Charles Lightoller

Charles Herbert Lightoller, DSC & Bar, RD, RNR (30 March 1874 – 8 December 1952) was the second officer on board the RMS Titanic and a decorated Royal Navy officer. He was the most senior member of the crew to survive the Titanic disaster. As the officer in charge of loading passengers into lifeboats on the port side, Lightoller strictly enforced the "women and children first" protocol, not allowing any male passengers to board the lifeboats unless they were needed as auxiliary seamen.[2][3] Lightoller served as a commanding officer of the Royal Navy during World War I and was twice decorated for gallantry.[4][5] During World War II, in retirement, he provided and sailed as a volunteer on one of the "little ships" that played a part in the Dunkirk evacuation. Rather than allow his motoryacht to be requisitioned by the Admiralty, he sailed the vessel to Dunkirk personally and repatriated 127 British servicemen.[6]

Commander

Charles Lightoller

RNR
Photo, c. 1920
Born
Charles Herbert Lightoller

(1874-03-30)30 March 1874
Chorley, Lancashire, England
Died8 December 1952(1952-12-08) (aged 78)
Richmond, London, England
Spouse(s)Iowa Sylvania Zillah "Sylvia" Hawley-Wilson (1885–1952)[1]
Children
  • Frederic Roger Lightoller (1906-1945)
  • Richard Trevor Lightoller (1908-1972)
  • Sylvia Mavis Lightoller (1913-1995)
  • Claire Doreen Lightoller (1915-2004)
  • Herbert Brian Lightoller (1918-1939)
Parent(s)
  • Frederick James Lightoller
  • Sarah Jane Widdows
Awards

Early life

Charles Herbert Lightoller was born in Chorley, Lancashire, on 30 March 1874,[7] into a family that had operated cotton-spinning mills in Lancashire since the late 18th century. His mother, Sarah Jane Lightoller (née Widdows), died of scarlet fever shortly after giving birth to him. His father, Frederick James Lightoller, emigrated to New Zealand when Charles was 10, leaving him in the care of extended family.[8]

Early maritime career

At age 13, not wanting to end up with a factory job like most of Britain's youth at the time, young Charles began a four-year seafaring apprenticeship on board the barque Primrose Hill.[9] On his second voyage, he set sail with the crew of the Holt Hill, and during a storm in the South Atlantic, the ship was forced to put in at Rio de Janeiro. Repairs were made in the midst of a smallpox epidemic and a revolution.[10] Another storm, on 13 November 1889 in the Indian Ocean, caused the ship to run aground on an uninhabited four-and-a-half-square-mile island now called Île Saint-Paul. They were rescued by the Coorong and taken to Adelaide, Australia. Lightoller joined the crew of the clipper ship Duke of Abercorn for his return to England.[9]

Lightoller returned to the Primrose Hill for his third voyage. They arrived in Calcutta, India, where he passed his second mate's certificate. The cargo of coal caught fire while he was serving as third mate on board the windjammer Knight of St. Michael, and for his successful efforts in fighting the fire and saving the ship, Lightoller was promoted to second mate.

In 1895, at age 21 and a veteran of the dangers at sea, he obtained his mate's ticket and left sailing ships for steamships. After three years of service in Elder Dempster's African Royal Mail Service on the West African coast, he nearly died from a heavy bout of malaria.[10]

Abandoning the sea, Lightoller went to the Yukon in 1898 to prospect for gold in the Klondike Gold Rush. Failing at this endeavour, he then became a cowboy in Alberta, Canada. In order to return home, he became a hobo, riding the rails back across Canada. He earned his passage back to England by working as a cattle wrangler on a cattle boat and arrived home penniless in 1899.[10] He obtained his master's certificate and joined Greenshields, Cowie & Co, for whom he made another trip on a cattle boat, this time as third mate of the Knight Companion. In January 1900, he began his career with the White Star Line as fourth officer of the SS Medic.

While on the Medic, on a voyage from Britain to South Africa and Australia, Lightoller was reprimanded for a prank he and some shipmates played on the citizens of Sydney at Fort Denison in Sydney Harbour.[11] In 1903 he found himself in Sydney again, having been transferred to the SS Suevic — possibly as punishment for another indiscretion. During the voyage, he met Sylvia Hawley Wilson, a returning Australian whom he married in St James' Church, Sydney and took back to England on the return passage.[12][13]

He later joined the SS Majestic under the command of Captain Edward J. Smith in the Atlantic. From there, he was promoted to third officer on the RMS Oceanic, the flagship of the White Star Line. He returned to the Majestic as first mate and then back to the Oceanic as its first mate.

