Power-to-weight ratio

Power-to-weight ratio (or specific power or power-to-mass ratio) is a calculation commonly applied to engines and mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another. Power-to-weight ratio is a measurement of actual performance of any engine or power source. It is also used as a measurement of performance of a vehicle as a whole, with the engine's power output being divided by the weight (or mass) of the vehicle, to give a metric that is independent of the vehicle's size. Power-to-weight is often quoted by manufacturers at the peak value, but the actual value may vary in use and variations will affect performance.

The inverse of power-to-weight, weight-to-power ratio (power loading) is a calculation commonly applied to aircraft, cars, and vehicles in general, to enable the comparison of one vehicle's performance to another. Power-to-weight ratio is equal to thrust per unit mass multiplied by the velocity of any vehicle.

Power-to-weight (specific power)

The power-to-weight ratio (specific power) formula for an engine (power plant) is the power generated by the engine divided by the mass. Weight in this context is a colloquial term for mass. To see this, note that what an engineer means by the "power to weight ratio" of an electric motor is not infinite in a zero gravity environment.

A typical turbocharged V8 diesel engine might have an engine power of 250 kW (340 hp) and a mass of 380 kg (840 lb),[1] giving it a power-to-weight ratio of 0.65 kW/kg (0.40 hp/lb).

Examples of high power-to-weight ratios can often be found in turbines. This is because of their ability to operate at very high speeds. For example, the Space Shuttle's main engines used turbopumps (machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) into the engine's combustion chamber. The original liquid hydrogen turbopump is similar in size to an automobile engine (weighing approximately 352 kilograms (775 lb)) and produces 72,000 hp (54 MW)[2] for a power-to-weight ratio of 153 kW/kg (93 hp/lb).

Physical interpretation

In classical mechanics, instantaneous power is the limiting value of the average work done per unit time as the time interval Δt approaches zero (i.e. the derivative with respect to time of the work done).

${\displaystyle P=\lim _{\Delta t\rightarrow 0}{\tfrac {\Delta W(t)}{\Delta t}}=\lim _{\Delta t\rightarrow 0}P_{\mathrm {avg} }={\frac {d}{dt}}W(t)\,}$

The typically used metrical unit of the power-to-weight ratio is ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {W}{kg}}\;}$ which equals ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {m^{2}}{s^{3}}}\;}$. This fact allows one to express the power-to-weight ratio purely by SI base units. A vehicle's power-to-weight ratio equals its acceleration times its velocity; so at twice the velocity, it experiences half the acceleration, all else being equal.

Propulsive power

If the work to be done is rectilinear motion of a body with constant mass ${\displaystyle m\;}$, whose center of mass is to be accelerated along a (possibly non-straight) to a speed ${\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} (t)|\;}$ and angle ${\displaystyle \phi \;}$ with respect to the centre and radial of a gravitational field by an onboard powerplant, then the associated kinetic energy is

${\displaystyle E_{K}={\tfrac {1}{2}}m|\mathbf {v} (t)|^{2}}$

where:

${\displaystyle m\;}$ is mass of the body

${\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} (t)|\;}$ is speed of the center of mass of the body, changing with time.

The work-energy principle states that the work done to the object over a period of time is equal to the difference in its total energy over that period of time, so the rate at which work is done is equal to the rate of change of the kinetic energy (in the absence of potential energy changes).

The work done from time t to time t + Δt along the path C is defined as the line integral ${\displaystyle \int _{C}\mathbf {F} \cdot d\mathbf {x} =\int _{t}^{t+\Delta t}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathbf {v} (t)dt}$, so the fundamental theorem of calculus has that power is given by ${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} (t)\cdot \mathbf {v} (t)=m\mathbf {a} (t)\cdot \mathbf {v} (t)=\mathbf {\tau } (t)\cdot \mathbf {\omega } (t)}$.

where:

${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} (t)={\frac {d}{dt}}\mathbf {v} (t)\;}$ is acceleration of the center of mass of the body, changing with time.

${\displaystyle \mathbf {F} (t)\;}$ is linear force – or thrust – applied upon the center of mass of the body, changing with time.

${\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t)\;}$ is velocity of the center of mass of the body, changing with time.

${\displaystyle \mathbf {\tau } (t)\;}$ is torque applied upon the center of mass of the body, changing with time.

${\displaystyle \mathbf {\omega } (t)\;}$ is angular velocity of the center of mass of the body, changing with time.

In propulsion, power is only delivered if the powerplant is in motion, and is transmitted to cause the body to be in motion. It is typically assumed here that mechanical transmission allows the powerplant to operate at peak output power. This assumption allows engine tuning to trade power band width and engine mass for transmission complexity and mass. Electric motors do not suffer from this tradeoff, instead trading their high torque for traction at low speed. The power advantage or power-to-weight ratio is then

${\displaystyle {\mbox{P-to-W}}=|\mathbf {a} (t)||\mathbf {v} (t)|\;}$

where:

${\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} (t)|\;}$ is linear speed of the center of mass of the body.

Engine power

The useful power of an engine with shaft power output can be calculated using a dynamometer to measure torque and rotational speed, with maximum power reached when torque multiplied by rotational speed is a maximum. For jet engines the useful power is equal to the flight speed of the aircraft multiplied by the force, known as net thrust, required to make it go at that speed. It is used when calculating propulsive efficiency.

Examples

Engines

Heat engines and heat pumps

Thermal energy is made up from molecular kinetic energy and latent phase energy. Heat engines are able to convert thermal energy in the form of a temperature gradient between a hot source and a cold sink into other desirable mechanical work. Heat pumps take mechanical work to regenerate thermal energy in a temperature gradient. Standard definitions should be used when interpreting how the propulsive power of a jet or rocket engine is transferred to its vehicle.

