Project 921-3

Project 921-3 is a crewed spacecraft sub-system of Project 921. The term 921-3 is often used for the Chinese spaceplane program.

Spaceplane
Description
Role:Reusable launch vehicle spaceplane project
Crew:
Dimensions
Length:32 m
Wingspan:
Mass:140 t
Payload:4 t

History

The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation of Project 921 in 1992. This broad project was divided into three phases: 921-1 to launch a crewed mission by 2002 in a craft that became the Shenzhou, the Project 921-2 temporary space station by 2010, and the 921-3 permanent space station by 2020. Care must be taken not to confuse the three phases of Project 921 with its seven sub-systems (921-1, 921-2 ... 921-7).

Early planning of Project 921 included six different proposals for a crewed space transportation system. Five of these proposals were of a space-Earth transportation system using a delta winged orbiter. By 1990, the proposal for the Soyuz-like capsule Shenzhou had won out.

Some small models for a spaceplane were made public, but the concept was rejected in favor of a Soyuz-like capsule which became Shenzhou. Concepts for a space shuttle now are only studies. There is no known Chinese government support beyond very basic research for a spaceplane.

Photographs of a two-seat spaceplane simulator were published after 1980, probably belonging to a Chinese Dynasoar-like vehicle. Reports of the existence of a wind tunnel model have continued since then.

869 Project

After 1986 the Air Ministry starts its 869 Project regarding spaceplane concepts. Up to 1990, the several space-shuttle proposals studied were:[1]

  • Tianjiao-1 space shuttle, proposed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. Totally dependent on the parent rocket booster to reach orbit. 25-ton orbiter, 2-ton payload.
  • Chang Cheng-1 (Great Wall-1) space shuttle, proposed by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology and 640 Institute of the Air Ministry. 94-ton orbiter launched atop 3 parallel HT-1 SLVs to a 200–500 km orbit. 5-ton payload and maximum of 5 crew members.
  • V-2 rocket plane, proposed by the 11th Aeronautics Institute;
  • H-2 spaceplane, proposed by Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute. Reusable launch stage weighs 198 tons using dual rocket and ramjet engine for Mach 5+ launch speed. 132-ton orbiter.
  • Mini space shuttle, proposed by 611 Aircraft Design Institute;

Shenlong Test Platform
Main article: Shenlong (spacecraft)

The latest models shown in 2000 reveal a delta winged spaceplane with a single vertical stabilizer, equipped with three high-expansion engines. Presuming a seating arrangement of two crew members siting side-by-side in the cockpit, dimensions could be very roughly estimated as a wingspan of 8 m, a length of 12 m and a total mass of 12 tonnes. This is within the payload capability of the Chinese CZ-2E(A) or Type A launch vehicles.

HTS Maglev Launch Assist Technology

During the 2006 Zhuhai Airshow, pictures of a totally new space vehicle developed by the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics(北京航空航天大学) were published.[2]

This new Chinese space shuttle was based on the HTS (High Temperature Superconductor) Maglev Launch Assist Technology for Space Flight Vehicle (航天运载器高温超导磁悬浮助推发射技术), with an initial take off speed of 1000 km/h.[3]

Reusable launch vehicle

Concept proposed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. A 140-ton, 32-metre-length orbiter launched atop a Long March 5 rocket with a payload of 7 tons.[1]

Shenlong Spaceplane
Main article: Shenlong (spacecraft)

Images of an aerodynamic scaled model, ready to be launched from under the fuselage of a H-6K bomber, were first published in the Chinese media on 11 December 2007. Code named Project 863-706, the Chinese name of this spacecraft was revealed as “神龙”空天飞机 or "Shenlong Space Plane", meaning Divine Dragon in Mandarin. These images, possibly taken in late 2005, show the vehicle's black reentry heat shielding, indicating a reusable design, and its engine assembly.[4] First sub-orbital flight of the Shenlong reportedly took place on 8 January 2011.[5]

It has been proposed that the vehicle is fitted with a Russian-designed D-30K turbofan engine, which would likely not provide enough power to reach Low Earth orbit. A larger Shenlong model, however, would be capable of carrying a payload to orbit. Analysts had previously reported on a late 2006 Chinese test flight of what is believed to be a scramjet demonstrator, possibly related to the Shenlong vehicle.[4]

Earlier, images of the High-enthalpy Shock Waves Laboratory wind tunnel of the CAS Key Laboratory of high-temperature gas dynamics (LHD) were published in the Chinese media. Test with speed up to Mach 20 where reached around 2001.[6]

As of 2007, the CAS academician Zhuang Fenggan (莊逢甘) said that a first test flight of the spaceplane would be conducted during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", meaning from 2006 to 2010.[7]

Hypersonic Vehicle

According to 'informal sources', another hypersonic vehicle has been tested, which is equivalent to the X-43.[8]

Tengyun

Tengyun is a reusable spaceplane project unveiled in 2016 by China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation. The spaceplane is composed of two planes, with the larger aircraft acting as a carrier aircraft. A small scale model was shown at the Zhuhai Airshow 2018.[9]

gollark: In summary, renewables are uncool except possibly for powering off-grid locations, nuclear is cooler.
gollark: Solar panels degrade too, actually, but IIRC those can be recycled better.
gollark: Especially compared to the bigger problems of:- giant amounts of CO2 and other air pollution from foolish fossil fuels- for solar: giant amounts of discarded solar panels which aren't usable any more- for all renewables, really: lots of dead batteries
gollark: It is *a* downside, but not a very big one.
gollark: The only real downside is setup cost and waste.

References
  1. http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20111024_ChinasSpacePlaneProgram.pdf
  2. "航天运载器高温超导磁悬浮助推发射技术". 虚幻军事天空. 11 November 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  3. "航天发射用磁悬浮助推发射系统概念研究". 维普资讯网. 31 January 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  4. "中国"神龙"飞行器首度曝光 身世扑朔迷离". SOHU.com. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2008.
  5. "Shenlong 'Divine Dragon' Takes Flight: Is China developing its first spaceplane?". China Signpost. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  6. "氢氧爆轰驱动激波高焓风洞". 中国科学院高温气体动力学重点实验室. 17 March 2005. Archived from the original on 7 December 2005. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  7. "國產空天飛機 3年內試飛". 香港文匯報. 11 December 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  8. "International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > PLA and U.S. Arms Racing in the Western Pacific". Strategycenter.net. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  9. "China develops reusable space plane, tough to be intercepted - Global Times".
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