Titanic

Two weeks before the sinking, Lightoller boarded the RMS Titanic in Belfast, acting as first officer for the sea trials. Captain Smith gave the post of chief officer to Henry Wilde of the Olympic, demoting the original appointee William McMaster Murdoch to first officer and Lightoller to second officer. The original second officer, David Blair, was excluded from the voyage altogether, while the ship's roster of junior officers remained unchanged. Blair's departure from the crew caused a problem, as he had the key to the ship's binocular case. Because the crew lacked access to binoculars, Lightoller promised to purchase them when the Titanic got to New York City. Later, the missing key and resultant lack of binoculars for the lookouts in the crow's nest became a point of contention at the U.S. inquiry into the Titanic disaster.[14]

On the night of 14 April 1912, Lightoller commanded the last bridge watch prior to the ship's collision with the iceberg, after which Murdoch relieved him. An hour before the collision, Lightoller ordered the ship's lookouts to continually watch for 'small ice' and 'particularly growlers' until daylight. He then ordered the Quartermaster, Robert Hichens, to check ship's fresh water supply for freezing below the waterline.[15] Lightoller had retired to his cabin and was preparing for bed when he felt the collision. Wearing only his pyjamas, Lightoller hurried out on deck to investigate, but seeing nothing, retired back to his cabin. Deciding it would be better to remain where other officers knew where to find him if needed, he lay awake in his bunk until fourth officer Joseph Boxhall summoned him to the bridge. He pulled on trousers, and a navy-blue sweater over his pyjamas, and donned (along with socks and shoes) his officer's overcoat and cap.

During the evacuation, Lightoller took charge of lowering the lifeboats on the port side of the boat deck.[10] He helped to fill several lifeboats with passengers and launched them. Lightoller interpreted Smith's order for "the evacuation of women and children" as essentially "women and children only". As a result, Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board, meaning to fill them to capacity once they had reached the water.[3] Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Godfrey Peuchen has the distinction of being the only adult male passenger Lightoller allowed into the boats on the port side evacuation, due to his previous nautical experience and offer of assistance when there were no seamen available from the Titanic's own complement to help command one of the lowering lifeboats.[16] There were fears from some of the officers that the davits used for lowering the boats would not hold the weight if the boats were full, but they were unaware that the new davits on the Titanic had been designed to do so. Under this misapprehension, Lightoller's plan was to fill the lifeboats from the waterline and sent 10 men to open the gangway doors in the ship's port so that passengers would have access. The men failed in this task and were never seen again (presumed drowned carrying out this final order). The under-capacity boats then pulled away from the ship as soon as they hit the water, rendering the plan a failure. At least one boat is confirmed as wilfully ignoring officers' shouted orders to return.[17][9]

When Lightoller attempted to launch Lifeboat 2, he found it was occupied already by 25 male passengers and crewmen. He ordered them out of the boat and threatened them with his unloaded revolver, allegedly saying: "Get out of there, you damned cowards! I'd like to see every one of you overboard!" He then passed the duty of loading Lifeboat 2 over to Fourth Officer Boxhall. While initial accounts varied, it is now believed there were only 17 people aboard the lifeboat, out of a capacity of 40.[18]

Lightoller survived aboard Collapsible B.

As the ship began its final plunge, the water came up onto the boat deck and washed over the bridge. Lightoller attempted to launch Collapsible B on the port side. This collapsible boat was one of the smaller Engelhardt lifeboats with canvas sides and was stowed atop the officers' quarters. The collapsible floated off the deck upside down.[19] Lightoller then crossed over to the starboard side of the roof, to see if there was anything further to be done there. As the ship sank, seawater washed over the entire bow, producing a large wave that rolled aft along the boat deck. Seeing crowds of people run away from the rising water, Lightoller decided that he could do no more and dived into the water from the roof of the officers' quarters.[20]

Surfacing, Lightoller spotted the ship's crow's nest, now level with the water, and started to swim towards it as a place of safety before remembering that it was safer to stay away from the foundering vessel. Then, as water flooded down one of the forward ventilators, Lightoller was sucked under. He was pinned against the grating for some time by the pressure of the incoming water, until a blast of hot air from the depths of the ship erupted out of the ventilator and blew him to the surface.[10] The suction pulled him down again against another grating. He did not know how he got away, but he resurfaced. He realized he couldn't swim properly because of the weight of the Webley revolver he was carrying in his coat pocket, so he swiftly discarded it.[20] Following this, he saw Collapsible B floating upside down with several swimmers hanging on to it. He swam to it and held on to a rope at the front. Then the Titanic's Number 1 (forward) funnel broke free and hit the water, washing the collapsible further away from the sinking ship.