Heat Engine/Heat pump type	Peak power output		Power-to-weight ratio		Example use
	SI	English	SI	English
Wärtsilä RTA96-C 14-cylinder two-stroke diesel engine[3]	80,080 kW	108,920 hp	0.03 kW/kg	0.02 hp/lb	Emma Mærsk container ship
Suzuki 538 cc V2 four-stroke petrol outboard motor[4]	19 kW	25 hp	0.27 kW/kg	0.16 hp/lb	Runabout boats
DOE/NASA/0032-28 Mod 2 502 cc petrol Stirling engine[5]	62.3 kW	83.5 hp	0.30 kW/kg	0.18 hp/lb	Chevrolet Celebrity^[•] 1985
GM Duramax LMM V8 6.6 L turbo-diesel[1]	246 kW	330 hp	0.65 kW/kg	0.40 hp/lb	Chevrolet Kodiak,^[•] GMC Topkick^[•]
Junkers Jumo 205A two-stroke, diesel, opposed-piston engine[6]	647 kW	867 hp	1.1 kW/kg	0.66 hp/lb	Ju 86C-1 airliner, B&V Ha 139 floatplane
GE LM2500+ marine turboshaft[7]	30,200 kW	40,500 hp	1.31 kW/kg	0.80 hp/lb	GTS Millennium cruiseship, QM2 ocean liner
Mazda 13B-MSP Renesis 1.3 L Wankel engine[8]	184 kW	247 hp	1.5 kW/kg	0.92 hp/lb	Mazda RX-8^[•]
PW R-4360 71.5 L 28-cylinder Radial engine (supercharged)	3,210 kW	4,300 hp	1.83 kW/kg	1.11 hp/lb	B-50, B-36, C-97, C-119, H-4
Wright R-3350 54.57 L 18-Cylinder Turbo-compound radial engine	2,535 kW	3,400 hp	2.09 kW/kg	1.27 hp/lb	B-29, DC-7
O.S. Engines 49-PI Type II 4.97 cc Wankel engine[9]	0.934 kW	1.252 hp	2.8 kW/kg	1.7 hp/lb	UAV, Model aircraft, RC Aircraft
JetCat SPT10-RX-H turboshaft engine[10]	9 kW	12 hp	3.67 kW/kg	2.24 hp/lb	UAV Model aircraft, RC Aircraft
GE LM6000 marine turboshaft engine[11][12]	44,700 kW	59,900 hp	5.67 kW/kg	3.38 hp/lb	Peaking power plant
BMW V10 3L P84/5 2005 petrol engine[13]	690 kW	925 hp	7.5 kW/kg	4.6 hp/lb	Williams FW27 car,^[•] Formula One auto racing
BMW i4 1.490L M12 1987 turbo engine[13][14]	1030 kW	1,400 hp	8.25 kW/kg	5.07 hp/lb	Arrows A10 car,^[•] Formula One auto racing
Rolls-Royce T406/AE1107C turboshaft engine[15]	4,586 kW	6,150 hp	10.42 kW/kg	6.33hp/lb	V-22
Top Fuel supercharged V8 (nitromethane) engine[16]	8203 kW	11,000 hp	36.46 kW/kg	22.2 hp/lb	US Army Top Fuel Dragster
PWR RS-24 (SSME) Block I H2 turbopump[2]	53,690 kW	72,000 hp	153 kW/kg	93 hp/lb	Space Shuttle

1. Full vehicle power-to-weight ratio shown below

Electric motors and electromotive generators

An electric motor uses electrical energy to provide mechanical work, usually through the interaction of a magnetic field and current-carrying conductors. By the interaction of mechanical work on an electrical conductor in a magnetic field, electrical energy can be generated.

Electric motor type	Weight		Peak power output		Power-to-weight ratio		Example use
	SI	English	SI	English	kW/kg	hp/lb
Kawak 4 kW 28 VDC brushless DC motor[17]	11.8 kg	26 lb	4 kW	5.4 hp	0.29 kW/kg	0.18 hp/lb	Flight-rated motor for aircraft auxiliary systems (fuel pumps, etc.)
Panasonic MSMA202S1G AC servo motor[18]	6.5 kg	14 lb	2 kW	2.7 hp	0.31 kW/kg	0.19 hp/lb	Conveyor belts, robotics
Kawak 7.5 kW 208 VAC 400 Hz 3-phase synchronous motor[19]	11.8 kg	26 lb	7.5 kW	10.1 hp	0.47 kW/kg	0.29 hp/lb	Flight-rated motor for aircraft auxiliary systems (fuel pumps, etc.)
Toshiba 660 MVA water cooled 23 kV AC turbo generator	1,342 t	2,959,000 lb	660 MW	890,000 hp	0.49 kW/kg	0.30 hp/lb	Bayswater, Eraring coal-fired power stations
Canopy Tech. Cypress 32 MW 15 kV AC PM generator[20]	33,557 kg	73,981 lb	32 MW	43,000 hp	0.95 kW/kg	0.58 hp/lb	Electric power stations
Toyota brushless AC NdFeB PM motor[21]	36.3 kg	80 lb	50 kW	67 hp	1.37 kW/kg	0.84 hp/lb	Toyota Prius^[•] 2004
Himax HC6332-250 brushless DC motor[22]	0.45 kg	0.99 lb	1.7 kW	2.3 hp	3.78 kW/kg	2.30 hp/lb	Radio-controlled cars
Hi-Pa Drive HPD40 brushless DC wheel hub motor[23]	25 kg	55 lb	120 kW	160 hp	4.8 kW/kg	2.92 hp/lb	Mini QED HEV, Ford F150 HEV
ElectriFly GPMG4805 brushless DC[24]	1.48 kg	3.3 lb	8.4 kW	11.3 hp	5.68 kW/kg	3.45 hp/lb	Radio-controlled aircraft
Rolls-Royce SP260D-A brushless DC	44 kg	97 lb	260 kW	350 hp	5.9 kW/kg	3.6 hp/lb	Electric aircraft
YASA-400 brushless AC[25]	24 kg	53 lb	165 kW	221 hp	6.875 kW/kg	4.18 hp/lb	Electric vehicles, Drive eO
ElectriFly GPMG5220 brushless DC motor[26]	0.133 kg	0.29 lb	1.035 kW	1.388 hp	7.78 kW/kg	4.73 hp/lb	Radio-controlled aircraft
Remy HVH250-090-POC3 brushless DC motor[27]	33.5 kg	74 lb	297 kW	398 hp	8.87 kW/kg	5.39 hp/lb	Electric vehicles
TP POWER TP100XL brushless DC motor[28]	7 kg	15 lb	75 kW	101 hp	9.0 kW/kg	5.5 hp/lb	Electric vehicles
Emrax 268 brushless AC motor[29]	19.9 kg	44 lb	230 kW	310 hp	11.56 kW/kg	7.03 hp/lb	Electric aircraft

1. Full vehicle power-to-weight ratio shown below

Fluid engines and fluid pumps

Fluids (liquid and gas) can be used to transmit and/or store energy using pressure and other fluid properties. Hydraulic (liquid) and pneumatic (gas) engines convert fluid pressure into other desirable mechanical or electrical work. Fluid pumps convert mechanical or electrical work into movement or pressure changes of a fluid, or storage in a pressure vessel.

