San Francisco City Hall

San Francisco City Hall is the seat of government for the City and County of San Francisco, California. Re-opened in 1915 in its open space area in the city's Civic Center, it is a Beaux-Arts monument to the City Beautiful movement that epitomized the high-minded American Renaissance of the 1880s to 1917. The structure's dome is taller than that of the United States Capitol by 42 feet.[8] The present building replaced an earlier City Hall that was destroyed during the 1906 earthquake, which was two blocks from the present one. It was bounded by Larkin Street, McAllister Street, and City Hall Avenue (a street, now built over, which ran from the corner of Grove and Larkin to the corner of McAllister and Leavenworth), largely where the current public library and U.N. Plaza stand today.

San Francisco City Hall
(2008)
San Francisco City Hall
Location within San Francisco
General information
TypeGovernment offices
Architectural styleBeaux-Arts
Location1 Dr. Carlton B. Goodlett Place
San Francisco, California
Coordinates37.77919°N 122.41914°W / 37.77919; -122.41914
Construction startedApril 5, 1913 (1913-04-05)[1]
CompletedJuly 28, 1916 (1916-07-28)[2]
CostUS$3.4 million
($85.9 million dollars[3] in 2016)
OwnerCity and County of San Francisco
ManagementReal Estate Division
Height
Antenna spire93.73 m (307.5 ft)
Technical details
Floor count5, including ground floor
Floor area>46,000 m2 (500,000 sq ft)
Lifts/elevators7 (6 passenger, 1 freight)
Design and construction
ArchitectBakewell & Brown
Designated1970[4]
Reference no.21
References
[5][6][7]

The principal architect was Arthur Brown, Jr., of Bakewell & Brown, whose attention to the finishing details extended to the doorknobs and the typeface to be used in signage. Brown's blueprints of the building are preserved at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley. Brown also designed the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House, Veterans Building, Temple Emanuel, Coit Tower and the Federal office building at 50 United Nations Plaza.

Architecture
Interior stairs lead to the Board of Supervisor's meeting chamber

The building's vast open space is more than 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) and occupies two full city blocks. It is 390 ft (120 m) between Van Ness Avenue and Polk Street, and 273 ft (83 m) between Grove and McAllister Streets. Its dome, which owes much to Mansart's Baroque domes of the Val-de-Grâce (church) and Les Invalides[9] in Paris, rises 307.5 ft (93.7 m) above the Civic Center Historic District. It is 19 ft (5.8 m) higher than the United States Capitol, and has a diameter of 112 ft (34 m), resting upon 4 x 50 ton (44.5 metric ton) and 4 x 20 ton (17.8 metric ton) girders, each 9 ft (2.7 m) deep and 60 ft (18 m) long.

The building as a whole contains 7,900 tons (7,035 metric tons) of structural steel from the American Bridge Company of Ambridge, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh. It is faced with Madera County granite on the exterior, and Indiana sandstone within, together with finish marbles from Alabama, Colorado, Vermont, and Italy. Much of the statuary is by Henri Crenier.

The grand staircase is a popular place for wedding gatherings

The Rotunda is a spectacular space and the upper levels are public and handicapped accessible. Opposite the grand staircase, on the second floor, is the office of the Mayor. Bronze busts of former Mayor George Moscone and his successor, Dianne Feinstein, stand nearby as tacit reminders of the Moscone assassination, which took place just a few yards from that spot in the smaller rotunda of the mayor's office entrance. A bust of former county supervisor Harvey Milk, who was assassinated in the building was unveiled on May 22, 2008.[10] While hard to discern these days, the inscription that dominates the grand Rotunda and the entrance to the mayor's small rotunda, right below Father Time, reads:

SAN • FRANCISCO
O • GLORIOVS • CITY • OF • OVR
HEARTS • THAT • HAST • BEEN
TRIED • AND • NOT • FOVND
WANTING • GO • THOV • WITH
LIKE • SPIRIT • TO • MAKE
THE • FVTVRE • THINE
1912 JAMES ROLPH JR. MAYOR 1931[11]

The words were written by the previous Mayor Edward Robeson Taylor, and dedicated by Mayor James Rolph.

While plaques at the Mall entrance memorialize President George Washington's farewell address and President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, the primary themes of the statuary are to the past mayors, with the dates of their terms in office. The medallions in the vaults of the Rotunda are of Equality, Liberty, Strength, Learning and, as memorialized in the South Light Court display, Progress.

