). "Punic Mauretania?". In Josephine Crawley Quinn, Nicholas C. Vella (ed.). The Punic Mediterranean. Identities and Identification from Phoenician Settlement to Roman Rule. Cambridge University. pp. 202–218. ISBN 978-1107055278.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Roller, Duane W. (2003). The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier. Routledge Classical Monographs. ISBN 0415305969.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• Tingitana