Lightoller climbed on the boat and took charge, calming and organising the survivors (numbering around 30) on the overturned lifeboat.[21] He led them in yelling in unison "Boat ahoy!", but with no success. During the night a swell arose, and Lightoller taught the men to shift their weight with the swells to prevent the craft from being swamped.[10] If not for that, they likely would have been thrown into the freezing water again. At his direction, the men kept that up for hours until they were finally rescued by another lifeboat. Lightoller was the last survivor taken on board the RMS Carpathia.

Lightoller, right, with third officer Herbert Pitman.

After the sinking, Lightoller published a testimony in the Christian Science Journal crediting his faith in a divine power for his survival, concluding: "with God all things are possible".[22]

Recommendations at inquiries
Further information: British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry and United States Senate inquiry

As the senior surviving officer, Lightoller was a key witness at both the American and British inquiries. In his autobiography he described the American inquiry as a "farce", due to the ignorance of maritime matters implicit in some of the questions. He took the British inquiry more seriously and wrote "it was very necessary to keep one's hand on the whitewash brush" as he "had no desire that blame should be attributed either to the B.O.T. (British Board of Trade) or the White Star Line", despite his belief that "one had known, full well, and for many years, the ever-present possibility of just such a disaster".[23]

Lightoller blamed the accident on the seas being the calmest that night that he had ever seen in his life and on the floating icebergs giving no tell-tale early-warning signs of breaking white water at their bases. He deftly defended his employer, the White Star Line, despite hints of excessive speed, a lack of binoculars in the crow's nest, and the plain recklessness of travelling through an ice field on a calm night when all other ships in the vicinity thought it wiser to heave to until morning. Later, however, in a recounting he gave of the night's events on a 1936 BBC I Was There programme, he reversed his defences. Lightoller was also able to help channel public outcry over the incident into positive change, as many of his recommendations for avoiding such accidents in the future were adopted by maritime nations. Basing lifeboat capacity on the number of passengers and crew instead of ship tonnage, conducting lifeboat drills so passengers know where their lifeboats are and crew know how to operate them, instituting manned 24-hour wireless (radio) communications on all passenger ships, and requiring mandatory transmissions of ice warnings to ships, were some of his recommendations at the inquiries which were acted on by the Board of Trade, its successor agencies, and their equivalents in other maritime nations.

First World War

Lightoller returned to duty with White Star Line, serving as a mate on RMS Oceanic. He received a promotion from Sub-Lieutenant to Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in May 1913.[24] At the outbreak of the First World War, as an officer in the RNR, he was called up for duty with the Royal Navy, first serving as a lieutenant on Oceanic, which had been converted to an armed merchant cruiser (HMS Oceanic). He served on this ship until it ran aground and was wrecked on the notorious Shaalds of Foula on 8 September 1914.

In 1915, he served as the first officer during the trials of another former passenger liner, RMS Campania, which had just been converted into an aircraft carrier. In late 1915, he was given his own command, the torpedo boat HMTB 117. Whilst captain of HMTB 117 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for engaging Zeppelin L31 in a prolonged night battle.[4][5] With the assistance of a lightship, Lightoller and his crew laid an ambush at the mouth of the Thames Estuary, waiting until L31 was directly above the HMTB.[4] Lightoller opened fire on the "Zepp" with tracer rounds eventually hitting its tail and forcing the airship's withdrawal.[4] This action resulted in his being appointed captain of HMS Falcon, a C-class torpedo boat destroyer and for the next two years Lightoller served with the Falcon on the "Dover patrol", protecting the Dover straits and engaging German destroyers conducting night time raids.[4] Lightoller wrote that whilst in command of the Falcon, he kept the ship in a constant state of readiness, the ship’s guns were loaded and cleared for action at all times. He expected his men to think and act for themselves in times of an emergency.[4] Falcon was sunk on 1 April 1918 after a collision, in fog, with the trawler, John Fitzgerald, while both ships were acting as escorts to a convoy in the North Sea. Lightoller was quickly exonerated in a court martial for the loss of the ship, and he was commended for remaining on board the ship along with his first officer until the majority of the crew had been evacuated to the boats (apart from three officers who were left trapped in the stern and had to be rescued by a trawler).[25][26] Lightoller was subsequently given command of the River-class destroyer HMS Garry.