Fluid powerplant type	Dry weight		Peak power output		Power-to-weight ratio		Example use
	SI	English	SI	English	SI	English
PlatypusPower Q2/200 hydroelectric turbine[30]	43 kg	95 lb	2 kW	2.7 hp	0.047 kW/kg	0.029 hp/lb
PlatypusPower PP20/200 hydroelectric turbine[30]	330 kg	728 lb	20 kW	27 hp	0.060 kW/kg	0.037 hp/lb
Atlas Copco LZL 35 pneumatic motor[31]	20 kg	44.1 lb	6.5 kW	8.7 hp	0.33 kW/kg	0.20 hp/lb
Atlas Copco LZB 14 pneumatic motor[32]	0.30 kg	0.66 lb	0.16 kW	0.22 hp	0.53 kW/kg	0.33 hp/lb
Bosch 0 607 954 307 pneumatic motor[33]	0.32 kg	0.71 lb	0.1 kW	0.13 hp	0.31 kW/kg	0.19 hp/lb
Atlas Copco LZB 46 pneumatic motor[34]	1.2 kg	2.65 lb	0.84 kW	1.13 hp	0.7 kW/kg	0.43 hp/lb
Bosch 0 607 957 307 pneumatic motor[33]	1.7 kg	3.7 lb	0.74 kW	0.99 hp	0.44 kW/kg	0.26 hp/lb
SAI GM7 radial piston hydraulic motor[35]	300 kg	661 lb	250 kW	335 hp	0.83 kW/kg	0.50 hp/lb
SAI GM3 radial piston hydraulic motor[36]	15 kg	33 lb	15 kW	20 hp	1 kW/kg	0.61 hp/lb
Denison GOLD CUP P14 axial piston hydraulic motor[37]	110 kg	250 lb	384 kW	509 hp	3.5 kW/kg	2.0 hp/lb
Denison TB vane pump[38]	7 kg	15 lb	40.2 kW	53.9 hp	5.7 kW/kg	3.6 hp/lb
Rexroth A2FM 16cc/rev, bent axis hydraulic motor (continuous output)	5.4 kg	11.9 lb	81.8 kW	109.7 hp	15.1 kW/kg	9.21 hp/lb	Concrete mixers, combine harvesters
Hydroleduc M18, bent axis hydraulic motor (continuous output)[39]	5.5 kg	12.1 lb	92 kW	123 hp	16.7 kW/kg	10.2 hp/lb	Vehicle transmissions, forestry equipment

Thermoelectric generators and electrothermal actuators

A variety of effects can be harnessed to produce thermoelectricity, thermionic emission, pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Electrical resistance and ferromagnetism of materials can be harnessed to generate thermoacoustic energy from an electric current.

Thermoelectric powerplant type	Dry weight		Peak power output		Power-to-weight ratio		Example Use
Teledyne ^238Pu GPHS-RTG 1980[40][41]	56 kg	123 lb	285 W	0.39 hp	5.09 W/kg	0.003 hp/lb	Galileo probe, New Horizons probe
Boeing ^238Pu MMRTG MSL[41]	44.1 kg	97.2 lb	123 W	0.16 hp	2.79 W/kg	0.002 hp/lb	MSL Curiosity rover
HZ-20 thermoelectric module[42]	0.102 kg	0.225 lb	21.0 W	0.028 hp	206 W/kg	0.125 hp/lb

Electrochemical (galvanic) and electrostatic cell systems

(Closed cell) batteries

All electrochemical cell batteries deliver a changing voltage as their chemistry changes from "charged" to "discharged". A nominal output voltage and a cutoff voltage are typically specified for a battery by its manufacturer. The output voltage falls to the cutoff voltage when the battery becomes "discharged". The nominal output voltage is always less than the open-circuit voltage produced when the battery is "charged". The temperature of a battery can affect the power it can deliver, where lower temperatures reduce power. Total energy delivered from a single charge cycle is affected by both the battery temperature and the power it delivers. If the temperature lowers or the power demand increases, the total energy delivered at the point of "discharge" is also reduced.

Battery discharge profiles are often described in terms of a factor of battery capacity. For example, a battery with a nominal capacity quoted in ampere-hours (Ah) at a C/10 rated discharge current (derived in amperes) may safely provide a higher discharge current – and therefore higher power-to-weight ratio – but only with a lower energy capacity. Power-to-weight ratio for batteries is therefore less meaningful without reference to corresponding energy-to-weight ratio and cell temperature. This relationship is known as Peukert's law.[43]

