Shin'etsu Main Line

The Shinetsu Main Line (信越本線, Shin'etsu-honsen) is a railway line, consisting of three geographically separated sections, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan. It was originally one continuous line connecting Takasaki and Niigata via Nagano; however, with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen, some sections were transferred to the third-sector railway companies or abandoned.

Shinetsu Main Line
Map Legend Red: Shinetsu Main Line Blue: Shinano Railway Line, Kita-Shinano Line and Myōkō Haneuma Line
Overview
Native name	信越本線
Status	Operational
Locale	Gunma, Nagano, Niigata prefectures
Operation
Opened	Stages between 1885-1904
Closed	Yokokawa - Karuizawa: 1 October 1997 Karuizawa - Shinonoi: 1 October 1997 (→Shinano Railway Line) Nagano - Naoetsu: 14 March 2015 (→ Kita-Shinano Line, ETR Myōkō Haneuma Line)
Operator(s)	JR East
Technical
Line length	181.5 km (112.8 mi)
Track gauge	1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
Electrification	1,500 V DC overhead catenary
Route map 1. Takasaki - Yokokawa Jōetsu Shinkansen, Takasaki Line Jōshin Dentetsu Jōshin Line 0.0 Takasaki Jōetsu Line Former Tobu Takasaki Line 2.4 Kita-Takasaki Jōetsu Shinkansen Hokuriku Shinkansen 6.4 Gumma-Yawata 10.6 Annaka 17.6 Isobe 22.7 Matsuida Since 1962 Matsuida Until 1962 23.9 Nishi-Matsuida 29.7 Yokokawa Usui Horsecar 31.5 Maruyama (Signal Box) Until 1966 35.8 Kumanotaira (Signal Box) Until 1997 40.1 Yagasaki (Signal Box) Until 1966 Former Kusakaru Dentetsu 40.9 Karuizawa Hokuriku Shinkansen, Shinano Railway Line 2. Shinonoi-Nagano Hokuriku Shinkansen, Shinano Railway Line Shinonoi Line 0.0 Shinonoi 2.1 Imai 4.3 Kawanakajima 5.9 Saigawa (Signal Box) Until 1935 Saigawa 6.4 Amori Zenkōji Hakuba Dentetsu Former South Nagano Line 9.3 Nagano Nagano Electric Railway Hokuriku Shinkansen, Shinano Railway Kita-Shinano Line 3. Naoetsu-Niigata ETR-Myōkō Haneuma Line ETR-Nihonkai Hisui Line 0.0 Naoetsu Since 1899 0.2 Naoetsu Until 1899 1.4 Naoetsu Port Until 1959 Sekigawa 0.8 Kasuga Shinden Until 1906 2.7 Kuroi Kubiki Railway Line 7.1 Saigata Hokuetsu Express Hokuhoku Line 9.4 Dosokohama 11.2 Katamachi 14.0 Jogehama 17.6 Kakizaki 21.2 Takehana (Signal Box) Until 1973 23.5 Yoneyama 27.4 Kasashima 29.6 Oumigawa 32.6 Kujiranami 36.3 Kashiwazaki Echigo Line 39.3 Ibarame 42.2 Yasuda 44.8 Kitajo 48.1 Echigo-Hirota 50.8 Nagatori Tsukayama Tunnel 53.9 Nishi-Tsukayama (Signal Box) Until 1967 55.8 Tsukayama Nishi-Shibuumikawa Until 1900 Higashi-Shibuumikawa Until 1900 60.5 Echigo-Iwatsuka Former Echigo Kotsu Nagaoka Line 63.3 Raikōji Shinano River 67.4 Maekawa Jōetsu Line 70.0 Miyauchi 71.4 Minami-Nagaoka Freight Terminal Jōetsu Shinkansen 73.0 Nagaoka 75.5 Kita-Nagaoka 79.9 Oshikiri 82.0 Kariyada (Signal Box) Until 1945 84.4 Mitsuke 88.5 Obiori 91.1 Tōkōji 94.6 Sanjō Yahiko Line 96.2 Higashi-Sanjō Former Yahiko Line 100.0 Honai 103.8 Kamo Kanbara Railway Line 107.9 Hanyūda 111.1 Tagami 114.8 Yashiroda 117.9 Furutsu Banetsu West Line 121.1 Niitsu Uetsu Main Line 122.6 Satsukino 124.9 Ogikawa 129.8 Kameda 132.2 0.0## Echigo-Ishiyama Hakushin Line Higashi-Niigata 2.4## Niigata Freight Terminal 134.4 0.0# Kami-Nuttari (Signal Box) 2.1# Yakejima 3.8# East Niigata Port 5.5# Ōgata Until 1941 136.2 0.0** Nuttari Until 2010 1.4** Niigata Port Until 1986 136.3 1.9# Niigata Since 1958 138.1 Niigata Until 1958 4.3# Bandai Until 1965 Jōetsu Shinkansen Echigo Line