Sinking of UB-110

On 19 June 1918, the German U-Boat UB-110, under the command of Kapitänleutnant Werner Fürbringer, was depth charged, rammed and sunk off the Yorkshire coast by Lieutenant Commander Lightoller and the crew of HMS Garry.

In his 1933 memoirs, Kapitänleutnant Fürbringer accused Lightoller of heaving to (stopping) and ordering his crew to open fire on the unarmed survivors of UB-110 with revolvers and machine guns. During the alleged ensuing engagement, Fürbringer claimed he had seen the skull of an 18-year old member of his crew being split open by a lump of coal hurled by a Royal Navy sailor. When Fürbringer attempted to help a wounded officer to swim, he was told, "Let me die in peace. The swine are going to murder us anyhow." Fürbringer alleged that the shooting only ceased when the convoy the Garry had been escorting, which contained many neutral-flagged ships, arrived on the scene. Fürbringer later recalled, "As if by magic the British now let down some life boats into the water."[27]

Geoffrey Brooks, who translated Kapitänleutnant Fürbringer's memoirs into English, later commented, "Regarding the alleged atrocity committed against survivors of UB-110, the normal procedure would have been to report the matter to the German military legal authorities at the earliest opportunity. Depositions would then have been taken from all available witnesses. One can imagine how far it would have proceeded subsequently. It is not, and never has been, the practice of the British military authorities to try British service personnel for alleged war crimes committed against enemy belligerents in wartime no matter how strong the evidence."[28]

Lightoller does not go into detail of the incident in his memoir, but he does mention that he 'refused to accept the hands up air' business. "In fact it was simply amazing that they should have had the infernal audacity to offer to surrender, in view of their ferocious and pitiless attacks on our merchant ships. Destroyer versus Destroyer, as in the Dover Patrol, was fair game and no favour. One could meet them and take them on as a decent antagonist. But towards the submarine men, one felt an utter disgust and loathing; they were nothing but an abomination, polluting the clean sea."[29]

Lieutenant Commander Lightoller was awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Service Cross for sinking SM UB-110.[30] At the time of the engagement, UB-110 had two confirmed hits on British ships, and a total kill-count of 30 civilian seamen.

Subsequent wartime service

On 10 June 1918, Lightoller was awarded the Reserve Decoration.[31] He was promoted to acting Lieutenant-Commander in July[32] and was placed on the retired list on 31 March 1919, with the rank of Commander.[33]

Retirement

After the war, despite his loyal service to White Star Line and having faithfully defended his employers at Titanic inquiries, Lightoller soon found that opportunities for advancement within the line were no longer available. All surviving crewmembers would find that being associated with Titanic was a black mark from which they could not hope to escape. A disillusioned Lightoller resigned shortly thereafter, taking such odd jobs as an innkeeper, a chicken farmer, and later property speculator, at which he and his wife had some success.

During the early 1930s, he wrote his autobiography, Titanic and Other Ships,[34] which he dedicated to his "persistent wife, who made me do it".

This book eventually became quite popular and began to sell well. However, it was withdrawn when the Marconi Company threatened a lawsuit, owing to a comment by Lightoller regarding the Titanic disaster and the role of the Marconi operators.

Second World War
Lightoller's Sundowner
Information board in Twickenham near the Richmond Slipways where Lightoller lived and worked after 1947

The retired Lightoller did not turn his back on sailing altogether, as he eventually purchased a private motor yacht, Sundowner in 1929.[10] In 1940, he, together with his son Roger and a young Sea Scout named Gerald Ashcroft,[35] crossed the English Channel in Sundowner to assist in the Dunkirk evacuation.[36] In a boat licensed to carry 21 passengers, Lightoller and his crew brought back 127 servicemen.[note 1] On the return journey, Lightoller evaded gunfire from enemy aircraft, using a technique described to him by his youngest son, Herbert, who had joined the RAF and been killed earlier in the war. Gerald Ashcroft later recalled "We attracted the attention of a Stuka dive bomber. Commander Lightoller stood up in the bow and I stood alongside the wheelhouse. Commander Lightoller kept his eye on the Stuka till the last second – then he sang out to me "Hard a port!" and I sang out to Roger and we turned very sharply. The bomb landed on our starboard side." [37][38]

At the time of the evacuation Lightoller's second son Trevor was a serving Second Lieutenant with Bernard Montgomery's 3rd Division which had retreated towards Dunkirk.[39][40] Unknown to Lightoller senior, Trevor had already been evacuated 48 hours before Sundowner reached Dunkirk.[39][41]