Battery type	Volts	Temp.	Energy-to-weight ratio	Power-to-weight ratio
Energizer 675 Mercury Free Zinc-air battery[44]	1.4 V	21 °C	1,645 kJ/kg to 0.9 V	1.65 W/kg 2.24 mA
GE Durathon NaMx A2 UPS Molten salt battery[45]	54.2 V	-40–65 °C	342 kJ/kg to 37.8 V	15.8 W/kg C/6 (76 A)
Panasonic R03 AAA Zinc–carbon battery[46][47]	1.5 V	20±2 °C	47 kJ/kg 20 mA to 0.9 V	3.3 W/kg 20 mA
			88 kJ/kg 150 mA to 0.9 V	24 W/kg 150 mA
Eagle-Picher SAR-10081 60Ah 22-cell Nickel–hydrogen battery[48]	27.7 V	10 °C	192 kJ/kg C/2 to 22 V	23 W/kg C/2
			165 kJ/kg C/1 to 22 V	46 W/kg C/1
ClaytonPower 400Ah Lithium-ion battery[49][50]	12 V		617 kJ/kg	85.7 W/kg C/1 (175 A)
Energizer 522 Prismatic Zn–MnO2 Alkaline battery[51]	9 V	21 °C	444 kJ/kg 25 mA to 4.8 V	4.9 W/kg 25 mA
			340 kJ/kg 100 mA to 4.8 V	19.7 W/kg 100 mA
			221 kJ/kg 500 mA to 4.8 V	99 W/kg 500 mA
Panasonic HHR900D 9.25Ah Nickel–metal hydride battery[52]	1.2 V	20 °C	209.65 kJ/kg to 0.7 V	11.7 W/kg C/5
				58.2 W/kg C/1
				116 W/kg 2C
URI 1418Ah replaceable anode Aluminium–air battery model[53][54]	244.8 V	60 °C	4680 kJ/kg	130.3 W/kg (142 A)
LG Chemical/CPI E2 6Ah LiMn2O4 Lithium-ion polymer battery[55][56]	3.8 V	25 °C	530.1 kJ/kg C/2 to 3.0 V	71.25 W/kg
			513 kJ/kg 1C to 3.0 V	142.5 W/kg
Saft 45E Fe Super-Phosphate Lithium iron phosphate battery[57]	3.3 V	25 °C	581 kJ/kg C to 2.5 V	161 W/kg
			560 kJ/kg 1.14 C to 2.0 V	183 W/kg
			0.73 kJ/kg 2.27 C to 1.5 V	367 W/kg
Energizer CH35 C 1.8Ah Nickel–cadmium battery[58]	1.2 V	21 °C	152 kJ/kg C/10 to 1 V	4 W/kg C/10
			147.1 kJ/kg 5C to 1 V	200 W/kg 5 C
Firefly Energy Oasis FF12D1-G31 6-cell 105Ah VRLA battery[59]	12 V	25 °C	142 kJ/kg C/10 to 7.2 V	4 W/kg C/10
		-1 8 °C	7 kJ/kg CCA to 7.2 V	234 W/kg CCA (625 A)
		0 °C	9 kJ/kg CA to 7.2 V	300 W/kg CA (800 A)
Panasonic CGA103450A 1.95Ah LiCoO2 Lithium-ion battery[60]	3.7 V	20 °C	666 kJ/kg C/5.3 to 2.75 V	35 W/kg C/5.3
		0 °C	633 kJ/kg C/1 to 2.75 V	176 W/kg C/1
		20 °C	655 kJ/kg C/1 to 2.75 V	182 W/kg C/1
		20 °C	641 kJ/kg 2C to 2.75 V	356 W/kg 2C
Electric Fuel Battery Corp. UUV 120Ah Zinc–air fuel cell[61]			630 kJ/kg	500 W/kg C/1
Sion Power 2.5Ah Lithium-sulfur battery[62]	2.15 V	25 °C	1260 kJ/kg	70 W/kg C/5
			1209 kJ/kg	672 W/kg 2C
Stanford Prussian Blue durable Potassium-ion battery[63]	1.35 V	room	54 kJ/kg	13.8 W/kg C/1
			50 kJ/kg	138 W/kg 10C
			39 kJ/kg	693 W/kg 50C
Maxell / Yuasa / AIST Nickel–metal hydride lab prototype[64]		45 °C		980 W/kg
Toshiba SCiB cell 4.2Ah Li2TiO3 Lithium-ion battery[65][66]	2.4 V	25 °C	242 kJ/kg	67.2 W/kg C/1
			218 kJ/kg	4000 W/kg 12C
Ionix Power Systems LiMn2O4 Lithium-ion battery lab model[67]		lab	270 kJ/kg	1700 W/kg
		lab	29 kJ/kg	4900 W/kg
A123 Systems 26650 Cell 2.3Ah LiFePO4 Lithium-ion battery[68][69]	3.3 V	-20 °C	347 kJ/kg C/1 to 2 V	108 W/kg C/1
		0 °C	371 kJ/kg C/1 to 2 V	108 W/kg C/1
		25 °C	390 kJ/kg C/1 to 2 V	108 W/kg C/1
		25 °C	390 kJ/kg 27C to 2 V	3300 W/kg 27C
		25 °C	57 kJ/kg 32C to 2 V	5657 W/kg 32C
Saft VL 6Ah Lithium-ion battery[70]	3.65 V	-20 °C	154 kJ/kg 30C to 2.5 V	41.4 W/kg 30C (180 A)
			182 kJ/kg 1C to 2.5 V	67.4 W/kg 1C
		25 °C	232 kJ/kg 1C to 2.5 V	64.4 W/kg 1C
			233 kJ/kg 58.3C to 2.5 V	3289 W/kg 58.3C (350 A)
			34 kJ/kg 267C to 2.5 V	7388 W/kg 267C (1.6 kA)
			4.29 kJ/kg 333C to 2.5 V	9706 W/kg 333C (2 kA)

Electrostatic, electrolytic and electrochemical capacitors

Capacitors store electric charge onto two electrodes separated by an electric field semi-insulating (dielectric) medium. Electrostatic capacitors feature planar electrodes onto which electric charge accumulates. Electrolytic capacitors use a liquid electrolyte as one of the electrodes and the electric double layer effect upon the surface of the dielectric-electrolyte boundary to increase the amount of charge stored per unit volume. Electric double-layer capacitors extend both electrodes with a nanopourous material such as activated carbon to significantly increase the surface area upon which electric charge can accumulate, reducing the dielectric medium to nanopores and a very thin high permittivity separator.

While capacitors tend not to be as temperature sensitive as batteries, they are significantly capacity constrained and without the strength of chemical bonds suffer from self-discharge. Power-to-weight ratio of capacitors is usually higher than batteries because charge transport units within the cell are smaller (electrons rather than ions), however energy-to-weight ratio is conversely usually lower.

Capacitor type	Capacitance	Voltage	Temp.	Energy-to-weight ratio	Power-to-weight ratio
ACT Premlis Lithium ion capacitor[71]	2000 F	4.0 V	25 °C	54 kJ/kg to 2.0 V	44.4 W/kg @ 5 A
				31 kJ/kg to 2.0 V	850 W/kg @ 10 A
Nesccap Electric double-layer capacitor[72]	5000 F	2.7 V	25 °C	19.58 kJ/kg to 1.35 V	5.44 W/kg C/1 (1.875 A)
				5.2 kJ/kg to 1.35 V	5,200 W/kg[73] @ 2,547 A
EEStor EESU barium titanate supercapacitor[74]	30.693 F	3500 V	85 °C	1471.98 kJ/kg	80.35 W/kg C/5
				1471.98 kJ/kg	8,035 W/kg 20 C
General Atomics 3330CMX2205 High Voltage Capacitor[75]	20.5 mF	3300 V	(unknown)	2.3 kJ/kg	(unknown)

Fuel cell stacks and flow cell batteries

Fuel cells and flow cells, although perhaps using similar chemistry to batteries, have the distinction of not containing the energy storage medium or fuel. With a continuous flow of fuel and oxidant, available fuel cells and flow cells continue to convert the energy storage medium into electric energy and waste products. Fuel cells distinctly contain a fixed electrolyte whereas flow cells also require a continuous flow of electrolyte. Flow cells typically have the fuel dissolved in the electrolyte.

