Petrović-Njegoš dynasty

Petrović-Njegoš (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Петровић-Његош, pl. Petrović-Njegoši / Петровић-Његоши) were the family that ruled Montenegro from 1696 to 1916. Montenegro had enjoyed de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire since 1711, but it only received formal international recognition as an independent principality in 1878.

Petrović-Njegoš
Петровић-Његош
Royal house
CountryMontenegro
Founded1696 (1696)
FounderDanilo I, Metropolitan of Cetinje
Current headNicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro
Final rulerNicholas I of Montenegro
Titles
Style(s)
Estate(s)Cetinje Royal Palace
Deposition

Montenegro was ruled from its inception by vladikas (prince-bishops), who had a dual temporal and spiritual role. In 1697, the office was made hereditary in the Petrović-Njegoš family. However, since Orthodox bishops are required to be celibate, the crown passed from uncle to nephew. In 1852, Prince-Bishop Danilo II opted to marry and to secularize Montenegro, becoming Prince Danilo I. His successor, Nikola I, raised Montenegro to a kingdom in 1910. In 1916, King Nikola I was ousted by the invasion and occupation of his country by Austria-Hungary. He was formally deposed by the Podgorica Assembly in 1918 and the country was merged into the emergent Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

A period of eighty years of control from Belgrade followed, during which time Nikola I died in exile in France in 1921, followed shortly afterwards by the surprise abdication of his son and heir, Danilo III, the same year. The latter's nephew, Michael Petrović-Njegoš, inherited the titles of his predecessors whilst in exile in France, and he survived arrest and internment by order of Adolf Hitler for refusing to head up a puppet Montenegrin state aligned to the Axis Powers. Later, he served the SFR Yugoslavia as Head of Protocol. He was succeeded by his son Nicholas Petrović-Njegoš in 1986. Nicholas returned to Montenegro to support the Montenegrin independence movement that went on to achieve full sovereignty in the 2006 referendum.

In 2011, Montenegro recognized an official role for the Royal House of Petrović-Njegoš in Montenegro: to promote Montenegrin identity, culture and traditions through cultural, humanitarian and other non-political activities, which has been interpreted as a "creeping restoration" of the monarchy.[1]

The present head of the house is Nicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro, who would be titled Nicholas II were he recognised as king.

History

Origin

"Bogut" or "Boguta" is believed to be the oldest known ancestor of the Petrović-Njegoš family.[2] Bogut was alive at the time of the Battle of Velbazhd (1330) and the building of Visoki Dečani,[3] and perhaps into the 1340s.[2] According to tradition, and recorded by some historians, the ancestors of the Petrović family settled in Muževice at the end of the 14th century, from the Bosnia region, from the area of Zenica or Travnik.[4] It is possible that Bogut at that time had moved to Drobnjaci with his son, Đurađ.[5] Đurađ or some of his sons were in the entourage of Marko Drago, an affluent Serbian nobleman who had served Serbian lord Vuk Branković (1345-1397), and as such they are believed to have also served the Branković family.[6] Đurađ and his five sons "from Drobnjaci" are mentioned in a document dating March 1, 1399,[5] in which they gave several items to the depository of Dapko Vasilijev, an affluent Kotoran nobleman.[7]

Modern role

On the 12 July 2011 the Parliament of Montenegro adopted the Law on the Status of the Descendants of the Petrović Njegoš Dynasty.[1][8]

The law "regulates the important issues regarding the status of the descendants of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty, for the historical and moral rehabilitation of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty for whom their dethroning was contrary to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Montenegro, a violent act of annexation in the year 1918." (Article 1).

The law recognises the descendants of King Nikola I in the male line and their wives as the descendants of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty (Article 2), and appoints the eldest male heir, namely Prince Nikola II, as the representative of the dynasty (Article 5). It also affirms the House law of the dynasty by defining the succession to the headship of the dynasty as being passed down through the "male heir of the oldest male heir" (Article 5).

The law protects the use of the heraldic symbols of the dynasty by the representative of the dynasty, Prince Nikola II (Article 6).

Article 8 allows for members of the dynasty to obtain Montenegrin citizenship and also to be dual-nationals of other nations without losing their Montenegrin citizenship. This is of particular relevance today as all of the members of the dynasty also hold French citizenship.

The law also creates the non-political (Article 10) Petrović-Njegoš Foundation (Article 9), an organisation chaired by Prince Nikola II (Article 10), with its aim to "affirm the Montenegrin culture and participation in humanitarian and development activities in the interest of Montenegro and its traditions" (Article 9).

From Montenegro's exchequer, the law allocates 4.3 million euros over a seven-year period to the Petrović-Njegoš Foundation (Article 11). In addition, Prince Nikola II is entitled to a monthly income equivalent to the gross monthly earnings of the President of Montenegro (Article 16).

The Petrovic-Njegoš Foundation has its seat in Montenegro. "The Descendants of the dynasty are given the continuous use of the house of King Nikola I of Montenegro in Njeguši...its gardens...and meadow-land."

"Descendants of the dynasty will have built for them a family home in Cetinje...and be given an apartment in Podgorica" (Article 12).