The name of the line refers to the old names for Nagano and Niigata Prefectures, Shinano (信濃) and Echigo (越後).

The abandoned section through the Usui Pass was famous for its steep 66.7‰ (6.7%) gradient.[1]

Sections

See also: § Separation into sections

From 14 March 2015, the line consists of the following three sections.

• ■ Takasaki – Yokokawa (29.7 km): in Gunma Prefecture
• ■ Shinonoi – Nagano (9.3 km): in Nagano Prefecture
• ■ Naoetsu – Niigata (136.3 km): in Niigata Prefecture

There are three small freight branches; from Echigo-Ishiyama Station to Niigata Freight Terminal, from Kami-Nuttari Junction to Nuttari Station, and from Kami-Nuttari Junction to Higashi-Niigata-kō Station.

Services

Takasaki–Yokokawa

• Local: 1 or 2 trains per hour
• Excursion train: SL Usui

Shinonoi–Nagano

All trains run through on the Shinonoi Line or the Shinano Railway Line.

Naoetsu–Niigata

Stations of Shin'etsu Main Line between Naoetsu and Niigata

Limited express, Rapid

As of 17 March 2018, the following services are operated.[2][3]

Name	Route	Service frequency (daily)
Limited Express Shirayuki	(Jōetsumyōkō/Arai) – Naoetsu – Niigata	5 return trips
Rapid Ohayo-Shinetsu	Naoetsu – Niigata	1 down trip
Rapid Rakuraku-Train-Shinetsu	Naoetsu – Niigata	1 up trip
Rapid	(Arai -) Naoetsu – Niigata	1 return trip
	Naoetsu – Nagaoka	2 down trips 1 up trip
	Nagaoka – Niigata	1 return trip

Local

Naoetsu–Nagaoka: every 60-120 minutes

Nagaoka–Niitsu: every 60 minutes (every 20 minutes during peaks)

Niitsu–Niigata: every 20 minutes (every 5-10 minutes during peaks)

Excursion train (Joyful Train)

Koshino Shu*Kura

Stations

Takasaki–Yokokawa

Station	Japanese	Distance (km)	Connections	Location
Takasaki	高崎	0.0	Joetsu Shinkansen Hokuriku Shinkansen ■ Takasaki Line ■ Hachikō Line ■ Jōetsu Line ■ Agatsuma Line[* 1] ■ Ryōmō Line[* 1] ■ Joshin Dentetsu Joshin Line	Takasaki	Gunma Prefecture
Kita-Takasaki	北高崎	2.4
Gumma-Yawata	群馬八幡	6.4
Annaka	安中	10.6		Annaka
Isobe	磯部	17.6
Matsuida	松井田	22.7
Nishi-Matsuida	西松井田	23.9
Yokokawa	横川	29.7

1. Although the official terminus of the Ryōmō Line is at Shin-Maebashi and that of the Agatsuma Line is at Shibukawa, trains on both lines run through to Takasaki.

Yokokawa–Shinonoi

The section between Yokokawa and Karuizawa was closed and the section between Karuizawa and Shinonoi was transferred to the ownership of the third-sector railway operator Shinano Railway from 1 October 1997 with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen (Nagano Shinkansen) between Takasaki and Nagano.