Fuel cell type	Dry weight	Power-to-weight ratio	Example use
Redflow Power+BOS ZB600 10kWh ZBB[76]	900 kg	5.6 W/kg (9.3 W/kg peak)	Rural Grid support
Ceramic Fuel Cells BlueGen MG 2.0 CHP SOFC[77]	200 kg	10 W/kg
		15 W/kg CHP
MTU Friedrichshafen 240 kW MCFC HotModule 2006	20,000 kg	12 W/kg
Smart Fuel Cell Jenny 600S 25 W DMFC[78]	1.7 kg	14.7 W/kg	Portable military electronics
UTC Power PureCell 400 kW PAFC[79]	27,216 kg	14.7 W/kg
GEFC 50V50A-VRB Vanadium redox battery[80]	80 kg	31.3 W/kg (125 W/kg peak)
Ballard Power Systems Xcellsis HY-205 205 kW PEMFC[81]	2,170 kg	94.5 W/kg	Mercedes-Benz Citaro O530BZ^[•]
UTC Power/NASA 12 kW AFC[82]	122 kg	98 W/kg	Space Shuttle orbiter^[•]
Ballard Power Systems FCgen-1030 1.2 kW CHP PEMFC[83]	12 kg	100 W/kg	Residential cogeneration
Ballard Power Systems FCvelocity-HD6 150 kW PEMFC[83]	400 kg	375 W/kg	Bus and heavy duty
NASA Glenn Research Center 50 W SOFC[84]	0.071 kg	700 W/kg
Honda 2003 43 kW FC Stack PEMFC[85]^[•]	43 kg	1000 W/kg	Honda FCX Clarity^[•]
Lynntech, Inc. PEMFC lab prototype[86]	0.347 kg	1,500 W/kg
PowerCell S3 125 kW commercial PEMFC[87]	43 kg	2,900 W/kg

1. Full vehicle power-to-weight ratio shown below

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic Panel type	Power-to-weight ratio
Thyssen Solartec 128 W Nanocrystalline Si Triplejunction PV module[88]	6 W/kg
Suntech/UNSW HiPerforma PLUTO220-Udm 220 W Ga-F22 Polycrystalline Si PERC PV module[89]	13.1 W/kg STP
	9.64 W/kg nominal
Global Solar PN16015A 62 W CIGS polycrystalline thin film PV module[90]	40 W/kg
Able (AEC) PUMA 6 kW GaInP2/GaAs/Ge-on-Ge Triplejunction PV array[91]	65 W/kg
Current spacecraft grade	~77 W/kg[92]
ITO/InP on Kapton foil	2000 W/kg[93]

Vehicles

Power-to-weight ratios for vehicles are usually calculated using curb weight (for cars) or wet weight (for motorcycles), that is, excluding weight of the driver and any cargo. This could be slightly misleading, especially with regard to motorcycles, where the driver might weigh 1/3 to 1/2 as much as the vehicle itself. In the sport of competitive cycling athlete's performance is increasingly being expressed in VAMs and thus as a power-to-weight ratio in W/kg. This can be measured through the use of a bicycle powermeter or calculated from measuring incline of a road climb and the rider's time to ascend it.[94]

Utility and practical vehicles

Most vehicles are designed to meet passenger comfort and cargo carrying requirements. Different designs trade off power-to-weight ratio to increase comfort, cargo space, fuel economy, emissions control, energy security and endurance. Reduced drag and lower rolling resistance in a vehicle design can facilitate increased cargo space without increase in the (zero cargo) power-to-weight ratio. This increases the role flexibility of the vehicle. Energy security considerations can trade off power (typically decreased) and weight (typically increased), and therefore power-to-weight ratio, for fuel flexibility or drive-train hybridisation. Some utility and practical vehicle variants such as hot hatches and sports-utility vehicles reconfigure power (typically increased) and weight to provide the perception of sports car like performance or for other psychological benefit.

A locomotive generally must be very heavy in order to develop enough adhesion on the rails to start a train. As the coefficient of friction between steel wheels and rails seldom exceeds 0.25 in most cases, improving a locomotive's power-to-weight ratio is often counterproductive. However, the choice of power transmission system, such as variable-frequency drive versus direct current drive, may support a higher power-to-weight ratio by better managing propulsion power.

