DARPA Falcon Project

The DARPA Falcon Project (Force Application and Launch from CONtinental United States) is a two-part joint project between the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the United States Air Force (USAF) and is part of Prompt Global Strike.[1] One part of the program aims to develop a reusable, rapid-strike Hypersonic Weapon System (HWS), now retitled the Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle (HCV), and the other is for the development of a launch system capable of accelerating an HCV to cruise speeds, as well as launching small satellites into Earth orbit. This two-part program was announced in 2003 and continued into 2006.[2]

Illustration of Hypersonic Test Vehicle (HTV) 2 reentry phase

Blackswift was a project announced under the Falcon banner using a fighter-sized unmanned aircraft which would take off from a runway and accelerate to Mach 6 (7,350 km/h; 4,567 mph) before completing its mission and landing again. The memo of understanding between DARPA and the USAF on Blackswift—also known as the HTV-3X—was signed in September 2007. The Blackswift HTV-3X did not receive needed funding and was canceled in October 2008.[3]

Current research under FALCON program is centered on X-41 Common Aero Vehicle (CAV), a common aerial platform for hypersonic ICBMs and cruise missiles, as well as civilian RLVs and ELVs. The prototype Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2 (HTV-2) first flew on 22 April 2010; the second test flew 11 August 2011. Both flights ended prematurely.

Design and development

Past projects

The aim was always to be able to deploy a craft from the continental United States, which could reach anywhere on the planet within one to two hours. The X-20 Dyna-Soar in 1957 was the first publicly acknowledged program—although this would have been launched vertically on a rocket and then glided back to Earth, as the Space Shuttle did, rather than taking off from a runway. Originally, the Shuttle was envisaged as a part-USAF operation, and separate military launch facilities were built at Vandenberg AFB at great cost, though never used. After the open DynaSoar USAF program from 1957 to 1963, spaceplanes went black (became highly classified). In the mid-1960s, the CIA began work on a high-Mach spyplane called Project Isinglass. This developed into Rheinberry, a design for a Mach-17 air-launched reconnaissance aircraft, which was later canceled.[4]

According to Henry F. Cooper, who was the Director of the Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars") under President Reagan, spaceplane projects consumed $4 billion of funding in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s (excluding the Space Shuttle). This does not include the 1950 and 1960s budgets for the Dynasoar, ISINGLASS, Rheinberry, and any 21st-century spaceplane project which might emerge under Falcon. He told the United States Congress in 2001 that all the United States had in return for those billions of dollars was "one crashed vehicle, a hangar queen, some drop-test articles and static displays".[5] Falcon was allocated US$170 million for budget year 2008.[6]

HyperSoar

The HyperSoar was an American hypersonic aircraft project developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). It was to be capable of flying at around Mach 12 (9,200 mph, 14,700 km/h), allowing it to transit between any two points on the globe in under two hours. The HyperSoar was predicted to be a passenger plane capable of skipping outside the atmosphere to prevent it from burning up in the atmosphere. A trip from Chicago to Tokyo (10,123 kilometers) would take 18 skips, or 72 minutes. It was planned to use hydrocarbon-based engines outside the atmosphere and experimental jet engine technology with testing to begin by 2010. Later, the Hypersoar concept was acquired from LLNL by DARPA,[7] and in 2002 it was combined with the USAF X-41 Common Aero Vehicle to form the FALCON program.[8]

FALCON

The overall FALCON (Force Application and Launch from CONtinental United States) program announced in 2003 had two major components: a small launch vehicle for carrying payloads to orbit or launching the hypersonic weapons platform payload, and the hypersonic vehicle itself.[2]

Small Launch Vehicle

The DARPA FALCON solicitation in 2003 asked for bidders to do development work on proposed vehicles in a first phase of work, then one or more vendors would be selected to build and fly an actual launch vehicle. Companies which won first phase development contracts of $350,000 to $540,000 in November 2003 included:[9]

Hypersonic Weapon System

The first phase of the hypersonic weapon system development was won by three bidders in 2003, each receiving a $1.2 to $1.5 million contract for hypersonic vehicle development:[9]

  • Andrews Space Inc., Seattle, Wash.
  • Lockheed Martin Corp., Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co., Palmdale, Calif.
  • Northrop Grumman Corp., Air Combat Systems, El Segundo, Calif.

