Polish minority in Russia

There are currently 73,000 Polish nationals living in the Russian Federation. This includes autochthonous Poles as well as those forcibly deported during and after World War II; the total number of Poles in what was the former Soviet Union is estimated at up to 3 million.

The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin Mary in Moscow was built in years 1899-1911 by Polish architect Tomasz Bohdanowicz-Dworzecki. It holds Polish-language services.
Poles in Russia
Total population
73,001 (2002)
Regions with significant populations
Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kaliningrad Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Religion
Majority Roman Catholicism
Minority Eastern Orthodox Church
Related ethnic groups
Polish diaspora

History

1652, Smolensk Boyars from Polish-Lithuanian Commonweath

Zainsk, Kazan governate, was originally a fort occupied by Chelny strelsty, archers and servicemen, and 81 Polish Cossask prisoners from Smolensk area after the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth.[1]

1654, Polotsk Gentry from Polish-Lithuanian Commonweath

In 1654 the Poles were taken from Polotsk, 141 people from the Polish small gentry were evacuated to Tiinsk together with the Cossacks, who, before that, "universal servants of Polish kings carried serfdom". Another party of the Polish gentry was settled in the settlement of Old Kuvak [Старой Куваке] and Old Pismyanka [Старой Письмянке] of the future Bugulma district [Бугульминского уезда], Kazan governate. They became part of the Simbirsk Line. Polish gentry until 1830 were considered available soldiers for conscription or draft.

1768 - The Bar Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish students in Russian exile

Many Poles were exiled to Siberia, starting with the 18th-century opponents of the Russian Empire's increasing influence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (most notably the members of the Bar Confederation).[2]

Tsarist Russia until 1917
Christmas Eve in Siberia by Jacek Malczewski (1892)
Speakers of Polish in the Russian Empire by region according to the 1897 Imperial Russian Census

After the change in Russian penal law in 1847, exile and penal labor (katorga) became common penalties to the participants of national uprisings within the Russian Empire. This led to increasing number of Poles being sent to Siberia for katorga, they were known as Sybiraks. Some of them remained there, forming a Polish minority in Siberia. Most of them came from the participants and supporters of the 19th century November Uprising and January Uprising,[3][4] the participants of the 1905-1907 unrest[4] to the hundreds of thousands of people deported in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939.[4]

Originally, 148 Polish exiles were stationed in the Orenburg province, but by the beginning of June 1864, 278 people had been sent to the Orenburg governate to take up residence under the supervision of the police, and by mid-1865, 506 people. In addition, 831 people were identified for establishment on the state lands of the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk districts, of which 754 people were allocated to Ufa.[5]

There were about 20,000 Poles living in Siberia around the 1860s.[4] An unsuccessful uprising of Polish political exiles in Siberia broke out in 1866.[4]

In the late 19th century there was also a limited number of Polish voluntary settlers, attracted by the economic development of the region.[4] Polish migrants and exiles, many of whom were forbidden to move away from the region even after finishing serving their sentence, formed a vibrant Polish minority there.[4] Hundreds of Poles took part in the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.[4] Notable Polish scholars studied in Siberia, among them Aleksander Czekanowski, Jan Czerski, Benedykt Dybowski, Wiktor Godlewski, Sergiusz Jastrzebski, Edward Piekarski, Bronisław Piłsudski, Wacław Sieroszewski, Mikołaj Witkowski and others.[4]

In the Soviet Union
The Polish church in Steindamm was demolished by the Soviet administration in Kaliningrad in 1950.

Millions of Poles lived within the Russian Empire as the Russian Revolution of 1917 started followed by the Russian Civil War. While some Poles associated with the communist movement, the majority of the Polish population saw cooperation with Bolshevik forces as betrayal and treachery of Polish national interests.[6] Marian Lutosławski and his brother Józef, the father of the Polish composer Witold Lutosławski, were murdered in Moscow in 1918 as "counter-revolutionaries".[7] Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz lived through the Russian Revolution in St. Petersburg, which had a profound effect on his works, many of which displayed themes of the horrors of social revolution. Famous revolutionaries with Polish origins include Konstantin Rokossovsky, Julian Marchlewski, Karol Świerczewski and Felix Dzerzhinsky, founder of the Cheka secret police which would later turn into the NKVD. However, according to their ideology they did not identify as Poles or with Poland, and members of the communist party viewed themselves as Soviet citizens without any national sentiments. The Soviet Union also organized Polish units in the Red Army and a Polish Communist government-in-exile.

In modern Russia

There were 73,000 Polish nationals living in Russia according to the 2002 Russian Census.[8] This includes autochthonous Poles as well as those forcibly deported during and after World War II; the total number of Poles in what was the former Soviet Union is estimated at up to 3 million.[9] The number of Polish speaking people in Russia was 47,125 in 2010.

Notable people of Polish-Russian descent
Painter Kazimir Malevich was a prominent Polish-Russian artist.
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See also

References
  1. "Описание района". zainsk.tatarstan.ru.
  2. Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-820171-0, Google Print, p.664
  3. (in English) Dennis J. Dunn (2004). The Catholic Church and Russia: Popes, Patriarchs, Tsars, and Commissars. London: Ashgate Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 0-7546-3610-0.
  4. Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 0-313-26007-9, Google Print, 538
  5. "Польские политические ссыльные 1863 года в Оренбургской губернии". Вестник Костромского Государственного Университета. 22 (4): 22–26. 16 June 2019 – via eLibrary.ru.
  6. J. M. Kupczak "Stosunek władz bolszewickich do polskiej ludności na Ukrainie (1921–1939)Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie 1 (1997) Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego , 1997 page 47–62" IPN Bulletin 11(34) 2003
  7. "::4lomza.pl:: Regionalny Portal". Mpd.4lomza.pl. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  8. "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года". Perepis2002.ru. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  9. Gil Loescher (8 August 1996). Beyond charity: international cooperation and the global refugee crisis. Oxford University Press. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-0-19-510294-9. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
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