Shinonoi–Nagano

Station	Japanese	Distance (km)	Connections	Location
Shinonoi	篠ノ井	0.0	■ Shinonoi Line (through service) Shinano Railway Line	Nagano	Nagano Prefecture
Imai	今井	2.1
Kawanakajima	川中島	4.3
Amori	安茂里	6.4
Nagano	長野	9.3	Hokuriku Shinkansen Shinano Railway Kita-Shinano Line ■ Iiyama Line[* 1] Nagano Electric Railway

1. Although the official terminus of the Iiyama Line is at Toyono, trains on the line run through to Nagano.

Nagano–Naoetsu

The section between Nagano and Naoetsu was transferred to the ownership of the third-sector railway operators Shinano Railway and Echigo Tokimeki Railway from 14 March 2015 with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension north of Nagano.

Naoetsu–Niigata

A: Limited Express Shirayuki

B: Rapid Ohayo-Shinetsu

C: Rapid Rakuraku-Train-Shinetsu

D: Rapid

Trains stop at stations marked "O", skip at stations marked "|".

Station	Japanese	Distance (km)	A	B	C	D	Connections	Location
Naoetsu	直江津	84.3	O	O	O	O	ETR Myōkō Haneuma Line ETR Nihonkai Hisui Line	Jōetsu	Niigata Prefecture
Kuroi	黒井	87.0	|	|	|	|
Saigata	犀潟	91.4	|	|	|	O	■ Hokuhoku Line
Dosokohama	土底浜	93.7	|	|	|	|
Katamachi	潟町	95.5	|	|	|	|
Jōgehama	上下浜	98.3	|	|	|	|
Kakizaki	柿崎	101.9	O	O	O	O
Yoneyama	米山	107.8	|	|	|	|		Kashiwazaki
Kasashima	笠島	111.7	|	|	|	|
Ōmigawa	青海川	113.9	|	|	|	|
Kujiranami	鯨波	116.9	|	|	|	|
Kashiwazaki	柏崎	120.6	O	O	O	O	■ Echigo Line
Ibarame	茨目	123.6	|	|	|	|
Yasuda	安田	126.5	|	|	|	|
Kitajō	北条	129.1	|	|	|	|
Echigo-Hirota	越後広田	132.4	|	|	|	|
Nagatori	長鳥	135.1	|	|	|	|
Tsukayama	塚山	140.1	|	|	|	|		Nagaoka
Echigo-Iwatsuka	越後岩塚	144.8	|	|	|	|
Raikōji	来迎寺	147.6	|	O	O	O
Maekawa	前川	151.7	|	|	|	|
Miyauchi	宮内	154.3	|	O	O	O	■ Jōetsu Line
Minami-Nagaoka Freight Terminal	南長岡	(155.7)
Nagaoka	長岡	157.3	O	O	O	O	Jōetsu Shinkansen
Kita-Nagaoka	北長岡	159.8	|	|	|	|
Oshikiri	押切	164.2	|	|	|	|
Mitsuke	見附	168.7	O	O	O	O		Mitsuke
Obiori	帯織	172.8	|	|	|	|		Sanjō
Tōkōji	東光寺	175.4	|	|	|	|
Sanjō	三条	178.9	|	|	O	O
Higashi-Sanjō	東三条	180.5	O	O	O	O	■ Yahiko Line
Honai	保内	184.3	|	|	|	|
Kamo	加茂	188.1	O	O	O	O		Kamo
Hanyūda	羽生田	192.2	|	|	|	|		Tagami
Tagami	田上	195.4	|	|	|	|
Yashiroda	矢代田	199.1	|	|	O	O		Akiha-ku, Niigata
Furutsu	古津	202.2	|	|	|	|
Niitsu	新津	205.4	O	O	O	O	■ Uetsu Main Line ■ Banetsu West Line
Satsukino	さつき野	206.9	|	|	|	|
Ogikawa	荻川	209.2	|	|	|	|
Kameda	亀田	214.1	|	|	|	O		Kōnan-ku, Niigata
Echigo-Ishiyama	越後石山	216.5	|	|	|	|		Higashi-ku, Niigata
Niigata	新潟	220.6	O	O	O	O	Jōetsu Shinkansen ■ Hakushin Line ■ Echigo Line	Chūō-ku, Niigata