To carry out their official functions Prince Nikola II has the right to use State objects and resources and "the exclusive right of use of the first storey" of the Petrović Palace (Dvorac Petrovića) in Podgorica, "and when protocol requires, use of the ground floor with priority over other users" (Article 13).

The law allows for Prince Nikola II to act as a representative of the Government of Montenegro and perform other protocolar and non-political functions (Article 7). The first such undertaking was made by the Prince in July 2011 when he represented the Prime Minister of Montenegro, Igor Lukšić, at the requiem of Otto von Habsburg, former Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary.

When performing functions on behalf of the Government, Prince Nikola II and the other members of the dynasty are afforded full State protocol (Article 15).

Heads of the House of Petrović-Njegoš (1696–present)

Prince-Bishops of Montenegro (1696–1852)
Picture TitleName
Born – Died		 Reign Territory Notes
Prince-Bishop
Danilo I
1670 – January 11, 1735		July 1696 – January 11, 1735Prince-Bishopric of MontenegroFounder of the House of Petrović-Njegoš.
Prince-Bishop
Sava II
January 18, 1702 – March 9, 1782		January 11, 1735 – March 9, 1782Prince-Bishopric of MontenegroRuled jointly with Vasilije III from 1750 until March 10, 1766.
Prince-Bishop
Vasilije III
1709 – March 10, 1766		1750 – March 10, 1766Prince-Bishopric of MontenegroRuled jointly with Sava II.
Prince-Bishop
Petar I
1747 – October 30, 1830		March 1782 – October 30, 1830Prince-Bishopric of MontenegroCanonized as Saint Peter of Cetinje by the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Prince-Bishop
Petar II
November 13, 1813 – October 31, 1851		October 30, 1830 – October 31, 1851Prince-Bishopric of MontenegroMost famous as a poet. His notable works include The Mountain Wreath, The Light of the Microcosm, The Serbian Mirror and False Tsar Stephen the Little.
Prince-Bishop
Danilo II
May 25, 1826 – August 13, 1860		1851 – March 13, 1852Prince-Bishopric of MontenegroProclaimed Prince of Montenegro.

Princes of Montenegro (1852–1910)
Picture TitleName
Born – Died		 Reign Territory Notes
Prince
Danilo I
May 25, 1826 – August 13, 1860		March 13, 1852 – August 13, 1860Principality of MontenegroFirst secular ruler of Montenegro after centuries of theocratic rule.
Assassinated in Kotor.
Prince
Nikola I
October 7, 1841 – March 1, 1921		August 13, 1860 – August 28, 1910Principality of MontenegroProclaimed King of Montenegro.

King of Montenegro (1910–1918)
Picture TitleName
Born – Died		 Reign Territory Notes
King
Nikola I
October 7, 1841 – March 1, 1921		August 28, 1910 – November 26, 1918Kingdom of MontenegroIn exile from January 15, 1916 due to the Montenegrin Campaign.
Deposed on the Podgorica Assembly on November 26, 1918.

Line of Succession post-monarchy (1918–Present)
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gollark: They'll probably all be taken, but try it anyway.
gollark: Well, yes, I would hope so.

See also

References
  1. Zakon o statusu potomaka dinastije Petrović Njegoš
  2. Etnografski muzej Cetinje 1963, p. 75
  3. Reljić 1976, p. 30
  4. Miljanić 1989,
    Odakle su preci Petrovića doselili u Muževice i u koje vrijeme nije dovoljno rasvijetljeno. Prema tradiciji, a i zapisima nekih istoričara, doselili su iz Bosne, iz okoline Zenice, ili Travnika i da su u Drobnjake doselili, kako navodi Kovijanić, krajem 14. vijeka.
  5. Srpsko istorijsko-kulturno društvo "Njegoš" u Americi 1983, p. 73
  6. Etnografski muzej Cetinje 1963, p. 70
  7. Miljanić 1989,
    Kovijanić je u kotorskom sudsko-notarskim spisima pronašao i prepisao sljedeće: Od Đurđa Bogutovića iz Drobnjaka i njegovih sinova Vukca, Radina, Heraka, Pribila i Ostoje primio je 1. marta 1399. godine Dapko Vasilijev, ugledni i imućni kotorski vlastelin u depozit ove stvari: šest srebrnih pojaseva, zavijenih u šest marama, težine 19 i po funti, dvije tacne sa izvjesnim srebrnim pucadima, težine pet unči, takođe dvije kutije perla sa svitom i sa četiri puceta perla, težine u svemu 10 unči
  8. PM Luksic hosts reception in honour of Montenegrin Royal House of Petrovic Njegos
  • Etnografski muzej Cetinje (1963). Glasnik: Bulletin. pp. 69–75.
  • Srpsko istorijsko-kulturno društvo "Njegoš" u Americi (1983). Glasnik Srpskog istorijsko-kulturnog društva "Njegoš".
  • Reljić, Ljubomir (1976). Jovan Erdeljanović: život i delo : Temelji naučne tradicije naše etnologije. p. 30.
  • Vojislav Miljanić (1989). "Detalji iz života predaka Petrovića-Njegoša za vrijeme boravka ispod planine Njegoš". Istorijski zapisi br 3-4, 1989.
  • Историски записи. 1989.
  • Nikola and Milena, King and Queen of the Black Mountain
  • The Rise and Fall of Montenegro's Royal Family by Marco Houston


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