Lockheed Martin received the only Phase 2 HWS contract in 2004, to develop technologies further and reduce technology risk on the program.[9]

Follow-on hypersonic program
Illustration of HTV-2 from DARPA

Following the Phase 2 contract, DARPA and the US Air Force continued to develop the hypersonic vehicle platform.

The program was to follow a set of flight tests with a series of hypersonic technology vehicles.[11]

The FALCON project includes:

The Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle (HCV) would be able to fly 9,000 nautical miles (17,000 km) in 2 hours with a payload of 12,000 lb (5,500 kg).[16] It would fly at a high altitude and achieve speeds of up to Mach 20.[17]

Blackswift

The Blackswift was a proposed aircraft capable of hypersonic flight designed by the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, Boeing, and ATK.[18]

The USAF states that the "Blackswift flight demonstration vehicle will be powered by a combination turbine engine and ramjet, an all-in-one power plant. The turbine engine accelerates the vehicle to around Mach 3 before the ramjet takes over and boosts the vehicle up to Mach 6."[19] Dr. Steven Walker, the Deputy Director of DARPA's Tactical Technology Office (acting Director as of January, 2017), will be coordinating the project. He told the USAF website,

I will also be communicating to Lockheed Martin and Pratt & Whitney on how important it is that we get the technical plan in place ... I'm trying to build the bridge at the beginning of the program—to get the communication path flowing.

The Falcon program has announced the hypersonic horizontal take-off Blackswift/HTV-3X. It is also launching the HTV-2 off the top of a rocket booster.[20] Falcon seems to be converging from two directions, on the ultimate goal of producing a hypersonic aircraft which can take off and land from a runway in the US, and be anywhere in the world in an hour or two. Falcon is methodically proceeding toward a Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle. Dr. Walker stated,

We need to fly some hypersonic vehicles—first the expendables, then the reusables—in order to prove to decision makers that this isn't just a dream… We won't overcome the skepticism until we see some hypersonic vehicles flying.

In October 2008 it was announced that HTV-3X or Blackswift did not receive needed funding in the fiscal year 2009 defense budget and had been canceled. The Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle program will continue with reduced funding.[3][21]

  • Computer simulations of the Falcon HTV-3X vehicle
  • Falcon HTV-3X
  • The HTV-3X activates its turbojets in transonic flight...
  • ...then ignites its scramjets for the hypersonic phase
  • HTV-3X on approach to Edwards Air Force Base

Flight testing
Flight Test trajectories for HTV 2a and 2b

DARPA had two HTV-2s built for two flight tests in 2010 and 2011. The Minotaur IV light rocket is the booster for the HTV-2 with Vandenberg Air Force Base serving as the launch site. DARPA planned the flights to demonstrate thermal protection systems and aerodynamic control features.[3][13] Test flights were supported by NASA, the Space and Missile Systems Center, Lockheed Martin, Sandia National Laboratories and the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Air Vehicles and Space Vehicles Directorates.

The first HTV-2 flight was launched on 22 April 2010.[13] The HTV-2 glider was to fly 4,800 miles (7,700 km) across the Pacific to Kwajalein at Mach 20.[20] The launch was successful, but the first mission was not completed as planned. Reports stated that contact had been lost with the vehicle nine minutes into the mission.[22][23] In mid-November, DARPA revealed that the test flight had ended when the computer autopilot had "commanded flight termination". According to a DARPA spokesman, "When the onboard system detects [undesirable or unsafe flight] behavior, it forces itself into a controlled roll and pitchover to descend directly into the ocean." Reviews found that the craft had begun to roll violently.[24]

A second flight was launched on 11 August 2011. The unmanned Falcon HTV-2 successfully separated from the booster and entered the mission's glide phase, but again lost contact with control about nine minutes into its planned 30-minute Mach 20 glide flight. Initial reports indicated it purposely impacted the Pacific Ocean along its planned flight path as a safety precaution.[25][26][27] Some analysts thought that the second failure would result in an overhaul of the Falcon program.[28]