For his actions during the evacuation, Charles Lightoller received a mention in despatches in 1944.[42] His actions inspired the character of "Mr. Dawson" in Christopher Nolan's 2017 film, Dunkirk, portrayed by Academy Award Winner Mark Rylance.[43] Sundowner is now preserved by Ramsgate Maritime Museum.[44]

After the Second World War, Lightoller managed a small boatyard in Twickenham, West London, called Richmond Slipways, which built motor launches for the river police.[45]

Family

Lightoller's parents were Frederick James Lightoller and Sarah Jane Widdows. His siblings, Richard Ashton and Caroline Mary Lightoller, both died of scarlet fever in early childhood. On an Australian run on board the SS Suevic in 1903, Lightoller met Australian Iowa Sylvania Zillah Hawley-Wilson, known as "Sylvia", on her way home to Sydney after a stay in England.[12]

On the return voyage, she accompanied Lightoller as his bride.[46] The couple had five children: Frederic Roger, Richard Trevor, Sylvia Mavis, Claire Doreen, and Herbert Brian. Their youngest son Brian, an RAF pilot, was killed in action on 4 September 1939 in a bombing raid over Wilhelmshaven, Germany, on the first night of Britain's entry into the Second World War. He was flying with 107 Squadron as 2nd Pilot.

Their eldest son, Roger, served in the Royal Navy and was killed in March 1945 during the Granville raid whilst commanding a Motor Torpedo Boat.[47] Trevor joined the army and gained the rank of lieutenant colonel, serving under General Bernard Montgomery's command for the duration of the war. Mavis served in the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, and Doreen in the Political Intelligence Unit. His grandson, A.T. Lightoller, served in the Royal Navy, commanding the submarine HMS Rorqual in the early 1970s.[48]

Death

Lightoller died of chronic heart disease on 8 December 1952, aged 78.[10] A long-time pipe smoker, he died during London's Great Smog of 1952. His body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at the Commonwealth "Garden of Remembrance" at Mortlake Crematorium in Richmond, Surrey.

Portrayals

Notes
  1. Sources vary slightly. The Association of Dunkirk Little Ships says, "Sundowner embarked 130 men." A member of Lightoller's crew says he "counted 129 troops aboard." In a radio interview, Lightoller says, "We tallied up 130." A commemorative plaque outside Lightoller's former home in Richmond says he "rescued 127 men." Stenson (2011) says, "Including the three-man crew and the five men rescued from the [sinking ship] Westerly she now had exactly 130 on board."
    gollark: They could kill the coronavirus by firing relativistic protons at it.
    gollark: Star Trek isn't *remotely* realistic, so almost certainly not as they portray it. The closest vaguely plausible thing is probably the Alcubierre drive, which IIRC could maybe exist, isn't remotely practical, and comes with its own exciting problems.
    gollark: They can't be conveniently converted to metres or... anything, really, and don't work with SI prefixes.
    gollark: Miles are still an awful unit even if you're used to them.
    gollark: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential#Electric_potential_due_to_a_point_charge>