Notable low ratio

Vehicle	Power	Vehicle weight	Power-to-weight ratio
Benz Patent Motorwagen 954 cc 1886[95]	560 W / 0.75 bhp	265 kg / 584 lb	2.1 W/kg / 779 lb/hp
Stephenson's Rocket 0-2-2 steam locomotive with tender 1829[96]	15 kW / 20 bhp	4,320 kg / 9524 lb	3.5 W/kg / 476 lb/hp
CBQ Zephyr streamliner diesel locomotive with railcars 1934[97]	492 kW / 660 bhp	94 t / 208,000 lb	5.21 W/kg / 315 lb/hp
Alberto Contador's Verbier climb 2009 Tour de France on Specialized bike[94]	420 W / 0.56 bhp	62 kg / 137 lb	6.7 W/kg / 245 lb/hp
Force Motors Minidor Diesel 499 cc auto rickshaw[98][99]	6.6 kW / 8.8 bhp	700 kg / 1543 lb	9 W/kg / 175 lb/hp
PRR Q2 4-4-6-4 steam locomotive with tender 1944	5,956 kW / 7,987 bhp	475.9 t / 1,049,100 lb	12.5 W/kg / 131 lb/hp
Mercedes-Benz Citaro O530BZ H2 fuel cell bus 2002[100]	205 kW / 275 bhp	14,500 kg / 32,000 lb	14.1 W/kg / 116 lb/hp
TGV BR Class 373 high-speed Eurostar Trainset 1993	12,240 kW / 16,414 bhp	816 t / 1,798,972 lb	15 W/kg / 110 lb/hp
General Dynamics M1 Abrams Main battle tank 1980[101]	1,119 kW / 1500 bhp	55.7 t / 122,800 lb	20.1 W/kg / 81.9 lb/hp
BR Class 43 high-speed diesel electric locomotive 1975	1,678 kW / 2,250 bhp	70.25 t / 154,875 lb	23.9 W/kg / 69 lb/hp
GE AC6000CW diesel electric locomotive 1996	4,660 kW / 6,250 bhp	192 t / 423,000 lb	24.3 W/kg / 68 lb/hp
BR Class 55 Napier Deltic diesel electric locomotive 1961	2,460 kW / 3,300 bhp	101 t / 222,667 lb	24.4 W/kg / 68 lb/hp
International CXT 2004[102]	164 kW / 220 bhp	6,577 kg / 14500 lb	25 W/kg / 66 lb/hp
Ford Model T 2.9 L flex-fuel 1908	15 kW / 20 bhp	540 kg / 1,200 lb	28 W/kg / 60 lb/hp
TH!NK City 2008[103]	30 kW / 40 bhp	1038 kg / 2,288 lb	28.9 W/kg / 56.9 lb/hp
Messerschmitt KR200 Kabinenroller 191 cc 1955	6 kW / 8.2 bhp	230 kg / 506 lb	30 W/kg / 50 lb/hp
Wright Flyer 1903	9 kW / 12 bhp	274 kg / 605 lb	33 W/kg / 50 lb/hp
Tata Nano 624 cc 2008	26 kW / 35 bhp	635 kg / 1,400 lb	41.0 W/kg / 40 lb/hp
Bombardier JetTrain high-speed gas turbine-electric locomotive 2000[104]	3,750 kW / 5,029 bhp	90,750 kg / 200,000 lb	41.2 W/kg / 39.8 lb/hp
Suzuki MightyBoy 543 cc 1988	23 kW / 31 bhp	550 kg / 1,213 lb	42 W/kg / 39 lb/hp
Mitsubishi i MiEV 2009[105]	47 kW / 63 bhp	1,080 kg / 2,381 lb	43.5 W/kg / 37.8 lb/hp
Holden FJ 2,160 cc 1953[106]	44.7 kW / 60 bhp	1,021 kg / 2,250 lb	43.8 W/kg / 37.5 lb/hp
Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC Topkick LYE 6.6 L 2005[1][107]	246 kW / 330 bhp	5126 kg / 11,300 lb	48 W/kg / 34.2 lb/hp
DOE/NASA/0032-28 Chevrolet Celebrity 502 cc ASE Mod II 1985[5]	62.3 kW / 83.5 bhp	1,297 kg / 2,860 lb	48.0 W/kg / 34.3 lb/hp
Suzuki Alto 796 cc 2000	35 kW / 46 bhp	720 kg / 1,587 lb	49 W/kg / 35 lb/hp
Land Rover Defender 2.4 L 1990[108]	90 kW / 121 bhp	1,837 kg / 4,050 lb	49 W/kg / 33 lb/hp

Common power

Vehicle	Power	Vehicle weight	Power-to-weight ratio
Toyota Prius 1.8 L 2010 (petrol only)[109]	73 kW / 98 bhp	1,380 kg / 3,042 lb	53 W/kg / 31 lb/hp
Bajaj Platina Naked 100 cc 2006[110]	6 kW / 8 bhp	113 kg / 249 lb	53 W/kg / 31 lb/hp
Subaru R2 type S 2003[111]	47 kW / 63 bhp	830 kg / 1,830 lb	57 W/kg / 29 lb/hp
Ford Fiesta ECOnetic 1.6 L TDCi 5dr 2009[112]	66 kW / 89 bhp	1,155 kg / 2,546 lb	57 W/kg / 29 lb/hp
Volvo C30 1.6D DRIVe S/S 3dr Hatch 2010[113]	80 kW / 108 bhp	1,347 kg / 2,970 lb	59.4 W/kg / 27.5 lb/hp
Ford Focus ECOnetic 1.6 L TDCi 5dr Hatch 2009[114]	81 kW / 108 bhp	1,357 kg / 2,992 lb	59.7 W/kg / 27 lb/hp
Ford Focus 1.8 L Zetec S TDCi 5dr Hatch 2009[115]	84 kW / 113 bhp	1,370 kg / 3,020 lb	61 W/kg / 27 lb/hp
Honda FCX Clarity 4 kg Hydrogen 2008[116]	100 kW / 134 bhp	1,600 kg / 3,528 lb	63 W/kg / 26 lb/hp
Hummer H1 6.6 L V8 2006[117]	224 kW / 300 bhp	3,559 kg / 7,847 lb	63 W/kg / 26 lb/hp
Audi A2 1.4 L TDI 90 type S 2003[118]	66 kW / 89 bhp	1,030 kg / 2,270 lb	64 W/kg / 25 lb/hp
Opel/Vauxhall/Holden/Chevrolet Astra 1.7 L CTDi 125 2010[119]	92 kW / 123 bhp	1,393 kg / 3,071 lb	66 W∕kg / 24.9 lb∕hp
Mini (new) Cooper 1.6D 2007[120]	81 kW / 108 bhp	1,185 kg / 2,612 lb	68 W/kg / 24 lb/hp
Toyota Prius 1.8 L 2010 (electric boost)[109]	100 kW / 134 bhp	1,380 kg / 3,042 lb	72 W/kg / 23 lb/hp
Ford Focus 2.0 L Zetec S TDCi 5dr Hatch 2009[121]	100 kW / 134 bhp	1,370 kg / 3,020 lb	73 W/kg / 23 lb/hp
General Motors EV1 electric car Gen II 1998[122]	102.2 kW / 137 bhp	1,400 kg / 3,086 lb	73 W/kg / 23 lb/hp
Toyota Venza I4 2.7 L FWD 2009[123]	136 kW / 182 bhp	1,706 kg / 3,760 lb	80 W/kg / 20.7 lb/hp
Ford Focus 2.0 L Zetec S 5dr Hatch 2009[124]	107 kW / 143 bhp	1,327 kg / 2,926 lb	81 W/kg / 20 lb/hp
Fiat Grande Punto 1.6 L Multijet 120 2005[125]	88 kW / 118 bhp	1,075 kg / 2,370 lb	82 W/kg / 20 lb/hp
Mini (classic) 1275GT 1969	57 kW / 76 bhp	686 kg / 1,512 lb	83 W/kg / 20 lb/hp
Opel/Vauxhall/Holden/Chevrolet Astra 2.0 L CTDi 160 2010[126]	118 kW / 158 bhp	1,393 kg / 3,071 lb	85 W∕kg / 19.4 lb∕hp
Ford Focus 2.0 auto 2007[127]	104.4 kW / 140 bhp	1,198 kg / 2,641 lb	87.1 W/kg / 19 lb/hp
Subaru Legacy/Liberty 2.0R 2005[128]	121 kW / 162 bhp	1,370 kg / 3,020 lb	88 W/kg / 19 lb/hp
Subaru Outback 2.5i 2008[129]	130.5 kW / 175 bhp	1,430 kg / 3,153 lb	91 W/kg / 18 lb/hp
Smart Fortwo 1.0 L Brabus 2009[130]	72 kW / 97 bhp	780 kg / 1,720 lb	92 W/kg / 18 lb/hp
Toyota Venza V6 3.5 L AWD 2009[123]	200 kW / 268 bhp	1,835 kg / 4,045 lb	109 W/kg / 15 lb/hp
Toyota Venza I4 2.7 L FWD 2009[123] with Lotus mass reduction[131]	136 kW / 182 bhp	1,210 kg / 2,667 lb	112.2 W/kg / 14.7 lb/hp
Toyota Hilux V6 DOHC 4 L 4×2 Single Cab Pickup ute 2009[132]	175 kW / 235 bhp	1,555 kg / 3,428 lb	112.5 W/kg / 14.6 lb/hp
Toyota Venza V6 3.5 L FWD 2009[123]	200 kW / 268 bhp	1,755 kg / 3,870 lb	114 W/kg / 14.4 lb/hp