Refocus

In July 2013, DARPA decided it would not conduct a third flight test of the HTV-2 because enough data had been collected from the first two flights, and another test was not thought to provide any more usable data for the cost. The tests provided data on flight aerodynamics and high-temperature effects on the aeroshell. Work on the HTV-2 would continue to summer 2014 to provide more study on hypersonic flight. The HTV-2 was the last active part of the Falcon program. DARPA has now changed its focus for the program from global/strategic strike to high-speed tactical deployment to penetrate air defenses and hit targets quickly from a safe distance.[29]

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gollark: See, if everyone stopped using them ever and they were erased from everyone's mind, they would be gone!
gollark: Suuuure you do.
gollark: And yet they mention them rather a lot.
gollark: The Wordoidal Olfactory Epithelium %wheel #43584572/*APPROPRIATE PLASTICITY* has had basically zero successes with actively replacing gollarkian memetics.

See also

References
  1. "US looks for answers after hypersonic plane fails". Space-travel.com. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  2. FALCON Force Application and Launch from CONUS Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) PHASE I Proposer Information Pamphlet (PIP) for BAA Solicitation 03-35 Archived 2008-11-27 at the Wayback Machine. DARPA, 2003.
  3. "Falcon Technology Demonstration Program HTV-3X Blackswift Test Bed" Archived 2010-12-20 at the Wayback Machine. DARPA, October 2008.
  4. Isinglass Archived 2006-06-14 at the Wayback Machine. astronautix.com
  5. Cooper Testimony Archived 2007-07-29 at the Wayback Machine. tgv-rockets.com
  6. Space Weapons Spending in the FY 2008 Defense Budget Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. cdi.org
  7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-03-03. Retrieved 2016-01-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. "X-41 CAV". Designation-systems.net. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  9. USAF DARPA FALCON Program Archived 2008-08-30 at the Wayback Machine. Air-attack.com. Retrieved: 2012-02-05.
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  11. "Falcon Technology Demonstration Program: Fact Sheet" Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. DARPA, January 2006.
  12. "US hypersonic aircraft projects face change as Congress urges joint technology office" Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine. Flight International, 30 May 2006.
  13. "First Minotaur IV Lite launches from Vandenberg" Archived April 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Air Force, 22 April 2010.
  14. "US hypersonic glider flunks first test flight" Archived 2012-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. AFP news agency, 27 March 2010.
  15. Graham Warwick (24 April 2010). "DARPA's HTV-2 Didn't Phone Home". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  16. "Propulsion, Materials Test Successes Put Positive Spin on Falcon Prospects". Aviation Week, 22 July 2007.
  17. Falcon HTV-2 Archived September 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. DARPA
  18. Warwick, Graham (24 July 2008). "Boeing Joins Lockheed Martin On Blackswift" Archived 2012-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Aviation Week, 24 July 2008. Retrieved: 28 March 2010.
  19. Lorenz III, Philip (17 May 2007). "DARPA official: AEDC 'critical' to hypersonics advancement". Arnold Air Force Base. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  20. Little, Geoffrey. "Mach 20 or Bust, Weapons research may yet produce a true spaceplane" Archived 2013-01-01 at Archive.today. Air & Space Magazine, 1 September 2007.
  21. Trimble, Stephen. "DARPA cancels Blackswift hypersonic test bed" Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. Flight Global, 13 October 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  22. Clark, Stephen. "New Minotaur rocket launches on suborbital flight" Archived 2010-04-25 at the Wayback Machine. spaceflightnow.com, 23 April 2010.
  23. Waterman, Shaun. "Plane's flameout may end space weapon plan" Archived 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine. Washington Times, 22 July 2010.
  24. Waterman, Shaun (25 November 2010). "Pentagon to test 2nd near-space strike craft". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  25. Rosenberg, Zach. "DARPA loses contact with HTV-2" Archived 2011-12-30 at the Wayback Machine. Flight International, 11 August 2011.
  26. "DARPA HYPERSONIC VEHICLE ADVANCES TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE" Archived 2014-04-06 at the Wayback Machine. DARPA, 11 August 2011.
  27. Norris, Guy. "Review Board Sets Up to Probe HTV-2 Loss" Archived 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine. Aviation Week, 12 August 2011.
  28. "Hypersonic test aircraft 'lost'". BBC News. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-08-12.. BBC NEWS, 11 August 2011.
  29. Darpa Refocuses Hypersonics Research On Tactical Missions Archived 2014-01-17 at the Wayback Machine - Aviationweek.com, 8 July 2013
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