Ghica family

The Ghica family (Romanian: Ghica, Albanian: Gjika, Greek: Gikas, Γκίκαs) was a noble family active in Wallachia, Moldavia and in the Kingdom of Romania, between the 17th and 19th centuries.[1][2]

Coat of Arms of the Ghica family

History
Grigore Ghica, the first Prince of Wallachia (1659-1660 and 1673-1678) from the Ghica family.
The Ghica Palace in Bucharest
The Ghica Palace in Colentina, Bucharest, 1859.

Origins

The family's origins is established to be Albanian by the Sturdza family of Moldavia whose patriarch Demetrios Sturdza is the authority on the Medieval Family Genealogies in Europe.[1] He writes that "His father [George Ghica's] was a certain Georgje Ghica, Albanian by birth, who lived in Moldavia in the time of his companion, Basile the Wolf". At the end of the page he gives full account of this "Albanian' family and its contribute to Moldavia. Wiet, the French Counsel in Shkodra cites the 'Albanese Gjica, the compatriot of the Grand Vesir" per Adrianopoli letters 3 April 1658, Wien, the Austrian Chancellery. Likewise, the writer Dora d'Istria (1828–1888), a descendant, claimed that the family hailed from southern Albania,[3] more specifically from Labovë e Madhe, where they had an estate.[4][5] Albanologist Robert Elsie views the family as being of Albanian origin.[6] It has also been suggested that the family was of Aromanian origin.[7] A legend — full of Oriental charm, historical inaccuracies and anachronisms — transmitted by the Moldavian chronicler Ion Neculce speaks[8] about two poor boys destined to greatness, meeting on the road to Constantinople, and who promise mutual support in the future to come: one is an "Arbëreshë" ("an Albanian" or "a speaker of Albanian", merchant multilingualism notwithstanding) standing in for Gheorghe Ghica, the founder of the Ghica family, while on the other is a "Turk from Cyprus" — the founder of the Köprülü family.[7] On the other hand, later members of the Ghica family displayed an Aromanian national consciousness (the Austrian branches being heteroidentified as of Aromanian origin) or promoted Aromanian culture — e.g., Grigore III Ghica's plans for an Aromanian school network in the Ottoman ruled areas of the Balkans.[7] Each of the two theories strongly influenced the Albanian and, respectively, the Aromanian communities in Romania and elsewhere, with each claiming the Ghica's as their own. In any case, until 1777 — the year Grigore III Ghica was assassinated for opposing the annexation of Bukovina by the Habsburgs, the Ghicas' identity oscillated only between a Romanian and a Hellenic (Greek-Phanariote) one; subsequently, a firm Romanian self-identity can be ascribed to the family.[7]

The family's history and fame, as well as its putative Albanian origins, are mostly known to the Western readers from Princess Elena Ghica's memories, Gli Albanesi in Rumenia. Storia dei principi Ghika ("The Albanians in Romania. The history of the Ghica Princes"). For Dora d'Istria (Elena Ghica's nom de plume), the crumbly theory of an Albanian origin of the family's founder, resurrected after several centuries of latent existence, proved to be very lucrative: it gave a new sense for her Romantic involvement in the Balkan people's emancipation struggle (having previously adopted — and later abandoned — a Hellenophile attitude, by courtesy of her Greek maternal ancestry and under the influence of her Greek tutor Gregorios Papadopoulos), as well as in her anti-establishment attitude generated by the entrenching of the Hohenzollern in the Romanian Principality to the detriment of her family who had high hopes for a return on the throne.[7] She started learning Albanian history, and eventually became — since 1866 — the main advocate in Western Europe of the Albanian cause, despite the fact that she never knew or learned the Albanian language.[7] Her book, Gli Albanesi in Rumenia. Storia dei principi Ghika, which upon its publication in 1873 in Florence caused the wrath of her family, repudiating her,[7][9] managed to forever shift the public perception towards the Albanian theory for the origin the family, at the expense of the Aromanian one.[7] The book was preceded by a series of articles on the nationalities from South-Eastern Europe and their struggle for independence. After articles on the Romanian (1859), Greek (1860) and Serbian (1865) ethnic identity, Dora d'Istria published in 1866 the article entitled The Albanian nationality according to folksongs. The study was translated into Albanian in 1867 by the Italo-Albanian patriot Dhimitër Kamarda,[10] and was prefaced by a poem with a revolutionary content, written by an Albanian author and addressed to his countrymen, urging them to rise up against the Ottomans.[11] Henceforth, Dora d'Istria became popular in Albanian nationalists circles, whose members did not hesitate to use her name for gaining support for their cause. This development was accepted and nurtured by the Romanian author, and she cultivated correspondences with several notable Albanian patriots, including Kamarda and Jeronim de Rada.[10] After the publication of Gli Albanesi in Romania..., the Albanian nationalists in Italy proceeded to declare Elena Ghica as the uncrowned queen of Albania. These speculations were tacitly entertained by Elena Ghica; similarly, other members of the family were drawn into this Albanian nationalistic tradition: at the end of the century, another member of the family, Romanian writer and socialite Albert Ghica would likewise key up vocal demands for the Albanian throne.[7][10]