Performance luxury, roadsters and mild sports

Increased engine performance is a consideration, but also other features associated with luxury vehicles. Longitudinal engines are common. Bodies vary from hot hatches, sedans (saloons), coupés, convertibles and roadsters. Mid-range dual-sport and cruiser motorcycles tend to have similar power-to-weight ratios.

Vehicle	Power	Vehicle weight	Power-to-weight ratio
Honda Accord sedan V6 2011	202 kW / 271 bhp	1630 kg / 3593 lb	124 W/kg / 13.26 lb/hp
Mini (new) Cooper 1.6T S JCW 2008[133]	155 kW / 208 bhp	1205 kg / 2657 lb	129 W/kg / 13 lb/hp
Mazda RX-8 1.3 L Wankel 2003	173 kW / 232 bhp	1309 kg / 2888 lb	132 W/kg / 12 lb/hp
Holden Statesman/Caprice / Buick Park Avenue / Daewoo Veritas 6 L V8 2007[134]	270 kW / 362 bhp	1891 kg / 4170 lb	143 W/kg / 12 lb/hp
Kawasaki KLR650 Gasoline DualSport 650 cc	26 kW / 35 bhp	182 kg / 401 lb	143 W/kg / 11 lb/hp
NATO HTC M1030M1 Diesel/Jet fuel DualSport 670 cc[135]	26 kW / 35 bhp	182 kg / 401 lb	143 W/kg / 11 lb/hp
Harley-Davidson FLSTF Softail Fat Boy Cruiser 1,584 cc 2009[136]	47 kW / 63 bhp	324 kg / 714 lb	145 W/kg / 11.3 lb/hp
BMW 7 Series 760Li 6 L V12 2006[137]	327 kW / 439 bhp	2250 kg / 4960 lb	145 W/kg / 11 lb/hp
Subaru Impreza WRX STi 2.0 L 2008[138]	227 kW / 304 bhp	1530 kg / 3373 lb	148 W/kg / 11 lb/hp
Honda S2000 roadster 1999	183.88 kW / 240 bhp	1250 kg / 2723 lb	150 W/kg / 11 lb/hp
GMH HSV Clubsport / GMV VXR8 / GMC CSV CR8 / Pontiac G8 6 L V8 2006[139]	317 kW / 425 bhp	1831 kg / 4037 lb	173 W/kg / 9.5 lb/hp
Tesla Roadster 2011[140]	215 kW / 288 bhp	1235 kg / 2723 lb	174 W/kg / 9.5 lb/hp

Sports vehicles

Power-to-weight ratio is an important vehicle characteristic that affects the acceleration of sports vehicles.