History
Pre-earthquake, c. 1900
In ruins following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake
Original San Francisco City Hall, completed in 1899

The current City Hall building is a replacement for the original building, which was designed by Augustus Laver and Thomas Stent and completed in 1899 after 27 years of planning and construction.[12] The original city hall was a much larger building which also contained a smaller extension which contained the city's Hall of Records. Noted city planner and architect Daniel Burnham published a plan in 1905 to redesign the city, including a new Civic Center complex around City Hall,[13] but the plans were shelved in the wake of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which destroyed the 1899 City Hall.

Ever since the fire the ample ruins of the old city hall have been displayed to visitors. There is hardly a citizen that has not been embarrassed at some time or other by pertinent questions about our city hall.

Mayor James "Sunny Jim" Rolph, 1912 San Francisco Call editorial[14]

Reconstruction plans following the earthquake for the Civic Center complex called for a neo-classical design as part of the city beautiful movement, as well as a desire to rebuild the city in time for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition. A bond was authorized for $8.8 million on March 28, 1912, of which the new City Hall was budgeted for $3.5 million to $4 million.[15] After Arthur Brown Junior's design was selected from the competition, construction started in 1913 and was completed by 1915, in time for the Exposition.[12]

Civic Auditorium (L) and New City Hall (R) under construction (circa 1916), with Civic Center Plaza in the foreground

Ground was broken for the new City Hall at Van Ness and Fulton on April 5, 1913,[1][16] and the cornerstone was laid on October 25 of that year.[15][17] Mayor Rolph moved into City Hall on December 28, 1915,[18] the final stone was laid on March 31, 1916,[19] and scaffolding was finally removed on July 28, officially marking the end of construction.[2] The ruins of the old City Hall were sold shortly thereafter in August 1916 for US$2,300 (equivalent to $54,000 in 2019), with removal to be completed within 40 days.[20]

The main rotunda served as the site where many prominent politicians and public servants laid in state. General Fredrick Funston, hero of the Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, and the 1906 earthquake laid there in 1917.[21] Former mayor and governor James Rolph laid in state in City Hall following his death in 1934.[22]

Joe DiMaggio and Marilyn Monroe were married at City Hall in January 1954.[23]

In May 1960, the main Rotunda was a site of a student protest against the House Un-American Activities Committee and a countering police action whereby students from UC Berkeley, Stanford, and other local colleges were fire hosed down the steps beneath the rotunda. This event was memorialized by students during the Free Speech Movement at UC Berkeley four years later.

Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk were assassinated at City Hall in 1978, by former Supervisor Dan White.

The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 damaged the structure, and twisted the dome four inches (102 mm) on its base. Afterward, under the leadership of the San Francisco Bureau of Architecture in collaboration with Carey & Co. preservation architects, and Forell/Elsesser Engineers, work was completed to render the building earthquake resistant through a base isolation system,[notes 1] which would likely prevent total collapse of the building. City Hall reopened after its seismic upgrade in January 1999, and was the world's largest base-isolated structure at that time.[24]

The city hall has attempted to recruit peregrine falcons to nest in aeries outside the dome. Pigeon droppings have to be periodically cleaned from the pair of glass-covered light wells that were covered with concrete at the height of modernism. The new city hall in nearby San Jose has already drawn at least one pair of falcons, discovered by Mayor Ron Gonzales himself as he saw pigeon feathers descend past a window during a meeting.[25]

The original grand plaza has undergone several extensive renovations, with radical changes in its appearance and utility. Prior to the 1960s there were extensive brick plazas, few trees, and a few large, simple, raised, and circular ponds with central fountains, all in a style that discouraged loitering. The plaza was then extensively excavated for underground parking. At this time a central rectangular pond, with an extensive array of water vents (strangely, all in several strict rows and all pointing east, with identical arcs of water, and completely without sculptural embellishment), was added, with extensive groves of trees (again, in 60s modernist style, planted with absolute military precision on rectangular grids). In the 1990s, with the rise of the problem of homelessness, the plaza was once again remodeled to make it somewhat less habitable—although the most significant change, the replacement of the pond and pumps with a lawn, could be reasonably justified on the basis of energy and water conservation.

San Francisco City Hall with red, white and blue lights on 2018 Election Day

Martha Cohen, director of Special Events, has added color changeable LED lighting to the outside of the Rotunda, and between the exterior columns. The colors change to coincide with different events happening in the city and elsewhere.

