Red Legs Greaves
"Red Legs" Greaves was a Scottish buccaneer active in the Caribbean and the West Indies during the 1670s.[1] His nickname came from the term Redlegs used to refer to the class of poor whites who lived on colonial Barbados.
Red Legs Greaves | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1649 Barbados |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Occupation | Buccaneer |
| Years active | 1670s |
| Known for | Escape from prison during an earthquake |
| Piratical career | |
| Base of operations | Caribbean and the West Indies |
Although considered a successful pirate during his career, most notably his raid of Margarita Island in the mid-1670s, he is best known for his escape from prison during an earthquake.
His story does not appear in historical records of the era and he may have been fictional.
Authenticity
Greaves’ story does not appear in period accounts of Margarita, pirate trials, or other documents. It first appears in A. Hyatt Verrill's 1923 In the Wake of the Buccaneers, but no sources are cited. Verrill included Greaves in several of his later books, and Philip Gosse repeated the story in his Pirates' Who's Who (1924). Verrill travelled widely in the West Indies, and conceivably came across this story, perhaps as a folk tale or local legend, but he also has a reputation for fictionalizing and inventing material.[2] As no historical records have been found referring to Greaves, who Verrill credits with significant successes, Greavs is almost certainly an invention. Verrill's and Gosse’s works appeared only two years after Rafael Sabatini’s popular novel Captain Blood, and Gosse’s description of Greaves parallels Sabatini's Captain Blood closely.[3]
Early life
Greaves' parents had been tried for treason for their participation during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and sold into slavery, as were many Royalists and Covenanters in Scotland.[4] He is thought to have been born in 1649 in Barbados.
Born a short time after his parents' arrival in Barbados, Greaves became the servant of a kindly master. However, his parents and master died a short time after another, and the orphaned boy was sold to another man who was claimed to have been violent and to have often beaten Greaves as a teenager.[5]
Piratical career
During this time, concerned for his survival, he attempted to escape his servitude and successfully managed to swim across Carlisle Bay, stowing away on a ship preparing to leave Barbados. Although he assumed the vessel was a merchantship on its way to a far off port, the ship was actually a pirate ship commanded by a Captain Hawkins. Hawkins was known throughout the Caribbean as an unusually cruel pirate, often torturing captives, especially women, and rarely showing mercy to the crews of ships he attacked. Although feared by his crew, he was respected and very successful in capturing rich prizes.[6]
After being discovered on board, Greaves was given the option of signing with the crew "offering the articles on a platter along with a pistol". Although reluctant to join the crew under force, Greaves showed promise and quickly gained a reputation as a capable and efficient sailor.[4]
However, he soon grew to resent and hate Captain Hawkins, both for being forced into his crew as for his distaste for brutality towards captured prisoners. The two eventually fought a duel, often claimed to be over the torture of a prisoner, although it is more likely Hawkins attacked Greaves for failing to obey his orders. During the fight, Greaves killed Hawkins and was elected by the crew to succeed Hawkins as captain.[4]
Captain Greaves
Accepting their request, Greaves rewrote the Ship's Articles, specifically prohibiting the mistreatment of prisoners and allowing the surrender of merchant captains during battle. Throughout the decade, Greaves found great success as well as gaining a reputation as an honorable captain widely known for his humane treatment of prisoners and never participating in the raiding of poor coastal villages.[5]
Around 1675, he captured Margarita Island off the coast of Venezuela. After capturing the local Spanish fleet, he turned their guns against the island's coastal defences and successfully stormed the town. After taking a large amount of pearls and gold, he soon left without further looting the town or harming the inhabitants.[7]
Capture and escape
After the raid, Greaves was able to retire from piracy and settled down to the life of a gentleman farmer in Nevis. However, after being recognized by one of his former victims, he was turned in to authorities to collect the reward offered for his capture.[6]
Greaves was found guilty of piracy and, despite his reputation, no leniency was shown towards him and he was sentenced to be hanged in chains. While imprisoned in the prison dungeon to await his execution, the town was submerged by an earthquake. Greaves was one of the few survivors and was eventually picked up by a whaling ship.[7] Some stories of Greaves describe his escape from prison in Port Royal, Jamaica, which was damaged by an earthquake and tidal wave in 1692.[6] Other accounts claim he had been imprisoned on Nevis, which is alternately describes as suffering its own earthquake and tidal wave in either 1680 or 1690.[8]
In gratitude, he joined the crew of the whaling ship and later became a pirate hunter, eventually earning a royal pardon for his efforts in the capture of a pirate ship which had been raiding local whaling fleets. After his pardon, he again retired to a plantation and became known as a philanthropist in his later years, donating much of his wealth to various island charities and public works before his death of natural causes.[8]
See also
- William Lewis, John Cornelius, Alexandre Bras-de-Fer, Charlotte de Berry and Maria Cobham - five other likely fictional pirates.
References
- Selinger, Gail; Smith, W. Thomas (2006). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pirates. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59257-376-9.
- Walford, L. A. (1940). Wonder Creatures of the Sea. Copeia 1940 (3): 209.
- Pitcaithly, Marcus. "Pirate Corner: The kilted buccaneer". Marcus Pitcaithly. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- Selinger, Gail; Jr, W. Thomas Smith (2006). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pirates. New York: Penguin. p. 109. ISBN 9781592573769. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- Humanity, History of. "Buccaneers | "Red Legs" Greaves". www.goldenageofpiracy.org. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- Karg, Barb; Spaite, Arjean (2007). The Everything Pirates Book: A Swashbuckling History of Adventure on the High Seas. Avon MA: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781605502694. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- Ossian, Rob. ""Red Legs" Greaves". www.thepirateking.com. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- Gosse, Philip (1924). The Pirates' Who's Who by Philip Gosse. New York: Burt Franklin. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
Further reading
- Captain Redlegs Greaves Pirate Mistake
- To Hell or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland by Sean O'Callaghan. Contains extensive accounts of the history and plight of the Scottish and Irish "Red Legs" prisoners exiled to Barbados by Oliver Cromwell. His account of the pirate Greaves differs somewhat from Gosse's and the other popular versions. However, his book has been widely criticized for being historically inaccurate and perpetuating the "Irish slave myth".[1]
- Stack, Liam. "Debunking a Myth: The Irish Were Not Slaves, Too". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2 July 2018.