Vehicle	Power	Vehicle weight	Power-to-weight ratio
Lotus Elise SC 2008	163 kW / 218 bhp	910 kg / 2006 lb	179 W/kg / 9.20 lb/hp
Ferrari Testarossa 1984	291 kW / 390 bhp	1506 kg / 3320 lb	193 W/kg / 8.51 lb/hp
Citroën DS3 WRC rally car 2011[141]	235 kW / 315 bhp	1200 kg / 2,645.5 lb	196 W/kg / 8.40 lb/hp
Artega GT[142]	220 kW / 300 bhp	1100 kg / 2425 lb	200 W/kg / 8.08 lb/hp
Lotus Exige GT3 2006[143]	202.1 kW / 271 bhp	980 kg / 2160 lb	206 W/kg / 7.97 lb/hp
Chevrolet Corvette C6 2008[144]	321 kW / 430 bhp	1441 kg / 3177 lb	223 W/kg / 7.39 lb/hp
Nissan GT-R R35 3.8 L Turbo V6[145]	406 kW / 545 bhp	1779 kg / 3922 lb[146]	228 W/kg / 7.20 lb/hp
Tesla Model S P85D 85kWh AWD Performance[147]	515 kW / 691 bhp	2239 kg / 4936 lb	230 W/kg / 7.14 lb/hp
Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat 6.2 L Hemi V8[145]	527 kW / 707 bhp	2075 kg / 4575 lb	254 W/kg / 6.47 lb/hp
Chevrolet Corvette C6 Z06[144]	376 kW / 505 bhp	1421 kg / 3133 lb	265 W/kg / 6.2 lb/hp
Porsche 911 GT2 2007	390 kW / 523 bhp	1440 kg / 3200 lb	271 W/kg / 6.1 lb/hp
Lamborghini Murciélago LP 670-4 SV 2009[148]	493 kW / 661 bhp	1550 kg / 3417 lb	318 W/kg / 5.17 lb/hp
Mercedes-Benz C-Coupé DTM touring car 2012[149]	343 kW / 460 bhp	1110 kg / 2,447 lb	309 W/kg / 5.32 lb/hp
Sector111 Drakan Spyder[150]	321 kW / 430 bhp	907 kg / 2000 lb	354 W/kg / 4.65 lb/hp
McLaren F1 GT 1997[151]	467.6 kW / 627 bhp	1220 kg / 2690 lb	403 W/kg / 4.3 lb/hp
BAC Mono 2011[152]	213 kW / 285 bhp	540 kg / 1190 lb	394 W/kg / 4.18 lb/hp
Porsche 918 Spyder[153]	661 kW / 887 bhp	1656 kg / 3650 lb	399 W/kg / 4.16 lb/hp
Lancia Delta S4 group B 1985[154]	350 kW / 480 bhp	890 kg / 1,962 lb	393 W/kg / 4.08 lb/hp
Ariel Atom 3S 2014[155]	272 kW / 365 bhp	639 kg / 1400 lb	426 W/kg / 3.84 lb/hp
Ferrari LaFerrari[156]	708 kW / 950 bhp	1585 kg / 3495 lb	447 W/kg / 3.68 lb/hp
McLaren P1 2013[157]	673 kW / 903 bhp	1490 kg / 3280 lb	452 W/kg / 3.63 lb/hp
Thunderbolt Land speed record car	3504 kW / 4700 bhp	7 t / 15432 lb	500 W/kg / 3.28 lb/hp
Ferrari FXX 2005	588 kW / 788.5 bhp	1155 kg / 2546 lb	509 W/kg / 3.23 lb/hp
Polaris Industries Assault Snowmobile 2009[158]	115 kW / 154 bhp	221 kg / 487 lb	523 W/kg / 3.16 lb/hp
Audi R10 TDI Le Mans Prototype 2006[159]	485 kW / 650 bhp	925 kg / 2,039 lb	524 W/kg / 3.13 lb/hp
Ultima GTR 720 2006[160]	536.9 kW / 720 bhp	920 kg / 2183 lb	583 W/kg / 3.03 lb/hp
Honda CBR1000RR 2009	133 kW / 178 bhp	199 kg / 439 lb	668 W/kg / 2.46 lb/hp
Ariel Atom 500 V8 2011	372 kW / 500 bhp	550 kg / 1212 lb	676.3 W/kg / 2.47 lb/hp
BMW S1000RR 2009	144 kW / 193 bhp	207.7 kg / 458 lb	693.3 W/kg / 2.37 lb/hp
Peugeot 208 T16 Pikes Peak 2013	652 kW / 875 bhp	875 kg / 1930 lb	745 W/kg / 2.21 lb/hp
Koenigsegg One:1 2015	1000 kW / 1341 bhp	1360 kg / 2998 lb	735 W/kg / 2.24 lb/hp
Nissan R90C Group C 1990[161]	746 kW / 1000 bhp	900 kg / 1984 lb	829 W/kg / 1.98 lb/hp
Ducati 1199 Panigale R (WSB) 2012	151 kW / 202 bhp	165 kg / 364 lb	915 W/kg / 1.80 lb/hp
KillaCycle Drag racing electric motorcycle	260 kW / 350 bhp	281 kg / 619 lb	925 W/kg / 1.77 lb/hp
MTT Turbine Superbike 2008[162]	213.3 kW / 286 bhp	227 kg / 500 lb	940 W/kg / 1.75 lb/hp
Vyrus 987 C3 4V V supercharged motorcycle 2010[163]	157.3 kW / 211 bhp	158 kg / 348.3 lb	996 W/kg / 1.65 lb/hp
Kawasaki H2R Motorcycle 2015[164]	223 kW / 300 bhp	216 kg / 476 lb	1032 W/kg / 1.43 lb/hp
Sprint Cars	670 kW / 950 bhp	640 kg / 1,400 lb	1046 W/kg / 1.47 lb/hp
BMW Williams FW27 Formula One 2005[165]	690 kW / 925 bhp	600 kg / 1323 lb	1150 W/kg / 1.58 lb/hp
Honda RC211V MotoGP 2004-6	176.73 kW / 237 bhp	148 kg / 326 lb	1194 W/kg / 1.37 lb/hp
BMW Arrows A10 Formula One 1987	1030 kW / 1400 bhp	540 kg / 1190 lb	1907 W/kg / 0.85 lb/hp
John Force Racing Funny Car NHRA Drag Racing 2008[166]	5,963.60 kW / 8,000 bhp	1043 kg / 2,300 lb	5717 W/kg / 0.30 lb/hp

Aircraft

Aircraft depend on high power-to-weight ratio to generate sufficient thrust to achieve sustained flight, and then to fly fast.

Aircraft	Power	MTOW	Power-to-weight ratio
Hughes H-4 Hercules Spruce Goose	21,120 kW / 24,000 hp	180,000 kg / 400,000 lb	117 W/kg / 16.7 lb/hp
Antonov An-22	44,744 kW / 60,000 hp	250,000 kg / 551,160 lb	179 W/kg / 9.2 lb/hp
Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 turboprop airliner	7,562 kW / 10,142 bhp	30,481 kg / 67,200 lb	248 W/kg / 6.6 lb/hp
Messerschmitt Bf 109 Fighter aircraft 1935	1,085 kW / 1,455 bhp	3,400 kg / 7,495 lb	319 W/kg / 5.2 lb/hp
Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey	9,180 kW / 12,300 hp	27,400 kg / 60,500 lb	335 W/kg / 4.9 lb/hp
Supermarine Spitfire Fighter aircraft 1936	1,096 kW / 1,470 bhp	3,049 kg / 6,700 lb	361 W/kg / 4.6 lb/hp

Thrust-to-weight ratio

Main article: Thrust-to-weight ratio

Jet aircraft produce thrust directly.

Aircraft	Thrust	MTOW	Thrust-to-weight ratio
Boeing 747-300	4 × 247 kN (56,000 lbf)	378 t / 833,000 lb	0.269
Boeing 777-300ER	2 × 115,300 lbf (513 kN)	351.5 t / 775,000 lb	0.298

Human

Power to weight ratio is important in cycling, since it determines acceleration and the speed during hill climbs. Since a cyclist's power to weight output decreases with fatigue, it is normally discussed with relation to the length of time that he or she maintains that power. A professional cyclist can produce over 20 W/kg as a 5-second maximum.[167]

See also

• Energy density
• Engine power
• Propulsive efficiency
• Specific output
• Thrust-to-weight ratio
• Vehicle metrics
• von Kármán–Gabrielli diagram

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External links

• Measurespeed.com - Power to Weight Ratio Calculator
• Power to Weight Ratio (PWR) Calculator