The beauty of City Hall has not been lost on filmmakers working in San Francisco; many films have shot scenes in and around the building. Ironically, what may be the best-known scene was set in Washington, DC but filmed at San Francisco City Hall: in Raiders of the Lost Ark a late addition to the production was filmed in the rotunda when it was decided that a coda was needed for Indiana Jones and Marion Ravenwood's relationship.[26] The City Hall was also prominently featured throughout and famously at the end of Invasion of the Body Snatchers.[27] Dirty Harry filmed a key scene in the Mayor's office itself.[27] In the opening sequence of The Towering Inferno, the film's dedication is superimposed over a shot of City Hall, and the helicopter taking Paul Newman to the Glass Tower is shown flying over the building.

Other films that feature City Hall include:

The scene from A View to a Kill (the last James Bond film to star Roger Moore) is particularly memorable for the blaze which tore through the building as a result of an attempt to kill Bond and Stacey Sutton, however they managed to escape, stealing a fire truck in the process.[28]

The building is featured as a peaceable landmark in the 2003 video game SimCity 4

gollark: If you mix various color dyes, you can get black. Obviously light works that way too.
gollark: At the specified maximum input power. Not more.
gollark: That sounds like destroying them.
gollark: How are you meant to identify me using *favors*?
gollark: ... what?

See also

References

Informational notes

  1. In an earthquake, the mass of the dome threatens to act as a pendulum, rocking the building's structure and tearing it apart, but the base isolation system of hundreds of rubber and stainless-steel insulators inserted into City Hall's underpinnings should have the effect of disrupting seismic waves before they can affect the structure.

Citations

  1. "City Hall Excavating Officially Begins". San Francisco Call. 6 April 1913. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  2. "City Hall Finished". Press Democrat. 29 July 1916. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  3. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  4. "City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks". City of San Francisco. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
  5. San Francisco City Hall at Emporis
  6. "San Francisco City Hall". SkyscraperPage.
  7. San Francisco City Hall at Structurae
  8. Gosciniak, Gregor (26 June 2005). "San Francisco City Hall". CityMayors. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  9. Rough Guides; Edwards, Nick; Hodgkins, Charles; & Keeling, Stephen (2014) The Rough Guide to California Rough Guides Limited. ISBN 9780241007648
  10. Daub Firmin Hendrickson Sculpture Group (2007). "Winning Maquette for Harvey Milk City Hall Memorial Sculpture Competition". The Harvey Milk City Hall Memorial Committee. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  11. http://www.monkeyview.net/id/877/beccastephywed/P3090056.vhtml
  12. "San Francisco Attractions: City Hall". A View on Cities. 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  13. Burnham, Daniel H.; Bennett, Edward H. (September 1905). O'Day, Edward F. (ed.). Report on a plan for San Francisco (Report). Association for the Improvement and Adornment of San Francisco. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  14. "The Need for a New City Hall and People's Center". San Francisco Call. 24 March 1912. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  15. "Godspeed to the New City Hall, Started Today". San Francisco Call. 25 October 1913. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  16. "Now for New City Hall". San Francisco Call. 5 April 1913. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  17. "Rolph Lays City Hall's Stone". San Francisco Call. October 25, 1913. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  18. "War Necessities Drive Men to Substitutes In Manufactures". Morning Press. A.P. 29 December 1915. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  19. "Last Stone Laid In S.F. City Hall". Madera Tribune. 1 April 1916. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  20. "Bay City Hall Ruins Sold". Sacramento Union. 9 August 1916. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  21. "Funston's Body Lies In State at Bay". Sacramento Union. 24 February 1917. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  22. "State Mourns at Rolph's Bier". Healdsburg Tribune. 4 June 1934. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  23. "Gorgeous Marilyn Monroe Married to Joe DiMaggio". San Bernardino Sun. AP. 15 January 1954. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  24. Adams, Gerald (29 December 1998). "Rebuilt, restored reborn: City Hall reopens, with jewels polished and population reduced". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  25. Rita (16 March 2006). "San Jose's Pale Male". sfist. Gothamist LLC. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  26. Harris, Scott Jordan, ed. (2013). World Film Locations: San Francisco. Chicago, Illinois: Intellect Books, The University of Chicago Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-1-78320-028-3. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  27. Hartlaub, Peter (November 22, 2010). "Six best uses of San Francisco City Hall in the movies". The Poop [blog]. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  28. "San Francisco City Hall - San Francisco, CA, USA - James Bond - 007". Waymarking.com. 8 January 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  29. Kit, Borys (February 1, 2008). "'Milk' shoot does the Castro good". The Hollywood Reporter.
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