    References
    1. "Sylvia Lightoller (Hawton-Wilson)". geni_family_tree.
    2. Lord, Walter (1955). A Night to Remember (PDF). p. 40.
    3. Barczewski, Stephanie L. (2006). Titanic: A Night Remembered. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21.
    4. Lightoller, Charles, Herbert (1935). Titanic and Other Ships. Gutenberg Australia. pp. Chapter 38.
    5. "London Gazette, 2 May 1917".
    6. Levine, Joshua (2017). Dunkirk. HarperCollins.
    7. "Mr Charles Herbert Lightoller". Encycolpedia Titanica. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
    8. "Frederick James Lightoller". Stagebarn. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018.
    9. Lightoller, Charles H. Titanic and Other Ships Chapter 32: eBook at Gutenberg of Australia
    10. "From the Titanic to Dunkirk: the unbelievable life of Charles Lightoller". History TV.
    11. "News Reports". Sydney Morning Herald. John Fairfax & Sons. 12 October 1900. p. 4. Retrieved 9 April 2012. The Reported Gun Fire at Fort Denison
    12. Winship, Patricia Charles Herbert Lightoller profile, encyclopedia-titanica.org; accessed 11 August 2017.
    13. Unknown (1912). Loss of S.S. Titanic 16.4.1912. Sydney Morning Herald.
    14. Tibbetts, Graham (29 August 2007). "Key that could have saved the Titanic". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
    15. Mayo, Jonathan (2016). Titanic: Minute by Minute. Short Books. ISBN 9781780722696.
    16. Lightoller, Charles, Herbert (1935). Titanic and Other Ships. pp. Chapter 33.
    17. Shiel, Inger (2012). Titanic Valour: The Life of Fifth Officer Harold Lowe. The History Press. p. 67. ISBN 978 0 7524 6996 6.
    18. Wormstedt, Bill; Fitch, Tad (2011). "An Account of the Saving of Those on Board". In Halpern, Samuel (ed.). Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic: A Centennial Reappraisal. Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6210-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    19. "TIP – United States Senate Inquiry – Day 1 – Testimony of Charles Lightoller, cont". www.titanicinquiry.org.
    20. Lightoller, Charles H. Titanic and Other Ships, Chapter 34
    21. Lightoller, Charles, Herbert (1935). Titanic and Other Ships. Gutenberg Australia. pp. Chapter 34.
    22. Lieut. C. H. Lightoller, RNR (October 1912), "Testimonies From the Field", Christian Science Journal, XXX (7): 414–5
    23. Titanic and Other Ships (chapter 35), Lightoller, Charles Herbert, I. Nicholson and Watson (1935)
    24. London Gazette, 15 August 1913
    25. Lightoller, Charles, Herbert (1935). Titanic and Other Ships. Gutenberg Australia. pp. Chapter 42.
    26. Lyon, David (1996). The First Destroyers. Naval Institute Press. p. 89.
    27. Werner Fürbringer (1999), Fips: Legendary German U-Boat Commander, 1915–1918, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis. pp. 118–21.
    28. Fürbringer (1999), pp. 140–41.
    29. Lightoller, Charles, Herbert (1935). Titanic and Other Ships. Gutenberg Australia. pp. Chapter 44.
    30. Lightoller, Charles, Herbert (1935). Titanic and other ships. http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0301011h.html#ch44: Ivor Nicholson and Watson. pp. Chapter 44.CS1 maint: location (link)
    31. "London Gazette, 14 June 1918". london-gazette.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
    32. "London Gazette, 2 July 1918". london-gazette.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
    33. "London Gazette, August 1919". london-gazette.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
    34. Lightoller, Commander (1935). TITANIC and Other Ships (1st ed.). London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson.
    35. Levine, Joshua, in association with the Imperial War Museum, "Forgotten Voices of Dunkirk", Ebury Press, London, 2010, "Evacuation". ISBN 978-0-091-93220-6
    36. Manchester, William, and Reid, Paul, "The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill Defender of the Realm 1940–1965", Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, London; First edition November 2012, Library of Congress card number 82-42972, ISBN 978-0-316-54770-3, pp. 83–84.
    37. Macmillan, Ann (2017). War Stories: Gripping Tales of Courage, Cunning and Compassion. London. p. 101. ISBN 978-1473618275.
    38. "ASHCROFT, GERALD EDWARD (ORAL HISTORY)". IWM.
    39. Grehan, John (2018). Dunkirk: Nine Days That Saved An Army: A Day-by-Day Account of the Greatest ... London. p. 150. ISBN 978-1526724847.
    40. "London Gazette 6 June 1939" (PDF). thegazette.
    41. "Sundowner". Association of Dunkirk Little Ships. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
    42. "London Gazette, 29 December 1944". london-gazette.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
    43. "Movie Review: Dunkirk -". 8 August 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
    44. "Sundowner | Association of Dunkirk Little Ships". www.adls.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
    45. Day, Martyn. "Mr. Lightoller goes to Dunkirk". stmargarets.london. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
    46. "THE LIFE OF TITANIC OFFICER CHARLES LIGHTOLLER". Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
    47. Chapman, A. J. (2 October 2013). The War of the Motor Gun Boats: One Man's Personal War at Sea with the Costal Forces, 1943–§945. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473830080. Retrieved 2 March 2018 – via Google Books.
    48. Royal Navy postal cover RNSC 12 "30th Anniversary Midget Submarine attack on Tirpitz 22nd September 1943", 22 September 1973 signed by A.T. Lightoller.
    49. "Titanic | Deutschland 1942/1943, Spielfilm". filmportal.de (in German). Deutschen Filminstituts. Retrieved 17 September 2016.

    Further reading
    • Stenson, Patrick; with an introduction by Walter Lord (1984). "Lights" : the Odyssey of C. H. Lightoller. London: Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0-370-30593-6.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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