Rolling Stock

Present

Takasaki–Yokokawa

• 211 series 4/6-car DC EMUs

Shinonoi–Nagano

• 115 series 2/3-car DC EMUs (Shinano Railway)
• 211 series 3-car DC EMUs
• E127-100 series 2-car DC EMUs
• 383 series 6-car DC EMUs (Shinano)

Naoetsu–Niigata

• 115 series 3-car DC EMUs (rapid only)
• E129 series 2/4 car DC EMUs (since December 2014)
• ET127 series 2-car DC EMUs (Naoetsu–Nagaoka, late night/early morning only)
• E653-1100 series 4-car DC/AC EMUs (Shirayuki, Ohayo-Shinetsu, Rakuraku-Train-Shinetsu)

• 
  211 series in Takasaki area
• 
  Shinano Railway 115 series
• 
  211 series in Nagano area
• 
  E127-100 series
• 
  115 series in Niigata area
• 
  E129 series
• 
  E653-1100 series

Former

Takasaki–Yokokawa

• 115 series (until March 2018)
• 107 series (until September 2017)

Naoetsu–Niigata

• 485 series (Until March 2017) - Hokuetsu, Kubikino, Ohayo-Shinetsu, Rakuraku-Train-Shinetsu, Moonlight Echigo, Minori, Hakuchō, etc.
• 489 series - Noto etc.
• 583 series (Until January 2013) - Kitaguni
• 181 series, 183 series - Toki etc.
• 165 series
• 70 series

• 
  115 series (Yokokawa Station)
• 
  107 series (Gumma-Yawata - Annaka)
• 
  485-1000 series Hokuetsu (Naoetsu Station)

History

Abt rack railway loco used on the Usui Pass line, note the 'shoe' ahead of the nearest wheel to collect power via a third rail

The Japanese Government Railways opened the Takasaki to Yokokawa section in 1885, the Naoetsu to Sekiyama section the following year, and the Sekiyama - Nagano - Karuizawa section in 1888. In order to surmount the 552 metre altitude difference between Yokokawa and Karuizawa (which are 10 km apart), it then constructed an Abt rack section through the Usui Pass, which opened in 1893, and was double-tracked for 1 km from Karuizawa to the top of the rack section. A horse-drawn tramway operated between Yokokawa and Karuizawa until the rack section opened.

An electric train with both head and center locomotives in 1914

The Hokuetsu Railway opened the Naoetsu to Nagaoka section in 1897, extending the line to Niigata in 1904. That company was nationalised in 1907. In 1909, the Imperial Japanese Railway authories invited bids for the electrification of the route. A German company was selected to provide the engines and General Electric supplied the turbines at the power station. In 1912, the rack section was electrified using third rail at 600 V DC, this being the first use of this method in Japan. The electrification allowed for the use of faster and longer trains which reduced journey times and also pollution from the steam engines.[4] A link to archival footage of the rack section operation is available here

Double-tracking

The Karuizawa to Nagano section was double-tracked between 1917 and 1920, with the Nagaoka to Miyauchi section double-tracked in 1931, and the Niitsu - Kamo section in 1944. Double-tracking of the remainder of the Niigata to Naoetsu line was undertaken in sections between 1958 and 1973.

Double-tracking of the remainder of the Takasaki to Kaminagano line was undertaken in sections between 1963 and 1973, commencing with the replacement of the rack mechanism with an adhesion only electrified (1,500 V DC catenary) operation on the 1 in 15 (6.7%) grade. The rack equipment was initially kept as a contingency, and removed two months after the adhesion-only operation commenced and had proved its reliability.

The Kurohime to Myoko-Kogen section was double-tracked in conjunction with a realignment in 1980. The Mure to Kurohime section was also realigned and prepared for double-tracking (including new double-track size tunnels), but the second track was not laid.

Electrification

The Miyauchi to Nagaoka section was electrified in 1947 at 1,500 V DC in conjunction with the electrification of the Joetsu Line, with the Nagaoka to Niigata section electrified in 1962, the same year the Takasaki to Yokokawa section was commissioned to facilitate the extension to Nagano the following year via the new adhesion line through the Usui Pass mentioned above. The Nagano to Naoetsu section was electrified in 1966, and extended to Miyauchi in 1969.

