Elongated square gyrobicupola

In geometry, the elongated square gyrobicupola or pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron is one of the Johnson solids (J37). It is not usually considered to be an Archimedean solid, even though its faces consist of regular polygons that meet in the same pattern at each of its vertices, because unlike the 13 Archimedean solids, it lacks a set of global symmetries that take every vertex to every other vertex (though Grünbaum has suggested it should be added to the traditional list of Archimedean solids as a 14th example). It strongly resembles, but should not be mistaken for, the small rhombicuboctahedron, which is an Archimedean solid. It is also a canonical polyhedron.

Elongated square gyrobicupola
TypeJohnson
J36 - J37 – J38
Faces8 triangles
18 squares
Edges48
Vertices24
Vertex configuration8+16(3.43)
Symmetry groupD4d
Dual polyhedronPseudo-deltoidal icositetrahedron
Propertiesconvex, singular vertex figure
Net
3D model of an elongated square gyrobicupola

This shape may have been discovered by Johannes Kepler in his enumeration of the Archimedean solids, but its first clear appearance in print appears to be the work of Duncan Sommerville in 1905.[1] It was independently rediscovered by J. C. P. Miller by 1930 (by mistake while attempting to construct a model of the small rhombicuboctahedron[2]) and again by V. G. Ashkinuse in 1957.[3]

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.[4]

Construction and relation to the rhombicuboctahedron

As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a square gyrobicupola (J29) and inserting an octagonal prism between its two halves.


Rhombicuboctahedron
Exploded sections of
rhombicuboctahedron
Pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron

The solid can also be seen as the result of twisting one of the square cupolae (J4) on a rhombicuboctahedron (one of the Archimedean solids; a.k.a. the elongated square orthobicupola) by 45 degrees. It is therefore a gyrate rhombicuboctahedron. Its similarity to the rhombicuboctahedron gives it the alternative name pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron. It has occasionally been referred to as "the fourteenth Archimedean solid".

This property does not carry over to its pentagonal-faced counterpart, the gyrate rhombicosidodecahedron.

Symmetry and classification
3D model of a pseudo-deltoidal icositetrahedron

The pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron possesses D4d symmetry. It is locally vertex-regular – the arrangement of the four faces incident on any vertex is the same for all vertices; this is unique among the Johnson solids. However, the manner in which it is "twisted" gives it a distinct "equator" and two distinct "poles", which in turn divide its vertices into 8 "polar" vertices (4 per pole) and 16 "equatorial" vertices. It is therefore not vertex-transitive, and consequently not usually considered to be one of the Archimedean solids.

With faces colored by its D4d symmetry, it can look like this:

The pseudo-deltoidal icositetrahedron (right) is the dual polyhedron.

There are 8 (green) squares around its equator, 4 (red) triangles and 4 (yellow) squares above and below, and one (blue) square on each pole.

The elongated square gyrobicupola can form a space-filling honeycomb with the regular tetrahedron, cube, and cuboctahedron. It can also form another honeycomb with the tetrahedron, square pyramid and various combinations of cubes, elongated square pyramids, and elongated square bipyramids.[5]

The pseudo great rhombicuboctahedron

The pseudo great rhombicuboctahedron is a nonconvex analog of the pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron, constructed in a similar way from the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron.

In chemistry

The polyvanadate ion [V18O42]12− has a pseudo-rhombicuboctahedral structure, where each square face acts as the base of a VO5 pyramid.[6]

gollark: Maybe just a fire-aligned one.
gollark: We should be able to incubate everything, multiple times, for free.
gollark: PagiNOWation!
gollark: Hunting on mobile is really annoying. We need a seconds-accurate timer.
gollark: Unique views? My eggs typically need 400 or so.

References
  1. Sommerville, D. M. Y. (1905), "Semi-regular networks of the plane in absolute geometry", Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 41: 725–747, doi:10.1017/s0080456800035560. As cited by Grünbaum (2009).
  2. Rouse Ball (1939), Coxeter, H. S. M. (ed.), Mathematical recreations and essays (11 ed.), p. 137
  3. Grünbaum, Branko (2009), "An enduring error" (PDF), Elemente der Mathematik, 64 (3): 89–101, doi:10.4171/EM/120, MR 2520469 Reprinted in Pitici, Mircea, ed. (2011). The Best Writing on Mathematics 2010. Princeton University Press. pp. 18–31..
  4. Johnson, Norman W. (1966), "Convex polyhedra with regular faces", Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 18: 169–200, doi:10.4153/cjm-1966-021-8, MR 0185507, Zbl 0132.14603.
  5. "J37 honeycombs", Gallery of Wooden Polyhedra, retrieved 2016-03-21
  6. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 986. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

Further reading
  • Anthony Pugh (1976), Polyhedra: A visual approach, California: University of California Press Berkeley, ISBN 0-520-03056-7 Chapter 2: Archimedean polyhedra, prisma and antiprisms, p. 25 Pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron
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