Masuna

Masuna or Massonas (fl. c. 508–535) ruled the Mauro-Roman Kingdom during the early sixth century as King of the Moors and Romans. Masuna is the earliest recorded ruler of this kingdom, which is assumed to have been established by the local Berber chieftains and rulers following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and loss of Roman control over Mauretania. His reign would see the arrival of the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire in Northern Africa, with which he allied himself, and the fall of the Vandal Kingdom.

Masuna
King of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom
Reign	c. 508–535
Predecessor	Unknown
Successor	Mastigas

Masuna would assist the Eastern Roman Empire in the war against the Vandals and later in wars against invading Berber tribes under a confederation lead by Iaudas, ruler of the Kingdom of the Aures.

Reign

Masuna is the earliest recorded ruler of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom, a Barbarian kingdom that sprung up in the former province of Mauretania Caesariensis following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This kingdom, unlike many other Barbarian kingdoms, extended beyond the borders of the former Roman Empire, encompassing Berber territories that had never been under Roman control.[1] Masuna is known only from an inscription on a fortification in Altava (modern Ouled Mimoun, in the region of Oran), dated 508 AD, where he styles himself as the Rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum, the "King of the Roman and Moorish peoples". He is known to have possessed Altava, assumed to have been the capital due to its prominence under subsequent kings, and at least two other cities, Castra Severiana and Safar, as mention is made of officials he appointed there. As the seat of an ecclesiarchal diocese (the diocese of Castra Severiana, an ancient bishophoric which flourished during Late Antiquity), the control of Castra Severiana may have been particularly important.[2]

Relations with the Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman historian Procopius mentions a Berber king called "Massonas", often assumed to be the same person as Masuna, as having allied with the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 530s against the Vandal Kingdom in the Vandalic War.[3] Masuna is assumed to have been among the Berber rulers that willingly submitted to Belisarius and the Eastern Roman forces, demanding in return the symbols of their offices; a silver crown, a staff of silver gilt, a tunic and gilded boots.[4]

After the Vandals were defeated and the Eastern Roman Empire restored Roman rule over Northern Africa, the local Byzantine governors would begin to experience problems with some of the local Berber tribes and kingdoms. The province of Byzacena was particularly affected, seeing repeated invasions and the destruction of the local garrison and death of its commanders. The Praetorian Prefect of Africa, Solomon, waged several wars against these Berbers and defeated them twice. Surviving Berber soldiers retreated into Numidia, joining forces with Iaudas, King of the Aures.[5][6]

Masuna and another Berber king allied with the Eastern Empire, Ortaias (who ruled a kingdom in the former province of Mauretania Sitifensis),[7] suggested that Solomon pursue the enemy Berbers into Numidia, which he did. Solomon did not engage Iaudas in battle however as he distrusted the loyalty of his allies, and instead constructed a series of fortified posts along the roads linking Byzacena with Numidia.[8][6]

References

Citations

1. Merrills 2017, p. 118.
2. Morcelli 1816, p. 130.
3. Martindale 1980, p. 734.
4. Grierson 1959, p. 127.
5. Martindale 1992, p. 1171.
6. Bury 1958, p. 143.
7. Grierson 1959, p. 126.
8. Martindale 1992, p. 1172.

Bibliography

• Bury, John Bagnell (1958). History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian, Volume 2. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20399-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Grierson, Philip (1959). Matasuntha or Mastinas: a reattribution. The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. JSTOR 42662366.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Martindale, John Robert (1980). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 2, AD 395-527. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521201599.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Martindale, John Robert (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 3, AD 527-641. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521201599.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Merrills, Andrew (2017). Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138252684.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Morcelli, Stefano Antonio (1816). Africa christiana, Volume I. Brescia. p. 130.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Regnal titles
Preceded by Unknown	King of the Moors and Romans c. 508–535	Succeeded by Mastigas