Modern Romanian historiography has expressed vexation at the appropriation, undertaken by Albanian historiography (and by the unscientific Western scholarly works relying on faulty and superficial theories), of not only the Romanian writer Elena Ghica, but also of the whole Ghica family, at the proliferation of dubious spellings of the family names, false information concerning the birthplaces and other historical facts, and at the family's a posteriori labeling as the "Albanians of Romania".[12]

Rise
Grigore IV Ghica, Prince of Wallachia (1822–1828)
The Ghica Palace in Comăneşti

Gheorghe Ghica, the first notable member of the Ghica family, seems to have hailed from Veles, a town in modern central North Macedonia.[13] He was born around 1598 to Matei Ghica (* 1565, Zagori; † 1620, Constantinople), the trunk of the Ghica family.[14] At the beginning of 17th century Gheorghe left his birthplace and moved to Constantinople together with his father who intended to engage in a more lucrative trading in the Ottoman capital. The young Gheorghe, advised by the Moldavian ambassador to the Sublime Porte, moved to Moldavia sometimes before October 1624, where, by means of the wealth his father managed to accumulate, he eventually entered into the ranks of court dignitaries.[13] Following the protection afforded by the Moldavian Prince Vasile Lupu, he climbed up the social ladder, first by becoming ambassador to the Porte, and then by marrying Smaragda (Smada) Lână, daughter of Stamate Lână, the Stolnic (Seneschal) of Broşteni.[13]

Following the power vacuum resulting from the failed Transylvanian-Wallachian-Moldavian anti-Ottoman uprising organized by Prince George II Rákóczi, Gheorghe Ghica managed to secure his position as Prince of Moldavia, a position he held between 1658–1659 and 1659-1660. Unable to cope with the financial burdens imposed by the Porte, he was dismissed; nonetheless, following the intervention of Postelnic (Chamberlain) Constantin Cantacuzino, the throne was given to his son Grigore I Ghica. He was Gheorghe Ghica's oldest surviving son, born in Constantinople from a relationship he had with Ecaterina Vlasto, a Catholic from Pera.[15] He had followed his father to Moldavia, where he further raised his family into the ranks of the indigenous Great Boyars, by marrying Maria Sturdza, daughter of Vistiern (Treasurer) Mateiaș Sturdza of the Sturdza family, and niece of the Moldavian Prince Gheorghe Ștefan.[13]

Grigore I Ghica's rule was also not free from disturbances due to the conflict with the Sublime Porte and especially because of the disputes between the Boyar parties. Through his political maneuvers and the assassination of his former mentor Constantine Cantacuzino, he instigated the hatred of nobility against him and his entourage. Taking advantage of the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Levice (1664), Grigore fled to Poland and then to Vienna, in search of Habsburg military aid. His hopes having not been materialized, he returned to Constantinople and acquired the Moldavian throne once again in 1672. During his short second reign, the animosity of the Cantacuzinos exploded violently, and after the defeat of the Turks at Khotyn in 1673, Grigore was forced to flee to Constantinople; the hostility of his opponents lost his throne and he will die in Constantinople in 1674.[13]

