Stator

The stator is the stationary part of a rotary system,[1] found in electric generators, electric motors, sirens, mud motors or biological rotors. Energy flows through a stator to or from the rotating component of the system. In an electric motor, the stator provides a rotating magnetic field that drives the rotating armature; in a generator, the stator converts the rotating magnetic field to electric current. In fluid powered devices, the stator guides the flow of fluid to or from the rotating part of the system.

This article is about a component of electromotive devices. For the component of a compressor, see Axial compressor.
Rotor (lower left) and stator (upper right) of an electric motor
Stator of a 3-phase AC-motor
Stator of a brushless DC motor from computer cooler fan.

In motors

Depending on the configuration of a spinning electromotive device the stator may act as the field magnet, interacting with the armature to create motion, or it may act as the armature, receiving its influence from moving field coils on the rotor. The first DC generators (known as dynamos) and DC motors put the field coils on the stator, and the power generation or motive reaction coils on the rotor. This is necessary because a continuously moving power switch known as the commutator is needed to keep the field correctly aligned across the spinning rotor. The commutator must become larger and more robust as the current increases.

Stator winding of a generator at a hydroelectric power station.

The stator of these devices may be either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. Where the stator is an electromagnet, the coil which energizes it is known as the field coil or field winding.

The coil can be either iron core or aluminum. To reduce loading losses in motors, manufacturers invariably use copper as the conducting material in windings.[2][3] Aluminum, because of its lower electrical conductivity, may be an alternate material in fractional horsepower motors, especially when the motors are used for very short durations.

An AC alternator is able to produce power across multiple high-current power generation coils connected in parallel, eliminating the need for the commutator. Placing the field coils on the rotor allows for an inexpensive slip ring mechanism to transfer high-voltage, low current power to the rotating field coil.

Stator of a 3-phase induction motor

It consists of a steel frame enclosing a hollow cylindrical core (made up of laminations of silicon steel). The laminations are to reduce hysteresis and eddy current losses.

Fluid devices

In a turbine, the stator element contains blades or ports used to redirect the flow of fluid. Such devices include the steam turbine and the torque converter. In a mechanical siren, the stator contains one or more rows of holes that admit air into the rotor; by controlling the flow of air through the holes, the sound of the siren can be altered. A stator can be used to great effect to reduce the turbulence and rotational energy introduced by an axial turbine fan, creating a steady column of air with a lower Reynolds number.[4]

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References
  1. Klempner, Geoff; Kerszenbaum, Isidor (2004). Operation and Maintenance of Large Turbo-Generators. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-61447-0.
  2. IE3 energy-saving motors Archived 2012-10-30 at the Wayback Machine, Engineer Live
  3. Ultra efficient motors have copper rotors Archived 2013-05-09 at the Wayback Machine; Drives and Controls; April 2006
  4. "Destratification Fans by Airius". Archived from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
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