Separation into sections

In 1997, following the opening of the Nagano Shinkansen, the Yokokawa to Karuizawa section was closed, and the Karuizawa to Shinonoi section transferred to the third-sector Shinano Railway.

On 14 March 2015, following the extension of the Hokuriku Shinkansen to Kanazawa, the Nagano to Naoetsu section was also spun off to the following two third-sector operating companies owned primarily by the respective prefectures and municipalities.[5]

• Shinano Railway Kita-Shinano Line (37.3 km, Nagano to Myōkō-Kōgen)
• Echigo Tokimeki Railway Myōkō Haneuma Line (37.7 km, Myōkō-Kōgen to Naoetsu)

Former connecting lines

The Kubiki Railway prior to 1940

A train on the Uomuna line in 1937, prior to its conversion to 1,067 mm gauge

(Note - for the connections at stations between Karuizawa and Shinonoi, see Shinano Railway Line)

• Nagano Station: The Zenkoji Hakuba Railway Co. opened a 7 km line to Susohana Guchi in 1936. A proposal for the line to be extended to Hakuba on the Oito Line did not eventuate, and the line closed in 1944.
• Kuroi Station: The Kubiki Railway Co. opened a 15 km 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) gauge line to Uragawara between 1914 and 1916, with the line closing in 1971.
• Raikoji Station: The Nagaoka Railway Co. opened a 39 km line to Teradomari (on the Echigo Line) between 1915 and 1921. This company introduced Japan's first diesel railcar in 1928, and in 1951 electrified 31 km of the line at 750 V DC in 70 days, completing the balance the following year. Significant typhoon damage occurred in 1966, and in 1972, passenger services ceased between Raikoji and Nishinagaoka, with the entire line becoming freight-only three years later. The line closed in 1995.

The 13 km 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) gauge Uonuma Railway to Nishiojiya was opened in 1911, and nationalised in 1922. It was converted to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge in 1954, freight services ceased in 1960, and the line closed in 1984.

• Nagaoka Station: The Tochio Railway opened a 27 km 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) gauge line to Tochio and Yūkyūzan between 1915 and 1924.[6] The line was electrified at 600 V DC in 1948, with this being raised to 750 V DC in 1956. CTC signalling was commissioned in 1961, freight services ceased in 1967, and the line closed between 1973 and 1975.
• Higashi Sanjo Station: The Echigo Railway Co. opened the 8 km line to Echigo Nagasawa in 1927, and was nationalised two months later. Freight services ceased in 1960, and the line closed in 1985.
• Kamo Station: The Kanbara Railway Co. operated a line to Gosen on the Ban'etsu West Line from 1923 until 2002.

References

1. Harada, Katsumasa (1981). "Technological independence and progress of standardization in the Japanese railways". JETRO. Retrieved January 2, 2009. it was eventually decided to build the track at a steep grade of 66.7/1,000
2. "Timetable Nagaoka up (2018.3-)" (PDF). Retrieved March 19, 2018.
3. "Timetable Nagaoka down (2018.3-)" (PDF). Retrieved March 19, 2018.
4. Electric Railway Journal, June 20, 1914, Electrification of the Usui-Toge Railway, Japan, pg. 1393, https://archive.org/stream/electricrailway431914newy/electricrailway431914newy#page/1393/mode/1up/search/power+company
5. Osano, Kagetoshi (March 2015). 　北陸新幹線並行在来線各社の姿 [Guide to companies operating conventional lines alongside the Hokuriku Shinkansen]. Tetsudō Daiya Jōhō Magazine (in Japanese). Vol. 44 no. 371. Japan: Kōtsū Shimbun. pp. 28–33.
6. Wakuda, Yasuo (1993). 私鉄史ハンドブック [Private Railways History Handbook] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Denkisha Kenkyūkai. p. 43. ISBN 4-88548-065-5.

External links

• Stations of the Shin'etsu Main Line (Gumma) (JR East) (in Japanese)
• Stations of the Shin'etsu Main Line (Nagano/Niigata) (JR East) (in Japanese)