Grigore I Ghica's children, most notably Matei (Grigore) Ghica, assured the continuation of the lineage. Matei Ghica lived exclusively in Greek Phanar neighborhood of Constantinople. The marriage with Ruxandra Mavrocordat, daughter of Alexander Mavrocordatos, the Dragoman of the Sublime Porte, introduced Matei to the Phanariote nucleus — now the religious, cultural and political hegemons of the Christian Ottoman subjects and vassals — and ensured a path of political ascendancy for his descendants.[13] He became Grand Drogoman of The Fleet, and in 1739 he negotiated an agreement with the Sultan whereby the key position of Grand Drogoman of the Sublime Porte would remain within the fold — i.e. among the descendants of a family pact involving the Ghicas, Mavrocordatos and Racoviţăs.[16]

His son Grigore II Ghica, initiated in the intricacies of the Ottoman politics due to his rank as Dragoman, succeeded in acquiring the Moldavian throne on 26 September 1726.[13] During his rule in Moldavia, Grigore II Ghica made proof of great diplomatic skills by leveling an unfortunate conflict with the Crimean Khanate who threatened to ravage the country. In 1733 a swap of thrones took place, with Grigore II going to Wallachia in place of his cousin Constantine Mavrocordatos. Grigore II Ghica's diplomatic skills proved even more remarkable during the Russo-Austrian-Turkish War, when the Prince of Moldavia, at the request of the Porte, acted as the intermediary and mediator between the Ottomans and Russians through correspondence and exchange of envoys with the Russian Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, with John Bell, the secretary of the British embassy in St. Petersburg, with the French ambassador to Constantinople, Louis Sauveur Villeneuve, as well as with the great Ottoman dignitaries.[13]

Notable members of the family
Portrait of Dora d'Istria by Petre Mateescu (1876).
Alexandru II Ghica, Prince of Wallachia (1834–1842)

Princes of Wallachia

Princes of Moldavia

Prime Ministers of Romania

Others
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References
  1. Sturdza, Alexandru A. C. (1904). La terre et la race roumaines depuis leurs origines jusqu'à nos jours. L. Laveur. p. 718. musat moldavie albanie.
  2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ghica" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 921–922.
  3. Balazs Trencsenyi; Michal Kopecek (2006). National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770–1945. Central European University Press. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-963-7326-60-8.
  4. Veshja zakonore e vecante e Elena Gjikes (Dora Distrias)
  5. Përmasat botërore të figurës së Dora D’Istrias dhe origjina e saj e pamohueshme
  6. Robert Elsie. A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. p. 167. Prince Albert Ghica, also spelled Albert Ghika and in Albanian Albert Gjika, stemmed from the noble Ghica family of Albanian origin.
  7. Liviu Bordaș, Dor de Dunăre şi alte nostalgii cosmopolite — Preţul cosmopolitismului, in Observator Cultural, No. 437, August, 2008.
  8. Legend XXXVII from O sama de cuvinte
  9. Liviu Bordaș, Operele incomplete ale Dorei d’Istria. Istoria unei ediţii la 1870, in Caiete Critice, Bucureşti, nr. 10-11, 2008, pp. 51-56. Online at: Ghyka.net
  10. Paul Cernovodeanu et al., Elena Ghica — Dora d'Istria. Online at Ghyka.net
  11. Nathalie Clayer, Origins of Albanian nationalism, Karthala, Paris, 2007, p.209, apud Paul Cernovodeanu et al., Elena Ghica — Dora d'Istria. Online at Ghyka.net
  12. Cf. the article Liviu Bordas, Dor de Dunăre şi alte nostalgii cosmopolite — Preţul cosmopolitismului ("Longing for the Danube and Other Cosmopolitan Nostalgias — The Price of Cosmopolitanism"), in Observator Cultural, No. 437, August, 2008.
  13. Paul Cernovodeanu, La Famille Ghika – court historique. Online at Ghika.net. Retrieved on 7 October 2010.
  14. Matei Ghika — Fiche individuelle at Ghika.net. Retrieved on 8 October 2010.
  15. Gheorghe Ghika Vodã I — Fiche individuelle at Ghika.net. Retrieved on 8 October 2010.
  16. Christopher Long, Prince Mattheos (Gregorios) Ghika — Family Group Sheet. Online at Mavrogordato / Mavrocordato Family Archived 12 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 7 October 2010.
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