Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is a form of vitamin B6 found commonly in food and used as dietary supplement.[1] As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects or complications of isoniazid use, and certain types of mushroom poisoning.[5][1] It is used by mouth or by injection.[5]

Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine
Clinical data
Other namesvitamin B6,[1] pyridoxol[2] pyridoxine hydrochloride
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: Exempt [3]
  • US: A (No risk in human studies) [3]
    Routes of
    administration    		By mouth, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    • UK: P (Pharmacy medicines) [4]
    • US: OTC / Rx-only
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.000.548
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC8H11NO3
    Molar mass169.180 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    Melting point159 to 162 °C (318 to 324 °F)

    It is usually well tolerated.[5] Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.[5] Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[5] Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.[5] It is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[5] Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.[6]

    Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939.[7][8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[9] Pyridoxine is available both as a generic medication and over the counter product.[5] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.59–3.54 per month.[10] Foods, such as breakfast cereal have pyridoxine added in some countries.[6]

    Medical uses

    As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, problems from isoniazid, and certain types of mushroom poisoning.[5][1] Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy is a type of rare epilepsy that does not improve with typical antiseizure medications.[11] Pyridoxine is used by mouth or by injection.[5]

    Pyridoxine in combination with doxylamine is used as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women. It has been used in hydrazine exposure with unclear effect.[12]

    Side effects

    It is usually well tolerated, though overdose toxicity is possible.[5] Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.[5] Pyridoxine overdose can cause a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by poor coordination, numbness, and decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration (https://www.medlink.com/article/pyridoxine_deficiency_and_toxicity). Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1 - 21.7 ng/mL. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[5]

    Mechanism

    Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.[5] It is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.[5] Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.[6] It is also required for muscle phosphorylase activity associated with glycogen metabolism.

    History and culture

    Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939.[7][8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[9] Pyridoxine is available as a generic medication and over the counter.[5] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.59–3.54 per month.[10] Foods, such as breakfast cereal have pyridoxine added in some countries.[6]

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    References
    1. World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 496. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
    2. Dryhurst, Glenn (2012). Electrochemistry of Biological Molecules. Elsevier. p. 562. ISBN 9780323144520. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.
    3. "Pyridoxine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
    4. "Pyridoxine 50mg Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 27 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
    5. "Pyridoxine Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    6. "Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin B6". ods.od.nih.gov. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
    7. Squires, Victor R. (2011). The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition - Volume IV. EOLSS Publications. p. 121. ISBN 9781848261952.
    8. Harris, Harry (2012). Advances in Human Genetics 6. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 39. ISBN 9781461582649.
    9. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
    10. "Vitamin B6". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    11. Abend, NS; Loddenkemper, T (July 2014). "Management of pediatric status epilepticus". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 16 (7): 301. doi:10.1007/s11940-014-0301-x. PMC 4110742. PMID 24909106.
    12. "Hydrazine (EHC 68, 1987)". www.inchem.org. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
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